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Inconel 718 yog npib tsib xee-chromium-based alloy uas feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv thov kub siab xws li aerospace thiab roj turbines. Ib qho ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov astm b670 inconel 718 daim ntawv yog lub phaj dov. Muaj ob hom tseem ceeb ntawm inconel 718 daim hlau muaj nyob rau ntawm kev ua lag luam: kub dov thiab cov phiaj txias. Cov paib.

Incoloy 800HT tau hloov kho ntxiv nrog titanium thiab txhuas sib txuas qib (0.85-1.20%) kom paub meej tias kev kub siab ua tau zoo. Nickel alloys yog ob chav ntawv pov thawj (800H \ / ht) thiab ua ke cov khoom ntawm ob daim ntawv.

Npib tsib xee raws 800 incoloy hexagonal yeeb nkab yog paub kom muaj qhov zoo tiv taus corrosion. Tshwj xeeb hais txog kev hais lus, tus incoloy 800 yeeb nkab muaj txaus tiv taus ob carburization zoo li oxidation corrosion.

ASTM A182 Alloy Steel F12 flanges yog corrosion resistant. ASTM A182 Alloy Steel F12 flanges kuj muaj qhov raug siab nyob sab nraud. Cov ANTM A182 Alloy Steel F12 Flanges kuj muaj cov muaj xeb ua pov thawj. Lawv siv nyob rau hauv ntau daim ntawv thov muaj. Cov ntawv thov no suav nrog kev lag luam thiab pulp kev lag luam, cov roj thiab roj kev lag luam, thiab lwm yam.

ASTM A333 Qib 6 Yeeb Nkab yog cov yeeb nkab roj carbon hlau uas tau sib ntsib ASTM, ASME thiab API cov qauv. Cov yeeb nkab series muaj nyob rau qib 1 txog 11 thiab ntau thiab tsawg ntau los ntawm 1 \ / 2 "txog 48".

Nickel-Tooj-based alloy 400 monel 2.4360 txias kos cov kab mob kev ntxhov siab thaum raug rau corrosive cracking thaum raug rau cov media corrosive nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig. Monel 400 yog tooj liab thiab nickel raws li alloy uas nrov niaj hnub no vim nws qhov kev ua tau zoo. Lub alloy muaj kua qaub zoo heev thiab alkali tsis kam. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj cov zog tensile muaj zog, ductility, zoo heev thermal condactivity, thiab tuaj yeem yog tawv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm txias. Ib qho ntxiv, nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov nrog qhov kub thiab txias txij li rho tawm txog 538 degrees Celsius.

Nws ua rau pom zoo tsis kam mus rau nruab nrab thiab txo qhov chaw. Cov alloy no tsim ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab oxide, kev tiv thaiv zaj duab xis uas tsis tawm mus, tab sis nws khaws cov oxidation superi-sauv tsis kub.

Lub vuam caj dab flanges muaj nyob thoob plaws cov ntaub ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tau ua raws li cov qauv txheej txheem. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem yuav tsum yog ib qho zoo ntawm ASTM lossis ASME cov qauv.

Ib qho ntawm qhov txawv nta ntawm inconel 718s muaj pes tsawg leeg yog qhov ntxiv ntawm Niobium kom tso cai lub hnub nyoog ua kom haum thiab muaj qhov ua kom tawv nqaij thaum cua sov thiab cua txias.

Npib tsib xee. Cov neeg muaj lub nroog loj los ntawm cov alloys alloys yog ib qho ntawm cov chaw sib nqus ntawm cov khoom sib nqus ntawm cov alloys. Cov Nickel ntshiab yog sib nqus, txawm tias nyob ntawm chav ntsuas kub, tab sis yog sib xyaw nrog cov ntsiab xws li cov roj ntsha thaum ua rau muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke.

Ib Flange yog ib qho kev tawm tsam, daim di ncauj lossis sab nraud, tog twg los sab nraud lossis sab hauv, uas yog cov nqaj hlau xws li ib tug t-nqaj); Rau cov ntawv yooj yim tau yooj yim \ / hloov ntawm kev sib cuag nrog lwm yam khoom (raws li flange thaum kawg ntawm cov yeeb nkab, chav dej lub tog raj kheej, lossis ntawm lub ntsej muag lub koob yees duab); Los yog rau kev ruaj khov thiab taw qhia kev txav ntawm lub tshuab lossis nws cov ntu (raws li sab hauv flange ntawm tsheb ciav hlau lossis lub log los ntawm kev khiav tawm ntawm cov ciav hlau). Lo lus "Flange" kuj yog siv rau hom cuab yeej siv los ua cov flanges.

Ib txoj kev sib koom ua ke flanged yog tsim ntawm peb cais thiab ywj siab yog tias muaj kev sib cuam tshuam; Cov flanges, lub gaskets, thiab cov bolting; Uas tau sib sau los ntawm kev cuam tshuam lwm tus cuam tshuam, fitter. Cov kev tswj tshwj xeeb yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv kev xaiv thiab kev xaiv ntawm tag nrho cov muaj cov ntsiab lus kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke, uas tau siv tau xau nruj.

304 Piping spools yog tsim los ntawm 304 stainless hlau, ib qho khoom siv nrov thiab nrov tshaj plaws hauv ntau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau kev tiv thaiv kom xeb thiab oxidation. Cov kev tshaj lij no yog preooss siv cov machinery thiab cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, uas paub meej tias lawv muaj tseeb thiab ntseeg tau.

ASTM A182 F5 F11 F11 F11 F11 F112 F22 F91 F91 F91 F91 F91 F91 F91 FRANCES muaj zog thiab tensile lub zog

Qib 317L stainless hlau flanges yog npaj rau cov ntawv thov hauv kev lag luam, kev kos duab, thiab tsheb thauj mus los hauv teb. Qeb 317L tseem muaj cov yam ntxwv vuam zoo. Tom qab Weld annealing tsis tas thaum vuam nyias ntu.

Lub Flange yog qhov thib ob feem ntau siv koom nrog txoj kev tom qab selding. Kev siv flanges tau siv thaum cov pob qij txha xav tau dismantling. Nws muab kev hloov tau rau kev saib xyuas. Flange txuas cov yeeb nkab nrog ntau yam khoom siv thiab li qub. Breakup Flanges tau ntxiv rau hauv cov raj xa hluav taws yog tias kev saib xyuas tsis tu ncua thaum lub sijhawm cog ntoo.

Al6XN yog superaustenitic steel hlau nrog kev ua tau zoo rau chloride pitting, crevice corrosion thiab kev nyuaj siab corrosion tawg. Al6XN yog 6 Moly alloy uas tau tsim rau thiab siv hauv kev sib cav sib ceg siab. Nws muaj cov npib tsib xee (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nitriumen thiab chromium cov ntsiab lus tawg, thiab tshwj xeeb corrosion tiv thaiv. Al6XN yog feem ntau siv rau nws cov kev txhim kho pitting thiab crevice corrosion tsis kam hauv chlorides. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog thiab weldable stainless hlau.

Hastelloy alloys phau ntawv qhia
Alloy Steel Flanges
Tsis suav txog N08367 tseem hu ua Alloy Al6XN yog cov carbon ntau, siab purity, nitrogen-batoy nrog zoo heev rau chloride pitting thiab compevice corrosion.
Stainless hlau tuav & Rods

Lub luj tshhav tsis tau zoo dua rau pitting corrosion thiab yog li lub zog tensile lub zog. Lawv tau machined kom muaj cov yam ntxwv nyuaj thiab muaj zog chip. SS 316L 45 degree luj tshib kuj tseem suav tias yog cov tiv taus ntau dua rau cov corrosion thiab pitting dua li ib txwm nichrome.

316L 1.4401 tus yeeb nkab stainless hlau yog ib qho kev xaiv yeeb nkab zoo heev thiab cov yeeb nkab ruaj khov siv hauv ntau cov ntawv siv. Qhov no ss s31603 yeeb nkab yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau zoo 316L stainless ua rau corrosion, oxidation thiab staining rau cov chaw hnyav lossis kev siv ntxhov siab.

Qhov no muab kev txhim kho zoo heev rau cov sulfuric acid. Nws kuj tseem muaj cov ntsiab lus chromium siab, kom ua kom zoo dua rau oxidizing tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj lom kabmob uas muaj kuab lom thiab yaj oxygen.

Tom qab kuaj nro kuaj thiab peb-seem kev co ntsuas, cov kua muag ntawm cov dej phwj tuaj yuav luag nyob deb ntawm qhov chaw vuam lossis thaj chaw rhaub. Qhov no yog vim tias weld tsis tshua impurities thiab cov ntsiab lus nitrogen yog qhov siab dua me ntsis, yog li lub zog ntawm kev weld zoo dua lwm qhov./ todtype

Nws yog qhov yooj yim nres lossis yob ua ntau yam ntawm cov seem rau cov ntawv thov hauv kev lag luam, kos duab kos duab, thiab tsheb thauj mus los hauv teb. SS 316 tseem muaj cov yam ntxwv vuam zoo.

Alloy 800 Weld Neck Flanges Peb muaj lub koob npe nrov hauv kev lag luam rau kev tsim cov hom kev ua haujlwm zoo uas yuav haum rau peb cov neeg siv khoom. Peb tsim khoom tsim prololoy 800 flanges uas muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab siab dua. Peb siv cov peev txheej hwm thiab qib siab tshaj tawm rau kev tsim ASTM B564 UNFANCES 800 flanges.

Carbon Steel A105 Flanges npog seamless forged cov khoom siv ntsuas hluav taws xob uas tsim nyog rau cov neeg siv kub tshwj xeeb thiab ntsuas cov khoom siv ntau dua li 4000.

Inconel 600 puag ncig bar yog npib tsib xee-raws li benign carburization thiab zoo heev corrosion thiab kub heev. Inconel 600 cov khoom sib txuas ua haujlwm tiv thaiv kom qhuav cl2 thiab ntau lwm cov roj sib txawv ntawm cov mob me thiab kub. Alloy 600 Bar yog npib tsib xee-chromium alloy nrog zoo oxoidation decomposition decomposition decomposition thiab acid oxidation ntawm ntug dej kub.

Peb muaj ntau yam ntawm txhua hom K500 Flanges Qib K500 Flanges Hauv Flanges, Tus Ntoo Khaub Ncaws, npleem ntawm Flanges, phaj flanges, phaj flanges, phaj flanges, pug flanges, screed flanges thiab lwm yam.

Alloy 800 yog npib npib tsib xee-chromium alloy nrog siab zog thiab kev tiv thaiv zoo rau oxidation thiab corrosion ntawm qhov kub. ASTM B407 UNICS NC08800 INCOLOY 800 W. NR. 1.4876 Welded yeeb nkab yog dav siv rau kev tsim kho cov khoom siv uas yuav tsum tau ua rau corrosion tsis kam, lub zog, thiab ruaj khov rau kev pabcuam txog 1500 ° F (816 ° C).

Cov chaw ntawm cov ntu no muaj cov tsos pom zoo vim dav dav corrosion. Ib qho ntxiv, lawv tsis muaj zog ntawm cov alloy thiab xav tau hloov ntau zaus kom tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj los tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj. Vim hais tias cov alloy muaj qhov zoo tsis kam rau cov corrosion lossis kev sib koom ua ke, los ntawm kev lag luam nyiaj txiag, kev lag luam tuaj yeem siv 304 stainless hlau welded fittings yam tsis muaj kev dai lawv cov hnab ris.

Hastelloy B3 Kev Ua Ntej Kav Dej Nrog Flanges tivthaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm rau cov kua qaub phosphoric
Nilo Alloy 36, W.NR 1.3912, Tiv Thaiv 36% Nickel-Npib thiab muaj tus nqi ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov hlau.
316 Qib Stainless Hlau Yeeb Nkab 50mm

SAE 304 stainless hlau yog qhov feem ntau steel hlau. Cov hlau muaj ob txoj kev chromium (nruab nrab ntawm 18% thiab 20%) thiab thib pua (nruab nrab ntawm 8%) [1] cov hlau uas yog cov qauv hlau tseem ceeb. Nws yog ib tus neeg siv tshuaj hlau tsis huv. Nws tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob thiab cuam tshuam cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua li cov hlau. Nws sib nqus, tab sis tsis sib nqus dua li hlau. Nws muaj ntau dua corrosion tsis kam ntau dua li cov hlau tsis tu ncua thiab siv dav siv vim yog qhov yooj yim nyob rau hauv ntau yam duab. [1]

SCH40 monel 400 yeeb nkab raug xaiv raws li Werkstoff tus lej 2.4360 thiab tsis yog N04400. Alloy 400 cov kav hlau tseem hu ua monel aleloy 400 Yeeb Nkab, Monel 400 Yeeb & Nickel Alloy 400 Yeeb Nkab.

304 304L 316 3113 310s 347 347H Litless Stainless Hlau Fittings

Stainless hlau Flange yeeb nkab fittings thiab taub qab vuam flange hluav taws xob muaj zoo corrosion muaj zoo corrosion muaj zoo corrosion muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg zoo, thiab siv cov roj txheem kev kho mob.

Alloys steel sa 182 F9 bar yog ferritic alloy steel bar, lwm cov ntsiab lus kuj tau txiav txim siab. Cov kab no yog cov kab hlau forged tuav ntawm qhov kub thiab siab.

Kev ua kom ua tau ntawm ntau hom sib txawv thiab ua rau fabrice ntawm ntau cov nplai me me thiab cov kev sib tw sib tw uas yuav tsum tau tsim cov kev sib tw tseem ceeb los thauj mus rau qhov chaw
Kurdish (Kurmanji)
Duplex Steel
Tiv Tauj Peb
Portuguese
Xaiv lus
Duplex Steel Tuav & Rods
A789 undist s31803 thiab unsamless tubing
Hlau tuav & RDS
Stainless Hlau Bar A182 F9 Round Bar
Welded Yeeb Nkab Ua Cov Khoom Siv Ntawm Inconel 625 2.4856 kav
ASTM A234GR.WPB Tee 4Sch40 Smls ASME B16.9

Txhawm rau kom xa cov raj xa dej, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tshem cov hose ncaj hauv cov raj xa dej. Thaum siv ntau lub raj xa dej, ntau yam kav dej yuav tsum tau siv. Thaum twg cov raj xa dej siv, lub luj tshib yuav tsum tau siv los hloov qhov loj ntawm cov raj xa dej. Thaum bifurcating, peb-txoj kev xaim cov flange kev sib txuas siv thaum lub raj xa hluav taws xob thiab kev sib txuas txias thiab kev sib tw txias thiab kev sib koom ua ke txias. , Hauv kev sib txuas ntawm ntau cov twj paj nruag, kuj tseem muaj cov txuas txuas thiab ntsaws ntawm cov twj paj nruag theem.

Tom qab kuaj nro kuaj thiab peb-seem kev co ntsuas, cov kua muag ntawm cov dej phwj tuaj yuav luag nyob deb ntawm qhov chaw vuam lossis thaj chaw rhaub. Qhov no yog vim tias weld tsis tshua impurities thiab cov ntsiab lus nitrogen yog qhov siab dua me ntsis, yog li lub zog ntawm kev weld zoo dua lwm qhov.

Stainless hlau txuas muaj matte dub ua tiav. Ntau corrosion resistant tshaj 18-8 thiab 17-7? Muaj zog thiab ntau corrosion resistant tshaj 316 stainless hlau, bumax 109 stainless hlau tshuab yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov nroj tsuag marine thiab cov nroj tsuag ua haujlwm.

ASTM A403 W316 yog tus qauv molybdenum-bearing qib, thib ob hauv qhov tseem ceeb txog 304 nyob rau hauv kev ua kom tsis muaj cua sov. Lub Molybdenum muab 316 zoo dua thoob plaws lub zog tiv thaiv ntau dua qib 304, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntau dua rau pitting thiab crevice corrosion hauv chloride ib puag ncig.

Tsau-nthuav dav iav-encapsulated girapsulated alloys, muaj ib qho kev nthuav dav thermal, muaj ib lub khob hluav taws xob nthuav dav zoo ib yam li qhov ntsuas kub

Caw 36 ® yog npib npib npib tsib xee, tsis muaj nyiaj npib ob leeg uas muaj 36%, commar 36 muaj qhov kub tsawg los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm + 500 ° F (260 ° C).

Hastelloy C2000 tub tshij yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau hom petrochemical suav nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, roj kev tsim khoom siv, roj ntxiv thiab cov nroj tsuag hluav taws xob.

Inconel 625 coil yog cov yam ntxwv zoo los ntawm nws cov kev tiv thaiv zoo rau oxidation, qhov siab-kub corrosion thiab qaug zog. ASTM B443 tsis yog N06625 Inconel P phaj tau siv dav hauv Aerospace, kev ua lag luam thiab roj thiab muaj zog zoo dua qub txawm tias muaj ib puag ncig zoo.

Hastelloy C2000 muaj nyob rau ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg, hom no-lickel-molybdenum alloy muaj zog thiab corrosion tsis kam.

Lub txiv ntseej yas tsis muaj nyob rau hauv ob theem, 5% rau 6% Nickel Alloy Steel, 3% Molybdenum, Austenitic 22% chromium.

ASTM A312 TP316 yog tus qauv txheem rau kev sib khi, ncaj-leeg welded, thiab hnyav txias welded ustenitic kav hlau stainless hlau thiab kev corrosive service. Lub 316 seamless muaj steel yeeb nkab yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov chromium, npib tsib, thiab molybdenum ua rau corrosion thiab xeb thiab xeb thiab xeb thiab xeb.

Nickel alloy 400 thiab Monel 400, tseem hu ua UN tsis zoo li N04400, yog ib qho laj thawj ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj feem ntau ntawm ob feem peb ntawm ob feem ntawm ob-tus tooj liab. Nickel Alloy 400 yog paub txog nws txoj kev tiv thaiv rau ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov xeb, suav nrog cov alkalis (lossis cov kua qaub), dej hli, thiab sulfuric acid. Txij li thaum Monel 400 lossis Alloy 400 yog cov hlau txias ua haujlwm, cov alloy muaj siab tawv, txhav thiab muaj zog. Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm txias ASTM B14400 Bar Tshuag, cov alloy yog raug rau cov kev ntxhov siab ntau dua, uas nyob rau hauv Alloy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Micro ..
Stainless Hlau Flanges
Duplex Steel
Tiv Tauj Peb
Portuguese
Xaiv lus
Duplex Steel Tuav & Rods
Hastelloy C276 Pam Forging Thov Daim Ntawv Teev Npe
Hlau tuav & RDS
Stainless Hlau Bar A182 F9 Round Bar

Nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv ntau yam ntawm oxidizing thiab tsis-oxidizing tshuaj, thiab cov khoom ua kom pom tseeb zoo rau pitting thiab crevice nres nyob rau hauv muaj cov chlorides thiab lwm yam.

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub kev saib xyuas pipeline, peb tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov screws rau ntawm flange, nqa tawm cov kav dej sib raug lossis cov li qub. Lub caij no los hloov cov kav dej tshiab thiab li qub.

Titanium lub ntom yog li 60% uas ntawm stainless hlau thiab nickel alloys, qhov hnyav no txuag ua rau nws xaiv qhov chaw zoo uas yog qhov tseem ceeb xws li aerospace.

ASTM A240 Hom 2205 Phaj yog lub Duplex phaj yog siv ntau yam kev lag luam xws li kev ua yeeb yam, roj thiab roj kev tshawb nrhiav, thiab marine engineering. Sa 240 gr 2205 daim ntawv yog tsim los ntawm qib 220) stainless hlau, uas yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ferritic thiab ustenitic steel.
Kurdish (Kurmanji)
Duplex Steel
Tiv Tauj Peb
Portuguese
Xaiv lus
Duplex Steel Tuav & Rods
A789 undist s31803 thiab unsamless tubing
Hlau tuav & RDS
Stainless Hlau Bar A182 F9 Round Bar
Welded Yeeb Nkab Ua Cov Khoom Siv Ntawm Inconel 625 2.4856 kav
Incoloy 800h yeeb nkab nrog lub siab temp anneal

Weld Neck Flange yog kim vim yog nws lub caj dab ntev thiab tus nqi ntawm cov neeg hu rau Wn Flange lossis haum rau cov ntawv thov kev ntxhov siab ntau. Lub caj dab, lossis cov chaw tso dej, xa cov kev ntxhov siab rau cov raj xa dej.

ASTM A234 WPB SCH 40 Fittings Npog Carbon Steel Fittings ntawm Kev Tsim Kho Vaj Tse Los ntawm Kev Tsim Kho Vaj Tse Ntawm Exme B16.9, MSS-SP-95, thiab MSS-SP-97. A234 WPB carbon hlau fittings rau khau raj tshaj plaws corrosion-resistant muaj txoj kev tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cov hlau uas muaj siab.
Kurdish (Kurmanji)
Duplex Steel
Tiv Tauj Peb
Portuguese
Xaiv lus
Duplex Steel Tuav & Rods
A789 undist s31803 thiab unsamless tubing
Hlau tuav & RDS
Stainless Hlau Bar A182 F9 Round Bar
Welded Yeeb Nkab Ua Cov Khoom Siv Ntawm Inconel 625 2.4856 kav
Monel 400 YEEB RAU COV FRESE rau EYEARLASSES

30 DEG 304 Luj Tshib ASME B16.9 BW 6 Sch80 Welded Stainless Hlau Yeeb Nkab Haum laujricws

Cov pas hlau stainless hlau yog nrov rau lawv cov corrosion tsis kam thiab siv dav hauv kev tsim kho lub tsev, txuas hniav thiab chaw ua liaj ua teb thiab chaw ua haujlwm marine. 304 \ / 304L stainless hlau puag ncig, qib nyiaj txiag stainless hlau zoo tagnrho rau txhua daim ntawv thov tau txais lub zog thiab zoo dua corrosion tsis kam.

DIN2543 specical dig muag tus qauv 2 600 #rf steel flange ansi 150 ff

Lub corrosion resistant Hastelloy alloys tau siv dav los ntawm kev lag luam ua lag luam. Qhov kev xav tau rau kev ua tau zoo ua rau lawv txoj kev lees paub thiab kev loj hlob hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub zog, kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig, roj thiab cov roj thiab cov roj cuv khw desulfurization.

Forgings tau ua los ntawm kev yuam cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv cov duab ua ke yog los ntawm lub zog ntawm lub pob zeb poob rau ntawm ib qho hlau thiab nyem-ua qhov. Forging yog kev tsim qauv tsim muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev ua luam ntawm cov hlau siv cov zog poundized compinestive.

Nickel 200 flanges lub npib tsib xee 200 flanges yog ruaj, tshuav ruaj khov, thiab muaj kev ua tiav zoo. Ntxiv mus, cov ASTM B564 tsis pom N02200 dig muag flanges tiv taus ib puag ncig hauv nruab nrab thiab oxidizing ib puag ncig, ua rau lawv zoo meej rau kev siv hauv cov khoom siv khoom noj khoom haus.