Monel K500 flanges ntau dua nquag rau kev ntxhov siab-corrosion tsoo nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig

Alloy 800 Weld Neck Flanges
Alloy 2205 muab pitting thiab crevice corrosion tsis kam zoo dua rau 316L lossis 317l Austenitic Stainless hlau raj hauv yuav luag txhua corrosive media. Nws tseem muaj cov kev ua kom muaj zog thiab cov nyom ntawm cov khoom muaj zog nrog rau qis dua thermal nthuav dav thiab siab dua thermal conductivity tshaj li Austenitic.

Duplex 2205 Fasteners yog tsim los ntawm cov qauv ob lub ntsej muag. Cov khoom muaj carbon, manganese, sidoob, phosphorus, 21% chromium, 2.5% molybdenum, 4.5% npib tsib xee thiab nitrogen.
DIN2566 xov flange nrog caj dab Pn16 DN6-DN150

Alloy Steel Flanges tau ua nyob rau hauv txawv steel hlaus. Cov flanges sib txawv nyob rau hauv qhov ntev thiab hom. Muaj? nti txog 48 ntiv tes ntawm nasinal diaminal ntau thiab tsawg ntawm flanges.

Alloy 800 Weld Neck Flanges Peb muaj lub koob npe nrov hauv kev lag luam rau kev tsim cov hom kev ua haujlwm zoo uas yuav haum rau peb cov neeg siv khoom. Peb tsim khoom tsim prololoy 800 flanges uas muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab siab dua. Peb siv cov peev txheej hwm thiab qib siab tshaj tawm rau kev tsim ASTM B564 UNFANCES 800 flanges.

87313 SAE J516 3000PSI 3-4 nti Nickel Alloy Flange Fittings Monel K500 Flange - Zhengzhou Huitong Pipeline Equipment Co., Ltd.

DupleX Steel Yeeb Nkab & Tube
Suav (yooj yim)
SCH40 monel 400 yeeb nkab raug xaiv raws li Werkstoff tus lej 2.4360 thiab tsis yog N04400. Alloy 400 cov kav hlau tseem hu ua monel aleloy 400 Yeeb Nkab, Monel 400 Yeeb & Nickel Alloy 400 Yeeb Nkab.
Duplex Round Bar F60 Steel Round Bar

Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Monel K500 Nippo Flanges muab kev tiv thaiv zoo rau ntau qhov chaw muaj kev xeb, thiab kev ntxhov siab ¨c corrosion tawg. Monel K500 Lub Nkoj Hluav Taws Xob tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau boiling sulfuric acid li 40% concentration, txog 60% degree f thiab txhua qhov kev xav txog 150 degree F.

Inconel 600 Seamless Tubes ntawm cov qauv tsis ua N06600 thiab ASTM B167 yog cov uas tsim kom muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau dhau kev tiv thaiv dhau los.

220 meles super astm A479 - A182 steel neeg ceev ob chav kawg ob 2750 SAF 250750 HEX txiv ntseej txiv txiv ntoo txiv ntseej

Nickel-Tooj-based alloy 400 monel 2.4360 txias kos cov kab mob kev ntxhov siab thaum raug rau corrosive cracking thaum raug rau cov media corrosive nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig. Monel 400 yog tooj liab thiab nickel raws li alloy uas nrov niaj hnub no vim nws qhov kev ua tau zoo. Lub alloy muaj kua qaub zoo heev thiab alkali tsis kam. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj cov zog tensile muaj zog, ductility, zoo heev thermal condactivity, thiab tuaj yeem yog tawv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm txias. Ib qho ntxiv, nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov nrog qhov kub thiab txias txij li rho tawm txog 538 degrees Celsius.

Paub txog lawv cov kev ua haujlwm zoo nyob rau hauv cryogenic kub, nrog kev ruaj ntseg ntawm 160 ksi thiab ib qho kev ruaj ntseg loj ntawm N05500 Monel K500 Socket Weld Flanges. Lub ASTM B564 Monel 400 Lap Cov Flanges thiab lwm yam flanges tuaj yeem tuaj yeem yog threaded, forged, screwed lossis phaj flange hom.

Peb muab ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm Tp316L seamless yeeb nkab, SS 316L ERW YEEB, SCHED MERCER STEEL STEEL txog rau qhov loj 4 nti hauv 20 txhais taw ntev. SA312 TP 316L SSRING, 316L SS cov yeeb nkab, cov yeeb nkab steel, stainless hlau 316L Tub Rog Auless 316 xyoo kuj tau muaj cov qhab nia zoo heev, txawm tias qhov kev kub ntxhov. Neelcon hlau kuj tseem tuaj yeem muab cov khoom tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm stainless hlau 316L Welded yeeb nkab.

ASTM A240 Hom 2205 Phaj yog lub Duplex phaj yog siv ntau yam kev lag luam xws li kev ua yeeb yam, roj thiab roj kev tshawb nrhiav, thiab marine engineering. Sa 240 gr 2205 daim ntawv yog tsim los ntawm qib 220) stainless hlau, uas yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ferritic thiab ustenitic steel.

ASTM B408 Incoloy 825 bar yuav nyob ruaj khov nrog lub caij nyoog raug rau kom kub. Nws tseem yuav zam kev xeb hauv ntau cov aqueous ib puag ncig, qhov twg Molybdenum tseem pab tawm tsam pitting thiab crevice corrosion.

Npib tsib xee raws 800 incoloy hexagonal yeeb nkab yog paub kom muaj qhov zoo tiv taus corrosion. Tshwj xeeb hais txog kev hais lus, tus incoloy 800 yeeb nkab muaj txaus tiv taus ob carburization zoo li oxidation corrosion.

Tsis suav txog N08367 tseem hu ua Alloy Al6XN yog cov carbon ntau, siab purity, nitrogen-batoy nrog zoo heev rau chloride pitting thiab compevice corrosion.

ASTM A420 WPL6 cov yeeb nkab fittings xws li WPL 6 lub kaus mom, A420 Wpla Weld fittings, thiab sa 420 WPL6 Luj Tshib. Peb cov Tshuag ntawm cov fittings kub tsawg suav nrog A420 qib kev ua tiav ntawm A420 fittings hauv cov ntau thiab tsawg thiab tuab.

Inconel 625 Bolts tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1960 raws li cov ntaub ntawv vapor-lined txawm muaj lub zog siab los ntawm qhov khov tsawg rau 1800¡Ãf. Inconel 625 Bolts, tseem hu ua Alloy 625, yog paub rau lawv lub peev xwm zoo heev los tswj lub zog thiab kub tawm hauv thiab tawm ntawm cov chaw muaj kev sib raug zoo. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov npib tsib xee thiab chromium ua inconel 625 bolts resistant rau corrosion, oxidation thiab carburization. Molybdenum pab muab kev qaug zog zoo heev thiab tiv taus kev ntxhov siab, pitting thiab comprice corrosion cracking txawm tias thaum raug chloride ions.

ASTM A312 TP316 yog tus qauv txheem rau kev sib khi, ncaj-leeg welded, thiab hnyav txias welded ustenitic kav hlau stainless hlau thiab kev corrosive service. Lub 316 seamless muaj steel yeeb nkab yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov chromium, npib tsib, thiab molybdenum ua rau corrosion thiab xeb thiab xeb thiab xeb thiab xeb.

Cov txuas txuas ncaj tiv thaiv cov chaw los ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm covyees tawm lub zog thaum kov cov bolts lossis screws. Lawv tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm cov hlau ntsia hlau thiab cov chaw txhuas. Nylon Wasters tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv lub tshuab screws kom txo cov suab nrov thiab hnav thiab muab hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev. Gaskets tau siv hauv cov kav dej thiab cov phiaj xwm hydraulic.

ASTM 182 yog siv rau cov khoom siab, suav nrog flanges, fittings, thiab cov khoom zoo sib xws uas ua raws cov qauv sib txawv lossis cov qauv nyob sab nraud xws li ASME Codes.

Cov fittings yog puab thiab tom qab ntawd rhuab mus rau lub siab kub raws li kev txias txias kom ze rau qhov txias txias hauv cov huab cua tseem. Qhov kev txias txias no ntxiv ntxiv rau lub zog ntawm lub stainless hlau 310 cov yeeb nkab fittings thiab ua rau lawv muaj zog ntau. Lub ss 310s haum siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam zoo li dej hiav txwv ua, thermal zog tiam cov nroj tsuag thiab cov piping ntau li. 310s ss Weld fittings siv nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm siab sib txawv los daws tau cov kev xav tau ntawm daim ntawv thov ib yam nkaus.

Paub txog lawv cov kev ua haujlwm zoo nyob rau hauv cryogenic kub, nrog kev ruaj ntseg ntawm 160 ksi thiab ib qho kev ruaj ntseg loj ntawm N05500 Monel K500 Socket Weld Flanges. Lub ASTM B564 Monel 400 Lap Cov Flanges thiab lwm yam flanges tuaj yeem tuaj yeem yog threaded, forged, screwed lossis phaj flange hom.

Cov Khoom Siv Nickel Alloy Hlau ASTM B564 Hastelloy C22 \ / C276 \
SMO 254 Cov kav dej tuaj yeem tiv taus cov kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov neeg muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab alloy 254 smo yeeb nkab siab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov kub thiab xeb ib puag ncig.
Inconel 600 Yeeb Nkab Antioxidant

ASTM A105 feem ntau siv rau cov khoom siv hlau cov khoom siv uas tau siv los tsim cov khaub ncaws sib xyaw ua ke xws li flange thiab forged fittings ntawm cov hlab me me ntawm cov hlab me me. A105 Flange tau tempering ntawm 1100 f ua los ntawm huab cua txias. Peb yog cov chaw tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm A105 steel flanges.

ASME B16.5 WN \ / LWN \ / Yog li \ /

Cov flanges no ua rau pom kev nruj thiab hardness. Yog li nws ua rau lub siab zoo siab tom qab lub sijhawm ntev ntawm qhov kub ntawm 650, 760, 870 degree C.

Stainless hlau Flange siv cov Flange raws li lub interface raws li ob tshooj ntawm cov yeeb nkab sib txuas, es tsis ncaj qha txuas cov yeeb nkab. Nws qhov zoo dua yog qhov piv nrog txoj kab sib ceg ncaj, flange yas muaj kev nyab xeeb dua thiab txhim khu kev ruaj khov, thiab lub interface yog kev nyab xeeb dua.

Inconel 600 puag ncig bar yog npib tsib xee-raws li benign carburization thiab zoo heev corrosion thiab kub heev. Inconel 600 cov khoom sib txuas ua haujlwm tiv thaiv kom qhuav cl2 thiab ntau lwm cov roj sib txawv ntawm cov mob me thiab kub. Alloy 600 Bar yog npib tsib xee-chromium alloy nrog zoo oxoidation decomposition decomposition decomposition thiab acid oxidation ntawm ntug dej kub.

Lub 316 cov yeeb nkab stainless hlau tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv tsis tau rau cov kev lag luam lag luam. Qhov no alloy ntawm hlau thiab chrome tau lees paub rau nws lub siab tiv taus corrosion, nrog rau nws cov kav ntev. 316 Stainless hlau Tubing tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv ob leeg seamless thiab welded leeg kom tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau.

Muaj lwm yam sib txawv ntawm Asme sah flanges xws li lub weld caj dab flanges thiab (socket weld flanges txhua qhov tshwj xeeb rau ib lub luag haujlwm.

Monel bolts, xws li monel 400 thiab K500, yog ua los ntawm cov nickel-tooj ​​liab muaj zog, tawv thiab zoo corrosion tsis dhau qhov kub ntau. Ib qho khoom seem ntawm Monel bolts yog lawv cov zoo heev rau hydrofluoric acid, txhua qhov tshwj xeeb cov kua qaub los lis, txhua qhov kev ua kom haum rau lub boiling point. Rau cov ntawv thov hydrofluoric acid, Monel Bolts yog tej zaum yog feem ntau corrosion tiv taus txhua tus neeg siv tshwj xeeb siv.

ASME B36.19M yog tus qauv kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau cov kav hlau stainless hlau, uas qhia txog kev ua siab ntev, thiab tsim khoom rau cov kav dej thiab cov txiv ntseej.

Txawm hais tias muaj ntau ntau yam sib txawv ntawm hastelloy npib tsib xee, hastelloy C-276 yog los ntawm qhov dav tshaj plaws.

Nilo Alloy 36, W.NR 1.3912, Tiv Thaiv 36% Nickel-Npib thiab muaj tus nqi ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov hlau.

Siab chromium, molybdenum thiab nitrogen cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam nrog pitting tsis zoo rau cov medtenatent thiab corrosive corrosive conduction, thiab tseem ceeb pitting txias rau tag nrho cov xov xwm, thiab tseem ceeb pitting txias rau saum 50¡Ãc.

220 meles super astm A479 - A182 steel neeg ceev ob chav kawg ob 2750 SAF 250750 HEX txiv ntseej txiv txiv ntoo txiv ntseej

Cov ntawv thov ntawm 304 \ / 304L: khoom noj khoom haus, tshuaj siv cov khoom noj, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam. Haum rau kev sib sib zog nqus teeb duab thiab cov cuab yeej infuses, ntim, thiab lwm yam Nws yog cov hlau uas muaj cov roj ntau tshaj plaws thiab kev noj ntawm Austenitic Stainless hlau, uas yog siv rau cov khoom nyias nyias, acidsractural qhov chaw. Nws tseem siv tau rau vuam chromium-npib siv nyiaj npib npe tsis muaj npe, cov khoom uas tsis muaj hlau thiab sib nqus thiab cov khoom siv tsawg.

2205 yog cov neeg siv ntau tshaj plaws (Ferritic \ / ustenitic) qib ntawm stainless hlau. Nws yog siv vim nws zoo heev corrosion tsis kam thiab muaj zog siab. Ntau xyoo, ntau tus neeg muab khoom siv hlau tau txhim kho rau tus qauv duplex s31803 muaj kev txwv ntau yam tau lees paub ntau yam tau lees paub ntau yam yog tsis raws li S32205 xyoo 1996.
Alloy 800 yog npib npib tsib xee-chromium alloy nrog siab zog thiab kev tiv thaiv zoo rau oxidation thiab corrosion ntawm qhov kub. ASTM B407 UNICS NC08800 INCOLOY 800 W. NR. 1.4876 Welded yeeb nkab yog dav siv rau kev tsim kho cov khoom siv uas yuav tsum tau ua rau corrosion tsis kam, lub zog, thiab ruaj khov rau kev pabcuam txog 1500 ° F (816 ° C).
Nickel alloy 400 thiab Monel 400, tseem hu ua UN tsis zoo li N04400, yog ib qho laj thawj ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj feem ntau ntawm ob feem peb ntawm ob feem ntawm ob-tus tooj liab. Nickel Alloy 400 yog paub txog nws txoj kev tiv thaiv rau ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov xeb, suav nrog cov alkalis (lossis cov kua qaub), dej hli, thiab sulfuric acid. Txij li thaum Monel 400 lossis Alloy 400 yog cov hlau txias ua haujlwm, cov alloy muaj siab tawv, txhav thiab muaj zog. Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm txias ASTM B14400 Bar Tshuag, cov alloy yog raug rau cov kev ntxhov siab ntau dua, uas nyob rau hauv Alloy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Micro ..

Hastelloy b3 dig muag flanges muaj zoo nkag, thiab oxidation¡s tsis kam. Hastelloy B3 Weld Neck Flanges IsninsTended rau siv nyob rau hauv muaj ferric lossis cupric mariners vim tias cov mariners no tuaj yeem coj tsis tau ua tsis tau.

Hastelloy C276 Round Taub Hau Bolts nrog cov oxidation zoo tsis kam nyob hauv qhov kub siab

Titanium lub ntom yog li 60% uas ntawm stainless hlau thiab nickel alloys, qhov hnyav no txuag ua rau nws xaiv qhov chaw zoo uas yog qhov tseem ceeb xws li aerospace.

Cov kav dej ntawm seamless configurations tau muaj peev xwm ntau dua cov muaj peev xwm thiab lub zog tshaj lwm qib.

ASTM A234 WPB SCH 40 FITTINGS npog cov roj carbon steel fittings ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm Asmes thiab S-73, MSS-SP-95, thiab MSS-SP-97.

Nickel 200 flanges lub npib tsib xee 200 flanges yog ruaj, tshuav ruaj khov, thiab muaj kev ua tiav zoo. Ntxiv mus, cov ASTM B564 tsis pom N02200 dig muag flanges tiv taus ib puag ncig hauv nruab nrab thiab oxidizing ib puag ncig, ua rau lawv zoo meej rau kev siv hauv cov khoom siv khoom noj khoom haus.

Caw 36 ® yog npib npib npib tsib xee, tsis muaj nyiaj npib ob leeg uas muaj 36%, commar 36 muaj qhov kub tsawg los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm + 500 ° F (260 ° C).
Forged ASME B16.5 Flange
Luxembourgish
Yeeb Nkab 8in 316
Alloy Steel
Cov neeg siv khoom tshuaj xyuas
ASME B36.19M Stainless Hlau Yeeb Nkab
DIN2569 xov flange nrog caj dab Pn100 DN10-DN150
Thickness: Sch5 ~ Schxxs
Threaded 150 # -900 # 1 \ / 2 "-24"

Qeb 310S Stainless Hlau Taub Hlau Weld Yeeb Nkab Haum muaj cov pa roj hmab ntau, cov roj ntsha li cua sov, cov tshuaj tua hluav taws xob, tshuab ntxhua cua sov, offshore thiab lwm yam.

Hastelloy alloys phau ntawv qhia
Inconel 625 Bolts muaj qhov ntom ntom ntawm 8.44 grams ib cubic centimeter. Cov ntaub ntawv kuj muaj lub zog muaj zog. Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tensile lub zog ntawm lub khawm nrawm yog 880MPA thiab nws qhov tsawg kawg yog 460MPA. Inconel 625 txiv ceev muaj 50% elongation thiab zoo hluav taws xob tiv thaiv.

Hastelloy C2000 muaj nyob rau ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg, hom no-lickel-molybdenum alloy muaj zog thiab corrosion tsis kam.

Lub corrosion resistant Hastelloy alloys tau siv dav los ntawm kev lag luam ua lag luam. Qhov kev xav tau rau kev ua tau zoo ua rau lawv txoj kev lees paub thiab kev loj hlob hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub zog, kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig, roj thiab cov roj thiab cov roj cuv khw desulfurization.

Pob tw-vuam yeeb nkab fittings incoloy 800 ncf 800 stub kawg

Inconel 625 coil yog cov yam ntxwv zoo los ntawm nws cov kev tiv thaiv zoo rau oxidation, qhov siab-kub corrosion thiab qaug zog. ASTM B443 tsis yog N06625 Inconel P phaj tau siv dav hauv Aerospace, kev ua lag luam thiab roj thiab muaj zog zoo dua qub txawm tias muaj ib puag ncig zoo.
A789 unc unic s31803 thiab unspes ob qib ntawm ob chav stainless hlau uas tau siv dav hauv ntau cov ntawv thov. Cov txiv neej duplex s31803 Seamless kav yog paub rau lawv cov txiv neej ua hauj lwm zoo, muaj lub zog siab, thiab weldability thiab zoo weldability. A789 yog ib qho tshwj xeeb uas tau them seamless thiab welded tub ua los ntawm duplex steel stainless hlau.

Cov suplex no undllex uns S32760 puag ncig muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm cov duab, ntau thiab cov diameters nyob ntawm cov kev xav tau thiab cov neeg siv khoom siv thiab cov neeg siv khoom tshwj xeeb. Cov super duplex uns s32760 puag ncig yog tiv taus cov chaw hauv zos.

ASTM B163 B40 10 ASME SB163 N08800 NPB407 N08800 SCOY INTED rau cov khoom siv kub emloy tsis tau ua lub ntev raug rau 1200¡Ãf (649¡Ãc).

Incoloy 825 Flanges tsim tau raws li ASME B16.5 yog ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qhia annealed nkaus xwb thiab muaj nyob rau qhov kub ntawm 538 ° C [1000 ° F]. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm weld caj dab, swb-ntawm, qhov muag tsis pom, xov, ncej puab weld caj dab thiab socket weld. Flanges tuaj yeem raug forged rau astm b564 uns n08825 lossis ua los ntawm ASTM B424 Gr. N08825 Phaj (Cov ntsej muag dig muag thiab cov phaj flange tsuas), nominal muaj pes tsawg), nominal comporition 42ni-21.5cr-3mo-2.3cu.

Incoloy 800H Flange Peb muaj lub koob npe nrov hauv kev lag luam rau kev tsim cov hom kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov hom uas yuav tsum tau ua rau peb cov neeg siv khoom. Peb tsim khoom tsim prololoy 800 flanges uas muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab siab dua. Peb siv cov peev txheej hwm thiab qib siab tshaj tawm rau kev tsim ASTM B564 UNFANCES 800 flanges.
Forged ASME B16.5 Flange
Luxembourgish
Yeeb Nkab 8in 316
Alloy Steel
Cov neeg siv khoom tshuaj xyuas
ASME B36.19M Stainless Hlau Yeeb Nkab
DIN2569 xov flange nrog caj dab Pn100 DN10-DN150
Thickness: Sch5 ~ Schxxs
Threaded 150 # -900 # 1 \ / 2 "-24"

EN1092-1: 2002 Phaj flange rau vuam \ / xoob phaj fled weld-ntawm phaj dab tshos \ / dig muag flange \ / Worn Flange Pn2.5-PD Flange Pn2.5-Pn100 Dn4000

Hom 304 yog tsawg dua li muaj zog dua 302 vim nws cov ntsiab lus roj carbon. Hom 304 yog siv dav hauv kev siv cov ntaub ntawv vuam vim tias cov pa roj carbon monoxide feem ntau tso cai rau cov carbide nag lossis daus muaj zog ntawm 800¡Ãf - 1500¡Ãf - 1500¡Ãf - 1500¡Ãf - 1500¡Ãf - 1500¡Ãf - 1500¡Ãf - 1500¡Ãf - 1500¡Ãf - 1500¡Ãf - 1500¡Ãf - 1500¡Ãf - 1500¡Ãf - 1500¡Ãf - 1500¡

BS4504 BS10 tabled \ / e phaj flange rau vuam \ / wn flange \ / ear flange pn6-pn100 dn100 dn1500

Tsau-nthuav dav iav-encapsulated girapsulated alloys, muaj ib qho kev nthuav dav thermal, muaj ib lub khob hluav taws xob nthuav dav zoo ib yam li qhov ntsuas kub

304 Piping spools yog tsim los ntawm 304 stainless hlau, ib qho khoom siv nrov thiab nrov tshaj plaws hauv ntau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau kev tiv thaiv kom xeb thiab oxidation. Cov kev tshaj lij no yog preooss siv cov machinery thiab cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, uas paub meej tias lawv muaj tseeb thiab ntseeg tau.