TSEEM CEEB N06002 Yeeb Nkab Khuam

ASTM A240 Hom 2205 Phaj yog lub Duplex phaj yog siv ntau yam kev lag luam xws li kev ua yeeb yam, roj thiab roj kev tshawb nrhiav, thiab marine engineering. Sa 240 gr 2205 daim ntawv yog tsim los ntawm qib 220) stainless hlau, uas yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ferritic thiab ustenitic steel.

Inconel 718 yog npib tsib xee-chromium-based alloy uas feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv thov kub siab xws li aerospace thiab roj turbines. Ib qho ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov astm b670 inconel 718 daim ntawv yog lub phaj dov. Muaj ob hom tseem ceeb ntawm inconel 718 daim hlau muaj nyob rau ntawm kev ua lag luam: kub dov thiab cov phiaj txias. Cov paib.

316L 1.4401 tus yeeb nkab stainless hlau yog ib qho kev xaiv yeeb nkab zoo heev thiab cov yeeb nkab ruaj khov siv hauv ntau cov ntawv siv. Qhov no ss s31603 yeeb nkab yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau zoo 316L stainless ua rau corrosion, oxidation thiab staining rau cov chaw hnyav lossis kev siv ntxhov siab.

Inconel 625 coil yog cov yam ntxwv zoo los ntawm nws cov kev tiv thaiv zoo rau oxidation, qhov siab-kub corrosion thiab qaug zog. ASTM B443 tsis yog N06625 Inconel P phaj tau siv dav hauv Aerospace, kev ua lag luam thiab roj thiab muaj zog zoo dua qub txawm tias muaj ib puag ncig zoo.

Alloy 800 yog npib npib tsib xee-chromium alloy nrog siab zog thiab kev tiv thaiv zoo rau oxidation thiab corrosion ntawm qhov kub. ASTM B407 UNICS NC08800 INCOLOY 800 W. NR. 1.4876 Welded yeeb nkab yog dav siv rau kev tsim kho cov khoom siv uas yuav tsum tau ua rau corrosion tsis kam, lub zog, thiab ruaj khov rau kev pabcuam txog 1500 ° F (816 ° C).

Lub 316 cov yeeb nkab stainless hlau tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv tsis tau rau cov kev lag luam lag luam. Qhov no alloy ntawm hlau thiab chrome tau lees paub rau nws lub siab tiv taus corrosion, nrog rau nws cov kav ntev. 316 Stainless hlau Tubing tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv ob leeg seamless thiab welded leeg kom tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau.

Hastelloy C2000 tub tshij yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau hom petrochemical suav nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, roj kev tsim khoom siv, roj ntxiv thiab cov nroj tsuag hluav taws xob.

Hastelloy C2000 muaj nyob rau ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg, hom no-lickel-molybdenum alloy muaj zog thiab corrosion tsis kam.

Al6XN yog superaustenitic steel hlau nrog kev ua tau zoo rau chloride pitting, crevice corrosion thiab kev nyuaj siab corrosion tawg. Al6XN yog 6 Moly alloy uas tau tsim rau thiab siv hauv kev sib cav sib ceg siab. Nws muaj cov npib tsib xee (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nitriumen thiab chromium cov ntsiab lus tawg, thiab tshwj xeeb corrosion tiv thaiv. Al6XN yog feem ntau siv rau nws cov kev txhim kho pitting thiab crevice corrosion tsis kam hauv chlorides. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog thiab weldable stainless hlau.

Tsis suav txog N08367 tseem hu ua Alloy Al6XN yog cov carbon ntau, siab purity, nitrogen-batoy nrog zoo heev rau chloride pitting thiab compevice corrosion.

SMO 254 Cov kav dej tuaj yeem tiv taus cov kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov neeg muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab alloy 254 smo yeeb nkab siab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov kub thiab xeb ib puag ncig.

Qhov no muab kev txhim kho zoo heev rau cov sulfuric acid. Nws kuj tseem muaj cov ntsiab lus chromium siab, kom ua kom zoo dua rau oxidizing tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj lom kabmob uas muaj kuab lom thiab yaj oxygen.

Nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv ntau yam ntawm oxidizing thiab tsis-oxidizing tshuaj, thiab cov khoom ua kom pom tseeb zoo rau pitting thiab crevice nres nyob rau hauv muaj cov chlorides thiab lwm yam.

Nws ua rau pom zoo tsis kam mus rau nruab nrab thiab txo qhov chaw. Cov alloy no tsim ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab oxide, kev tiv thaiv zaj duab xis uas tsis tawm mus, tab sis nws khaws cov oxidation superi-sauv tsis kub.

Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov roj pov thiab roj kev tshawb nrhiav \ / ntau lawm thiab hauv kev hloov cua sov hauv petrochemical \ / tshuaj lom neeg.

Titanium lub ntom yog li 60% uas ntawm stainless hlau thiab nickel alloys, qhov hnyav no txuag ua rau nws xaiv qhov chaw zoo uas yog qhov tseem ceeb xws li aerospace.

Inconel 600 Seamless Tubes ntawm cov qauv tsis ua N06600 thiab ASTM B167 yog cov uas tsim kom muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau dhau kev tiv thaiv dhau los.

SCH40 monel 400 yeeb nkab raug xaiv raws li Werkstoff tus lej 2.4360 thiab tsis yog N04400. Alloy 400 cov kav hlau tseem hu ua monel aleloy 400 Yeeb Nkab, Monel 400 Yeeb & Nickel Alloy 400 Yeeb Nkab.

Cov kav dej ntawm seamless configurations tau muaj peev xwm ntau dua cov muaj peev xwm thiab lub zog tshaj lwm qib.

Siab chromium, molybdenum thiab nitrogen cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam nrog pitting tsis zoo rau cov medtenatent thiab corrosive corrosive conduction, thiab tseem ceeb pitting txias rau tag nrho cov xov xwm, thiab tseem ceeb pitting txias rau saum 50¡Ãc.

Hastelloy alloys phau ntawv qhia
Lub corrosion resistant Hastelloy alloys tau siv dav los ntawm kev lag luam ua lag luam. Qhov kev xav tau rau kev ua tau zoo ua rau lawv txoj kev lees paub thiab kev loj hlob hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub zog, kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig, roj thiab cov roj thiab cov roj cuv khw desulfurization.

Incoloy 800H Flange Peb muaj lub koob npe nrov hauv kev lag luam rau kev tsim cov hom kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov hom uas yuav tsum tau ua rau peb cov neeg siv khoom. Peb tsim khoom tsim prololoy 800 flanges uas muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab siab dua. Peb siv cov peev txheej hwm thiab qib siab tshaj tawm rau kev tsim ASTM B564 UNFANCES 800 flanges.

Alloy 800 Weld Neck Flanges Peb muaj lub koob npe nrov hauv kev lag luam rau kev tsim cov hom kev ua haujlwm zoo uas yuav haum rau peb cov neeg siv khoom. Peb tsim khoom tsim prololoy 800 flanges uas muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab siab dua. Peb siv cov peev txheej hwm thiab qib siab tshaj tawm rau kev tsim ASTM B564 UNFANCES 800 flanges.

Nickel 200 flanges lub npib tsib xee 200 flanges yog ruaj, tshuav ruaj khov, thiab muaj kev ua tiav zoo. Ntxiv mus, cov ASTM B564 tsis pom N02200 dig muag flanges tiv taus ib puag ncig hauv nruab nrab thiab oxidizing ib puag ncig, ua rau lawv zoo meej rau kev siv hauv cov khoom siv khoom noj khoom haus.

Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm N08800 Incoloy alloy 800 lub phaj txias rolled ntsig txog corrosion, zoo li cov hlau, zoo li nws cov coungon counterparts yog kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau.
Hom Phaj, Ntawv, Sawb Chev
Ntev 0 ~ 12m lossis raws li koj xav tau
Dav 0 ~ 2500 hli lossis raws li koj xav tau
Thickness 0.3 ~ 1200mm lossis raws li koj xav tau

Inconel 600 yog npib tsib xee-chromium-hlau alloy nrog zoo heev corrosion, oxidation tsis kam thiab siab lub zog ntawm kev nce siab kub. Vim nws cov ntsiab lus nickel siab, inconel 600 yog tsis tshua muaj resistant rau chloride ion muaj kev ntxhov siab corrosion. Hnub nyoog tawv yog tsis tas yuav ua tsis tau li 600 yog qhov tawv thiab muaj zog los ntawm kev ua haujlwm txias nkaus xwb. Qhov Inconel 600 tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv qhov kub thiab txias li 700¡Ãf (370¡Ã).
Txheem sus, AISI, DIN
Inch 5 ~ 500 hli
Ntev ¨Q12m lossis raws li cov neeg xav tau

Cov kab ke sib txuas yog txias txias thiab anealed, muaj nyob rau hauv Tshuag ntev lossis txiav kom loj. Alloy puag ncig cov kab muab lub zog thiab corrosion tsis kam nyob rau ntau thaj chaw, tshuab sib tsim khoom, kev lag luam kho khoom noj thiab kev lag luam kho mob.
Txheem sus, AISI, DIN
Inch 5 ~ 500 hli
Ntev ¨Q12m lossis raws li cov neeg xav tau

Ntau cov lag luam nyiam qhov tseeb uas Inconel 600 yog ib qho ntau yam. Yog li ntawd cov alloy yog siv nyob rau hauv ob peb cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv ntau hom ntawv suav nrog qhov nrov tsis sib xws 600 cov yeeb nkab. Kev tsim kho ntawm cov kav dej no tuaj yeem welded lossis lawv tuaj yeem yog seamless. Muaj cov txiaj ntsig siv ob qho tib si. Rau e.g. Qhov kev nyiam ntawm ib qho kev hloov kho 600 Welded yeeb nkab, yog nyob rau hauv cov ntawv thov uas nws lag luam ua haujlwm tseem ceeb heev. Txawm hais tias pheej yig dua li cov noob tsis muaj zog tsim ib qho, cov kav dej no muaj cov kab sib tw ntev, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho corrosion - yog tias lawv tsis raug. Hauv ib qho xwm txheej, uas tus neeg yuav khoom yuav tsum tau muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm corrosion tsis kam thiab muaj peev xwm tiv taus qhov siab dua, tsis haum 600 seamless yeeb nkab yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws.
Ntaus Seamless Yeeb Nkab
Lub raj seamless
Welded Yeeb Nkab
Welded Tube
Pom lsaw erw EFW
Beveled kawg, ntshiab kawg "
Loj od: 1 \ / 2 "" ~ 48 ""
Thickness: Sch5 ~ Schxxs
Ntev: Raws li qhov koj xav tau. "
Tsim cov txheej txheem kub dov rolling \ / kub ua hauj lwm, dov
Tsim cov qauv ASME B36.10 ASME B36.20

Rau cov hom phiaj muaj, hauv cov raj hluav taws xob, peb feem ntau yuav tsum tau hloov cov kev coj ntawm kev xa khoom; tswj cov dej ntws (roj thiab roj, dej, av); Qhib lossis kaw cov raj xa dej, thiab lwm yam, kom ua tiav cov haujlwm no, cov yeeb nkab txheem yeeb nkab, cov yeeb nkab steel fittings yuav raug siv.

Npib tsib xee raws 800 incoloy hexagonal yeeb nkab yog paub kom muaj qhov zoo tiv taus corrosion. Tshwj xeeb hais txog kev hais lus, tus incoloy 800 yeeb nkab muaj txaus tiv taus ob carburization zoo li oxidation corrosion.

Carbon Steel Flange yog hom Rim tsim thaum kawg ntawm cov yeeb nkab thaum nws tsau rau ntawm cov yeeb nkab. Nws yog siv los txiav qhov xaus ntawm cov kav dej, li qub lossis lwm yam sib txuas. Nws muaj lub zog siab tensile thiab muaj nrog convex nto thiab txhawb kom yooj yim installation. Nws yog cov hlau-carbon alloy muaj txog li 2.1 wt.% Carbon. Cov pa roj carbon hlau tsis muaj cov theem tsawg kawg ntawm lwm cov khoom siv, tab sis nws feem ntau muaj cov manganese.

Cov khoom siv S32205 DuPlex Asme asme sa182 pob tw Weld Flanges yog tsim nyog rau dej hiav txwv thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kom sov txog 600,000Ãf, thaum tseem muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo.

Hastelloy C-276 yog ni mo Cr Superalloy ntxiv nrog tungsten, uas muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion tsis kam nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig hnyav. Cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm ni thiab mo ua rau ni steel alloy tshwj xeeb tiv taus pitting thiab crevice corrosion hauv kev txo qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv oxidation.

Txawm hais tias Molybdenum yog lub caij zoo, kev siv ntau dhau ntawm nws yuav txo cov txheej txheem creep ntawm gr11 phaj flanges. Gracitizitization thiab decomposition ntawm hlau carbide yuav tshwm sim thaum qhov kub tshaj 500 degrees Celsius. Chromium tau ntxiv rau SA A182 F11 Alloy Alloy Steel Cl.2 Flanges tiv thaiv kom tiv thaiv kev nkag mus thiab teeb meem creep. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov chromium ntxiv tseem muab oxidation tiv taus.

DupleX Steel Flanges tau siv dav hauv kev siv tshuab siv, kev lag luam tshuab thiab tsheb lag luam hauv tsheb. Duplex steel s31803 lap flanges yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau cov ntawv thov ua kom zoo dua li hom 316 thiab lub zog kub zoo. Peb muaj lub duplex steel s31803 \ / s32205 flanges hauv Tshuag. Duplex steel flanges yog ib txwm siv hauv tshuaj, petrochemical, thiab kev lag luam fais fab.

Nickel 200 yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuag hluav taws xob. Nickel 200 Bar Tshuag muaj 99.6% Wrought Nickel los ntawm qhov hnyav thiab yog suav hais tias muaj kev lag luam npib tsib xee. DIN 2.4066 bar muaj cov khoom siv zoo thiab lub cev. Piv txwv li, ASTM B160 n02200 tau ua tau zoo heev rau ntau cov corrosive tebchaw nrog rau kev xeb ib puag ncig. Lub caij no, Nickel 200 yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj zog wrought wrouging alloy uas tuaj yeem tsim los ua cov kab tuav thiab pas nrig. Cov ob feem xyuam no tau siv sib hloov pauv thiab tuaj yeem txawv ntawm qee lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.

Nickel-Tooj-based alloy 400 monel 2.4360 txias kos cov kab mob kev ntxhov siab thaum raug rau corrosive cracking thaum raug rau cov media corrosive nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig. Monel 400 yog tooj liab thiab nickel raws li alloy uas nrov niaj hnub no vim nws qhov kev ua tau zoo. Lub alloy muaj kua qaub zoo heev thiab alkali tsis kam. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj cov zog tensile muaj zog, ductility, zoo heev thermal condactivity, thiab tuaj yeem yog tawv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm txias. Ib qho ntxiv, nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov nrog qhov kub thiab txias txij li rho tawm txog 538 degrees Celsius.

Nickel alloy 400 thiab Monel 400, tseem hu ua UN tsis zoo li N04400, yog ib qho laj thawj ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj feem ntau ntawm ob feem peb ntawm ob feem ntawm ob-tus tooj liab. Nickel Alloy 400 yog paub txog nws txoj kev tiv thaiv rau ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov xeb, suav nrog cov alkalis (lossis cov kua qaub), dej hli, thiab sulfuric acid. Txij li thaum Monel 400 lossis Alloy 400 yog cov hlau txias ua haujlwm, cov alloy muaj siab tawv, txhav thiab muaj zog. Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm txias ASTM B14400 Bar Tshuag, cov alloy yog raug rau cov kev ntxhov siab ntau dua, uas nyob rau hauv Alloy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Micro ..

Inconel 600 puag ncig bar yog npib tsib xee-raws li benign carburization thiab zoo heev corrosion thiab kub heev. Inconel 600 cov khoom sib txuas ua haujlwm tiv thaiv kom qhuav cl2 thiab ntau lwm cov roj sib txawv ntawm cov mob me thiab kub. Alloy 600 Bar yog npib tsib xee-chromium alloy nrog zoo oxoidation decomposition decomposition decomposition thiab acid oxidation ntawm ntug dej kub.

Nilo \ / alloy k w.nr.: 1.3981
UNRENT: K94610 ASTM F15
Tsau-nthuav dav iav-encapsulated girapsulated alloys, muaj ib qho kev nthuav dav thermal, muaj ib lub khob hluav taws xob nthuav dav zoo ib yam li qhov ntsuas kub
Rau mating sealing nrog cov iav nyuaj

Nilo Alloy 36, W.NR 1.3912, Tiv Thaiv 36% Nickel-Npib thiab muaj tus nqi ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov hlau.
Caw 36 Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb: tsis yog K93600, W.NR 1.3912

Cov npe lag luam sib xws: Nickel Alloy 36®, Nilo 6®, Pernifer 6®
Caw 36 ® yog npib npib npib tsib xee, tsis muaj nyiaj npib ob leeg uas muaj 36%, commar 36 muaj qhov kub tsawg los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm + 500 ° F (260 ° C).
Invar 36 Tube OD: 0.2-6mm, wt: 0.02-2mm

Flange yog cov seem uas txuas ob qho yeeb nkab xaus, flange kev sib txuas tau txhais los ntawm cov flange, gasket thiab bolt peb sib txuas ntawm cov kev sib txuas ntawm lub kaw. Lub gasket yog ntxiv ntawm ob lub pluaj ib qho thiab tom qab ntawd nrawm los ntawm bolts. Cov tawv nqaij txawv flange, tuab yog qhov sib txawv, thiab cov khoom sib txuas tau sib txuas, xws li kev sib txuas ntawm Flange thiab cov twj tso kua mis, nws tsis yog inapposite rau Hu rau dej twj tso kua dej raws li Flange hom, tab sis txheeb ze lub valve me me, nws tuaj yeem hu ua Flange hom.

Alloy x yeeb nkab khoov yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv npib tsib xee gall superalloys rau gasburglice cav cheebtsam.

Ams 5754 Cov yeeb nkab khoov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los yog tensile lub zog yuav tsum tau ua, tab sis nws yuav tsum muaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tsawg thiab kev ntxhov siab.

Muaj zog thiab oxidation resistant rau 2200 deg. F (1200 deg. C) - HASTELLOY X Cov Hluav Taws Xob F (1200 deg. C).

Cov oxidation oxidation tsis kam ntawm haastelloy x yeeb nkuag yog qhia hauv qab no. Kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua los ntawm kev kuaj cov qauv kom qhuav cua qhuav ntawm 2000 deg. F. Thiab kom qhuav cua nias rau 300 psi ntawm 1750 deg. F.

Ob txoj kev ntsuas rau kev soj ntsuam oxidation tsis kam yog qhov hnyav hloov thiab qhov tob ntawm corrosion nkag. Hastellolo x Yeeb nkab khoov ua kom zoo rau hauv ob qho tib si hwm vim yog tsim ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, yeeb yaj kiab olacious.

Hastellolo x yeeb bend kuj tseem tiv thaiv carburization thiab nitriving, ob qhov kev mob uas feem ntau ua rau thaum ntxov ua tsis tiav. Tom qab 100 teev nyob rau hauv roj av coke, plaub lwm cov ntaub ntawv tau nkag los ntawm carburization thiab whereas.

Alloy x yeeb nkab khoov cov hnoos qeev uas tsis muaj carburization tsis muaj carbon. Ntawm kaum cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas xyuas nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntawm hydrogen, nitrogen thiab ammonia ntawm 1100 deg. F. Thiab 25,00 psi rau 64 hnub, Alloy X muaj cov ntaub ntawv nitride tsawg dua li ib feem ntau li cov khoom sib tw uas tsis muaj kev sib tw.

Hastelloy x Yeeb nkab nrhiav pom siv hauv cov txheej txheem petrochemical thiab roj turbines nyob rau hauv cov chaw kub sib tshooj. Kuj siv rau cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke hauv kev siv hluav taws xob muaj kev lag luam vim tias cov oxidation zoo tiv thaiv.

Hastelloy x Yeeb nkab bend yog pom zoo tshwj xeeb vim nws muaj qhov txawv txav rau oxidizing, thiab nruab nrab cua.

Hastelloy X yog npib tsib xee-raws li superalloy zoo tagnrho rau gasbrine cav, dav hlau, kev siv hluav taws xob.

Cov cua sov tau ua los ntawm cov alloy no tau tseem nyob zoo tom qab kev ua haujlwm rau 8700 teev ntawm 2150 DEG. F. Cov tais diav cub, siv los pab txhawb cov khoom hnyav, tau raug rau thaum kub txog rau 2300 deg. F. Nyob rau hauv ib qho oxidizing cua tsis muaj khoov lossis warping.

Alloy x yeeb nkab bend paub yog paub rau nws qhov kev kub zoo siab ua kom sov siab nrog rau 2200¡Ãf. Lub alloy tseem tuaj yeem yooj yim muab zuaj nrog kev tsim thiab vuam cov yam ntxwv los ntawm phau ntawv qhia thiab cov hau kev tsis siv neeg.

Alloy x yeeb nkab khoov yog sib npaug hauv pawg dav hlau tshuab, cov khoom siv tshuab raj, cov cua sov, thiab lwm qhov chaw dav hlau.

Hastellolo x Yeeb nkab bend yog corrosion resistant, tshav kub tiv taus thiab oxidation resistant, muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev txo lossis nruab nrab cua thiab oxidation.

Alloy x yeeb bend muaj qhov kev ua tau tshwj xeeb hauv cov cua sov kom muaj kev siv hluav taws xob vim yog alloy lub zog tiv taus oxidizing, txo thiab nruab nrab cua.

Hastelloy x Yeeb nkab bend

Hastelloy x yeeb nkab khoov yog wrought Nickel lub hauv paus alloy nrog lub zog kub zoo thiab oxidation tsis kam. Tag nrho cov ntawv foos yog tau zoo heev rau kev tsim thiab vuam.

Txawm hais tias haastellolo x yeeb puas yog feem ntau yog ua kom muaj cua daj cua dub thiab oxidation tsis kam ua rau carburization, zoo heev rau kev txo lossis carburizing cua.