Hom 316L Stainless hlau yog tshuaj thiab mechanically zoo ib yam li qib 316.

Qhov no npib tsib xee 2.4816 ntsia liaj qhov rooj yog inherently tsis yog sib nqus. Inconel 600 tus txiv ntoo thiab bolts muaj cov kws ua haujlwm zoo heev ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog thiab kev vam meej weldability dhau qhov dav. Lub siab tsib xee cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv Inconel 600 Screws tso cai rau lawv kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kev tiv taus tsawg zuj zus. Lub npib tsib xee nyob hauv alloy 600 bolts ua rau lub fastener tiv taus corrosion los ntawm ntau yam organic thiab inorganic sib xyaw. Piv txwv li, Inconel 600 bolts muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev rau chloride kev ntxhov siab, thaum tseem nthuav tawm kev daws teeb meem alkaline.

Ib lub flange tuaj yeem ua ib lub phaj rau npog lossis kaw qhov kawg ntawm cov yeeb nkab. Qhov no yog hu ua tus dig muag flange. Yog li, flanges tau txiav txim siab yog nyob rau sab hauv cov khoom uas tau siv los txhawb lwm lub tshuab tshuab.

Inconel 718 Fasteners tau siv nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig los ntawm -400o f (-250o c) rau 1300o f (700o c). Cov ntawv thov raug suav nrog cov roj luam ntawm cov khoom thiab cryogenic cia tso tsheb hlau luam.

Peb tsim cov roj carbon hlau A105N dig muag tsis tau muaj nyob thoob plaws ntiaj teb rau lawv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, corrosion ua hauj lwm thiab qhov tseeb tsis zoo thiab kev siv zog tsis zoo thiab ruaj khov

SAE 304 stainless hlau yog qhov feem ntau steel hlau. Cov hlau muaj ob txoj kev chromium (nruab nrab ntawm 18% thiab 20%) thiab thib pua (nruab nrab ntawm 8%) [1] cov hlau uas yog cov qauv hlau tseem ceeb. Nws yog ib tus neeg siv tshuaj hlau tsis huv. Nws tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob thiab cuam tshuam cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua li cov hlau. Nws sib nqus, tab sis tsis sib nqus dua li hlau. Nws muaj ntau dua corrosion tsis kam ntau dua li cov hlau tsis tu ncua thiab siv dav siv vim yog qhov yooj yim nyob rau hauv ntau yam duab. [1]

Inconel 718 yog npib tsib xee-chromium-based alloy uas feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv thov kub siab xws li aerospace thiab roj turbines. Ib qho ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov astm b670 inconel 718 daim ntawv yog lub phaj dov. Muaj ob hom tseem ceeb ntawm inconel 718 daim hlau muaj nyob rau ntawm kev ua lag luam: kub dov thiab cov phiaj txias. Cov paib.

253ma cov yeeb nkab steel flanges feem ntau yog tsim rau cov kev siv siab tsis tshua muaj siab, tsis-ncig cov ntawv thov. Cov roj 253maug yog feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov peev xwm qis.

Cov lus sib dhos uas ua rau cov hlau ¡® ®Sainless yog yog chromium; Txawm li cas los nws yog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm Nickel uas ua rau cov hlau tsis muaj hlau los ua xws li cov hlau ntau yam.

Nickel alloy 400 thiab Monel 400, tseem hu ua UN tsis zoo li N04400, yog ib qho laj thawj ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj feem ntau ntawm ob feem peb ntawm ob feem ntawm ob-tus tooj liab. Nickel Alloy 400 yog paub txog nws txoj kev tiv thaiv rau ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov xeb, suav nrog cov alkalis (lossis cov kua qaub), dej hli, thiab sulfuric acid. Txij li thaum Monel 400 lossis Alloy 400 yog cov hlau txias ua haujlwm, cov alloy muaj siab tawv, txhav thiab muaj zog. Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm txias ASTM B14400 Bar Tshuag, cov alloy yog raug rau cov kev ntxhov siab ntau dua, uas nyob rau hauv Alloy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Micro ..

Inconel 600 Seamless Tubes ntawm cov qauv tsis ua N06600 thiab ASTM B167 yog cov uas tsim kom muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau dhau kev tiv thaiv dhau los.

Lub ASTM A \ / ASME SA 335 specification npog seamless ferritic alloy steel kav hlau rau kev kub kub. Cov yeeb nkab feem ntau yog siv rau dabtsi yog khoov, manstoning thiab zoo sib xws ua haujlwm, nrog rau kev sib tw ua ke vuam.

Alloy Hlau Bars & Rods
www.htsteelpipe.com
SCH40 monel 400 yeeb nkab raug xaiv raws li Werkstoff tus lej 2.4360 thiab tsis yog N04400. Alloy 400 cov kav hlau tseem hu ua monel aleloy 400 Yeeb Nkab, Monel 400 Yeeb & Nickel Alloy 400 Yeeb Nkab.
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316L 1.4401 tus yeeb nkab stainless hlau yog ib qho kev xaiv yeeb nkab zoo heev thiab cov yeeb nkab ruaj khov siv hauv ntau cov ntawv siv. Qhov no ss s31603 yeeb nkab yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau zoo 316L stainless ua rau corrosion, oxidation thiab staining rau cov chaw hnyav lossis kev siv ntxhov siab.

Incoloy 800H Flange Peb muaj lub koob npe nrov hauv kev lag luam rau kev tsim cov hom kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov hom uas yuav tsum tau ua rau peb cov neeg siv khoom. Peb tsim khoom tsim prololoy 800 flanges uas muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab siab dua. Peb siv cov peev txheej hwm thiab qib siab tshaj tawm rau kev tsim ASTM B564 UNFANCES 800 flanges.

Qhov haum ntawm ASTM A105 qib yog tsim nyob rau hauv seamless forged steel hlau specification. ASTM A105 fittings yog tsim nrog cov ntsiab lus tshuaj ntawm npib tsib xee, chromium, molybdenum, tooj liab, thiab vagadium. Cov kev pab haum rau txuas rau cov piping sib txawv hauv cov roj thiab roj kev lag luam.

Al6XN yog superaustenitic steel hlau nrog kev ua tau zoo rau chloride pitting, crevice corrosion thiab kev nyuaj siab corrosion tawg. Al6XN yog 6 Moly alloy uas tau tsim rau thiab siv hauv kev sib cav sib ceg siab. Nws muaj cov npib tsib xee (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nitriumen thiab chromium cov ntsiab lus tawg, thiab tshwj xeeb corrosion tiv thaiv. Al6XN yog feem ntau siv rau nws cov kev txhim kho pitting thiab crevice corrosion tsis kam hauv chlorides. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog thiab weldable stainless hlau.

321 stainless hlau square bar nws tuaj yeem faib tau hais tias rebar yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam lossis kev lag luam twg uas yog kev lag luam. Siv dav hauv kev kho tsheb, textile, kev tsim khoom, hloov paj lug, ua haujlwm thiab pulp, tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej lossis aerospace.

Alloy 304 \ / 304L (tsis yog S30400 \ / s30403) yog cov neeg siv hluav taws xob feem ntau ¡° 18-8s ± chromium-npib tsib xee ustenitic steel. Nws yog kev lag luam tsis txaus siab thiab ntau yam tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kom haum rau cov ntaub ntawv thov dav dav dav dav.

Alloy 800 Weld Neck Flanges Peb muaj lub koob npe nrov hauv kev lag luam rau kev tsim cov hom kev ua haujlwm zoo uas yuav haum rau peb cov neeg siv khoom. Peb tsim khoom tsim prololoy 800 flanges uas muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab siab dua. Peb siv cov peev txheej hwm thiab qib siab tshaj tawm rau kev tsim ASTM B564 UNFANCES 800 flanges.

Thaum nce qhov kub thiab txias, qhov anealed thiab kev daws annealed alloys pom zoo oxidation tsis kam thiab muaj zog siab.

C276 muaj qhov zoo bricability thiab impressive corrosion tsis kam nyob rau hauv qee qhov chaw loj tshaj plaws.

Zoo heev rau oxidation nyob rau hauv me me cyclic tej yam kev mob tau 310. Vim tias nws cov ntsiab lus chillium thiab 310 tau zoo tsis kam sulfidation thiab lwm hom kev kub corrosion. 310 tau siv dav hauv kev mob carbothingly xws li ntsib hauv PetroCemical ib puag ncig.

Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov roj pov thiab roj kev tshawb nrhiav \ / ntau lawm thiab hauv kev hloov cua sov hauv petrochemical \ / tshuaj lom neeg.

SS 316 Seamless Yeeb Nkab thiab ASTM A312 Welded Yeeb Nkab Khoom Siv Hauv Suav
Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv flue roj desulfurization tshuab vim hais tias ntawm nws cov kev tiv thaiv zoo rau cov neeg sulphur thiab chloride ions enclounted hauv feem ntau cov tu menyuam.
Hlau Daim Phiaj & Cov Ntawv Qhia & Coils

304 Piping spools yog tsim los ntawm 304 stainless hlau, ib qho khoom siv nrov thiab nrov tshaj plaws hauv ntau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau kev tiv thaiv kom xeb thiab oxidation. Cov kev tshaj lij no yog preooss siv cov machinery thiab cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, uas paub meej tias lawv muaj tseeb thiab ntseeg tau.

Tsau-nthuav dav iav-encapsulated girapsulated alloys, muaj ib qho kev nthuav dav thermal, muaj ib lub khob hluav taws xob nthuav dav zoo ib yam li qhov ntsuas kub
npib tsib xee alloy haastelloy b2 2.4617 kav dej nrog flanges

Lub 316 cov yeeb nkab stainless hlau tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv tsis tau rau cov kev lag luam lag luam. Qhov no alloy ntawm hlau thiab chrome tau lees paub rau nws lub siab tiv taus corrosion, nrog rau nws cov kav ntev. 316 Stainless hlau Tubing tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv ob leeg seamless thiab welded leeg kom tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau.

Alloy 800 yog npib npib tsib xee-chromium alloy nrog siab zog thiab kev tiv thaiv zoo rau oxidation thiab corrosion ntawm qhov kub. ASTM B407 UNICS NC08800 INCOLOY 800 W. NR. 1.4876 Welded yeeb nkab yog dav siv rau kev tsim kho cov khoom siv uas yuav tsum tau ua rau corrosion tsis kam, lub zog, thiab ruaj khov rau kev pabcuam txog 1500 ° F (816 ° C).

SMO 254 Cov kav dej tuaj yeem tiv taus cov kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov neeg muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab alloy 254 smo yeeb nkab siab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov kub thiab xeb ib puag ncig.

Caw 36 ® yog npib npib npib tsib xee, tsis muaj nyiaj npib ob leeg uas muaj 36%, commar 36 muaj qhov kub tsawg los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm + 500 ° F (260 ° C).

DIN975 N08367 Dub Xwm Dub Stainless Hlau Qib 8 Xov Rods Xov Rods Steel Fackeners Hlau

Ameslikas tau tsim los tawm tsam dej hiav txwv, Al6xN tau nthuav nws lub luag haujlwm ua qhov zoo thaum nruab nrab-corrosion resistant alloy. Al6XX ntsia hlau yog cov pa roj carbon tsawg, siab purity, nitrogen muaj "super autusenitic" stainless hlau alloy. Al 6xN xov xwm yog Super Austenic al 6 xq xov tau muaj cov ntsiab lus roj carbon, npib tsib xee thiab molybdenum. Al 6xN xov yog tiv taus chloride kev ntxhov siab corrosion.

Inconel 625 coil yog cov yam ntxwv zoo los ntawm nws cov kev tiv thaiv zoo rau oxidation, qhov siab-kub corrosion thiab qaug zog. ASTM B443 tsis yog N06625 Inconel P phaj tau siv dav hauv Aerospace, kev ua lag luam thiab roj thiab muaj zog zoo dua qub txawm tias muaj ib puag ncig zoo.

Txhawm rau kom xa cov raj xa dej, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tshem cov hose ncaj hauv cov raj xa dej. Thaum siv ntau lub raj xa dej, ntau yam kav dej yuav tsum tau siv. Thaum twg cov raj xa dej siv, lub luj tshib yuav tsum tau siv los hloov qhov loj ntawm cov raj xa dej. Thaum bifurcating, peb-txoj kev xaim cov flange kev sib txuas siv thaum lub raj xa hluav taws xob thiab kev sib txuas txias thiab kev sib tw txias thiab kev sib koom ua ke txias. , Hauv kev sib txuas ntawm ntau cov twj paj nruag, kuj tseem muaj cov txuas txuas thiab ntsaws ntawm cov twj paj nruag theem.

Annealing yog txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kho cua sov uas cov ulters cov khoom ntawm cov hlau. Thaum muaj ntau hom kev kho cua sov, annealing yog nrov vim tias nws nce dasability thiab txo tawv tawv.

Nickel-Tooj-based alloy 400 monel 2.4360 txias kos cov kab mob kev ntxhov siab thaum raug rau corrosive cracking thaum raug rau cov media corrosive nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig. Monel 400 yog tooj liab thiab nickel raws li alloy uas nrov niaj hnub no vim nws qhov kev ua tau zoo. Lub alloy muaj kua qaub zoo heev thiab alkali tsis kam. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj cov zog tensile muaj zog, ductility, zoo heev thermal condactivity, thiab tuaj yeem yog tawv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm txias. Ib qho ntxiv, nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov nrog qhov kub thiab txias txij li rho tawm txog 538 degrees Celsius.

ASTM A312 TP316 yog tus qauv txheem rau kev sib khi, ncaj-leeg welded, thiab hnyav txias welded ustenitic kav hlau stainless hlau thiab kev corrosive service. Lub 316 seamless muaj steel yeeb nkab yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov chromium, npib tsib, thiab molybdenum ua rau corrosion thiab xeb thiab xeb thiab xeb thiab xeb.

Nickel 200 flanges lub npib tsib xee 200 flanges yog ruaj, tshuav ruaj khov, thiab muaj kev ua tiav zoo. Ntxiv mus, cov ASTM B564 tsis pom N02200 dig muag flanges tiv taus ib puag ncig hauv nruab nrab thiab oxidizing ib puag ncig, ua rau lawv zoo meej rau kev siv hauv cov khoom siv khoom noj khoom haus.

Nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv ntau yam ntawm oxidizing thiab tsis-oxidizing tshuaj, thiab cov khoom ua kom pom tseeb zoo rau pitting thiab crevice nres nyob rau hauv muaj cov chlorides thiab lwm yam.

ASTM A182 F5 F9 F11 FSONE Flange Rings Disc Disk Ncej Tes Tsho Yooj Yim Rau Kev Ntxuav

Duplex Steel Fasteners

Hastelloy B2 yog npib tsiboly-molybdenum alloy nrog tseem ceeb tsis kam txo cov tshuaj ntsuab thiab cov sulfuric, acetic thiab phosphoric acids. Hastelloy B2 yog resistant rau cov ntshiab sulfuric acid thiab ntau tus tsis-oxidizing cov kua qaub. Qhov no yuav tsum tsis txhob siv nyob rau hauv muaj cov paug oxidative hauv oxidizing lossis txo cov xov xwm. Kev tsis muaj hnub yug tsis tau tshwm sim yog tias alloy B2 yog siv nyob rau hauv muaj hlau los yog tooj liab nyob hauv cov tshuab uas muaj cov tshuab roj roj hydrochloric acid.

Tsis suav txog N08367 tseem hu ua Alloy Al6XN yog cov carbon ntau, siab purity, nitrogen-batoy nrog zoo heev rau chloride pitting thiab compevice corrosion.

Inconel 600 bar yog qhov kub kub tiv taus. Inconel alloy 625 puag ncig cov kab muaj txog li 58% npib tsib xee thiab mus txog li 23% chromium. Inconel 625 bar feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg.

Hauv Tshuag 5 nti kev sib txuas DN15-DN1500 dig muag DN80 nrog xov threed poj niam flange - zhengzhou huitong pipeline khoom Co., Ltd.

ASTM A105 Flange siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev ua lag luam tshuaj lom neeg, petingch kev lag luam, hwj chim lub npe ua A105 Flange cov khoom lag luam nrog cov khoom siv zoo.

Steel flanges muab cov yooj yim rau kev ntxuav, kuaj lossis hloov kho. Lawv feem ntau tuaj hauv cov duab sib piv tab sis lawv tuaj yeem tuaj hauv cov ntawv square thiab duab plaub. Cov flanges tau koom nrog txhua lwm yam los ntawm kev sib koom tes los ntawm cov kav dej los ntawm vuam lossis xov thiab tsim rau cov kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb; 150LB, 300LB, 400LB, 600LB, 900lB, 1500lb thiab 2500lb.

Carbon Steel Forgings, tsim tawm nyob rau Astm A105, feem ntau yog siv rau cov ntawv thov luam tawm. Cov no forged carbon steel piping Cheebtsam (suav nrog flanges, fittings, thiab li qub, thiab lwm yam kev pab cuam hauv cov tshuab siab. Lub A105N, uas tau xaiv nrog ib daim ntawv ntxiv ¡° no ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±, forging yuav tsum tau ua rau muaj kev mob siab. Yog tias cov kev zam txim tau siv rau cov ntawv thov piping ntawm asme bpvc lossis ASME B31, cov khoom yuav yog nws qhov sib npaug zoo ib yam ntawm Sa-105 lossis SA-105N. Hauv ntej, kev kho cua sov ntawm ib txwm paub qhov txawv ntawm A105N ntawm A105, lossis SA-105N los ntawm Sa-105. ASTM A105 Flange yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov flanges. Cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm suav nrog cov qib sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv hlau stainless hlau ua flanges. Cov flanges yog ntawm forged carbon hlau thiab yog txhais rau cov kev pabcuam kub siab.

ASME B16.5A-B ASTM B16.38 Forged 347 Nickel Alloy Flange Monel 400 Werkstoff NR. 2.4360 Flange

ASTM A240 Hom 2205 Phaj yog lub Duplex phaj yog siv ntau yam kev lag luam xws li kev ua yeeb yam, roj thiab roj kev tshawb nrhiav, thiab marine engineering. Sa 240 gr 2205 daim ntawv yog tsim los ntawm qib 220) stainless hlau, uas yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ferritic thiab ustenitic steel.

Npib tsib xee raws 800 incoloy hexagonal yeeb nkab yog paub kom muaj qhov zoo tiv taus corrosion. Tshwj xeeb hais txog kev hais lus, tus incoloy 800 yeeb nkab muaj txaus tiv taus ob carburization zoo li oxidation corrosion.

Super Duplex 2507 tsis tuaj yeem txhawb nqa los ntawm kev kho cua sov. Annealing yog ua thaum 1920¡ÃF - 2060¡ÃF - 2060¡ÃF (1049¡Ãc - 1127¡ÃC), ua raws li los ntawm kev ua kom txias sai.

Peb tsim cov roj carbon hlau A105N dig muag tsis tau muaj nyob thoob plaws ntiaj teb rau lawv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, corrosion ua hauj lwm thiab qhov tseeb tsis zoo thiab kev siv zog tsis zoo thiab ruaj khov

Cov kav dej ntawm seamless configurations tau muaj peev xwm ntau dua cov muaj peev xwm thiab lub zog tshaj lwm qib.

Qhov no muab kev txhim kho zoo heev rau cov sulfuric acid. Nws kuj tseem muaj cov ntsiab lus chromium siab, kom ua kom zoo dua rau oxidizing tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj lom kabmob uas muaj kuab lom thiab yaj oxygen.
Stainless Hlau Flanges
A105N Flange
Indonesian
Lithuanian
Scottish Gaelic
DupleX Steel Yeeb Nkab & Tube
A182 F316L Nrog Nplhaib Lub Nplai Rau Kev Siv Sab Nraud
Suav (Tsoos)
Inconel 600 Yeeb Nkab Antioxidant

Nws ua rau pom zoo tsis kam mus rau nruab nrab thiab txo qhov chaw. Cov alloy no tsim ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab oxide, kev tiv thaiv zaj duab xis uas tsis tawm mus, tab sis nws khaws cov oxidation superi-sauv tsis kub.
Nickel 200 flanges
A105N Flange
Indonesian
Lithuanian
Scottish Gaelic
DupleX Steel Yeeb Nkab & Tube
Stainless Hlau Qws Steel Qws A182 F2 Bar
Suav (Tsoos)
Inconel 600 Yeeb Nkab Antioxidant
Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Kuaj Xyuas ntawm Qhov Zoo A182 304 Hex Lees
Incoloy 800h yeeb nkab nrog lub siab temp anneal

Cov ANTM A182 Alloy Steel F12 Flanges yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw zoo, yog li cov khoom tsim khoom yog ntawm cov khoom lag luam zoo. Ib qho ntxiv, cov astm A182 Alloy Steel F12 Flanges yog tsim nrog cov qauv tsim nyog, cov cai thiab cov qauv hauv siab, ua rau muaj cov khoom lag luam zoo.

Nilo Alloy 36, W.NR 1.3912, Tiv Thaiv 36% Nickel-Npib thiab muaj tus nqi ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov hlau.

Ntev: Raws li qhov koj xav tau. "
Inconel 600 puag ncig bar yog npib tsib xee-raws li benign carburization thiab zoo heev corrosion thiab kub heev. Inconel 600 cov khoom sib txuas ua haujlwm tiv thaiv kom qhuav cl2 thiab ntau lwm cov roj sib txawv ntawm cov mob me thiab kub. Alloy 600 Bar yog npib tsib xee-chromium alloy nrog zoo oxoidation decomposition decomposition decomposition thiab acid oxidation ntawm ntug dej kub.

DIN933 UNSIC N02201-Ni 201 mon 2019 Xov Xwm Xwm Nickel Hex Bolt M10 x 45 hli ni 201 hex bolt

A182 f51 F51 FRLEX Stainless hlau muaj txog 21% chromium, 2.5% molybdenum thiab 4.5% npib tsib xee-nitrogen alloy. Nws muaj lub zog siab, cuam tshuam zoo heev nruj thiab zoo tag nrho thiab kev ntxhov siab hauv cheeb tsam kev tiv thaiv.