Stainless hlau yeeb nkab & raj

Lub corrosion resistant Hastelloy alloys tau siv dav los ntawm kev lag luam ua lag luam. Qhov kev xav tau rau kev ua tau zoo ua rau lawv txoj kev lees paub thiab kev loj hlob hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub zog, kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig, roj thiab cov roj thiab cov roj cuv khw desulfurization.

Nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv ntau yam ntawm oxidizing thiab tsis-oxidizing tshuaj, thiab cov khoom ua kom pom tseeb zoo rau pitting thiab crevice nres nyob rau hauv muaj cov chlorides thiab lwm yam.

Lub npib tsib xee thiab molybdenum Cheebtsam ntawm Astm B575 Hastelloy C-276 cov ntawv pab AIDS hauv lawv kev tawm tsam rau pitting thiab crevice corrosion hauv kev txo qis.

Nickel alloy 400 thiab Monel 400, tseem hu ua UN tsis zoo li N04400, yog ib qho laj thawj ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj feem ntau ntawm ob feem peb ntawm ob feem ntawm ob-tus tooj liab. Nickel Alloy 400 yog paub txog nws txoj kev tiv thaiv rau ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov xeb, suav nrog cov alkalis (lossis cov kua qaub), dej hli, thiab sulfuric acid. Txij li thaum Monel 400 lossis Alloy 400 yog cov hlau txias ua haujlwm, cov alloy muaj siab tawv, txhav thiab muaj zog. Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm txias ASTM B14400 Bar Tshuag, cov alloy yog raug rau cov kev ntxhov siab ntau dua, uas nyob rau hauv Alloy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Microy Micro ..

Qhov no alloy tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam tshuaj rau nws lub zog thiab corrosion tsis kam. Cov ntawv thov suav nrog tso cua sov, tseem, cov kab mob npuas, thiab condensers rau cov roj fatty acid; Evaporator Tubes, cov ntawv raj ntawm cov raj, thiab cov ntaub thaiv cov raj rau kev tsim cov sodium sulfide; thiab khoom siv rau kev ua cov kua qaub nyob hauv pulp ntau lawm.

Yeeb Nkab Spools Fabrication
Nickel 200 flanges
Caw 36 ® yog npib npib npib tsib xee, tsis muaj nyiaj npib ob leeg uas muaj 36%, commar 36 muaj qhov kub tsawg los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm + 500 ° F (260 ° C).
Carbon Steel Bars & Rods

Hauv kev sib piv rau SS316, Ob 2205 tau raug sim nyob rau hauv kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub. Cov txiaj ntsig qhia tau tias kev ua kom qaug zog yog ib zaug li ob zaug uas yog siab dua rau Duplex 2205.

Hastelloy C2000 muaj nyob rau ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg, hom no-lickel-molybdenum alloy muaj zog thiab corrosion tsis kam.
Tsim cov qauv ASME B36.10 ASME B36.37

Titanium yeeb nkab fittings stub kawg yuav polished rau ib tug siab luster
SMO 254 Cov kav dej tuaj yeem tiv taus cov kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov neeg muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab alloy 254 smo yeeb nkab siab ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov kub thiab xeb ib puag ncig.
Stainless hlau tuav & Rods

Nickel 200 flanges lub npib tsib xee 200 flanges yog ruaj, tshuav ruaj khov, thiab muaj kev ua tiav zoo. Ntxiv mus, cov ASTM B564 tsis pom N02200 dig muag flanges tiv taus ib puag ncig hauv nruab nrab thiab oxidizing ib puag ncig, ua rau lawv zoo meej rau kev siv hauv cov khoom siv khoom noj khoom haus.

Cov yeeb nkab stainless hlau muaj ntau qhov zoo tshaj plaws suav nrog corrosion tsis kam, siab lub zog, kav ntev, thiab machinability. Tsoomfwv Steel Stocks Stainless hlau piping hauv cov diameters (OD) ntawm? Ã ¨c 48¡ ±. Hauv peb cov kab stainless hlau, peb cov yeeb nkab seamless thiab welded yeeb nkab muaj nyob hauv phab ntsa thickness txog 1.500¡ ±.

Cov ntawv thov kev lag luam koom nrog cov cua sov thiab ua kom muaj zog thiab oxidation tsis kam ntawm qhov kub txog li 2000 degrees F.

304 Piping spools yog tsim los ntawm 304 stainless hlau, ib qho khoom siv nrov thiab nrov tshaj plaws hauv ntau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau kev tiv thaiv kom xeb thiab oxidation. Cov kev tshaj lij no yog preooss siv cov machinery thiab cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, uas paub meej tias lawv muaj tseeb thiab ntseeg tau.

Al6XN yog superaustenitic steel hlau nrog kev ua tau zoo rau chloride pitting, crevice corrosion thiab kev nyuaj siab corrosion tawg. Al6XN yog 6 Moly alloy uas tau tsim rau thiab siv hauv kev sib cav sib ceg siab. Nws muaj cov npib tsib xee (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nitriumen thiab chromium cov ntsiab lus tawg, thiab tshwj xeeb corrosion tiv thaiv. Al6XN yog feem ntau siv rau nws cov kev txhim kho pitting thiab crevice corrosion tsis kam hauv chlorides. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog thiab weldable stainless hlau.

Nickel-Tooj-based alloy 400 monel 2.4360 txias kos cov kab mob kev ntxhov siab thaum raug rau corrosive cracking thaum raug rau cov media corrosive nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig. Monel 400 yog tooj liab thiab nickel raws li alloy uas nrov niaj hnub no vim nws qhov kev ua tau zoo. Lub alloy muaj kua qaub zoo heev thiab alkali tsis kam. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj cov zog tensile muaj zog, ductility, zoo heev thermal condactivity, thiab tuaj yeem yog tawv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm txias. Ib qho ntxiv, nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov nrog qhov kub thiab txias txij li rho tawm txog 538 degrees Celsius.

Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov roj pov thiab roj kev tshawb nrhiav \ / ntau lawm thiab hauv kev hloov cua sov hauv petrochemical \ / tshuaj lom neeg.

Monel 400 Yeeb Nkab Fittings Nickel-Tooj Alloy Yeeb Nkab khoov rau cov acidic thiab alkaline ib puag ncig

Cov fittings kuj tuaj yeem tuaj nrog ntau hom kev kho cov roj hauv cov roj dub lossis cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke, thiab cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke rau cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg

Inconel 625 coil yog cov yam ntxwv zoo los ntawm nws cov kev tiv thaiv zoo rau oxidation, qhov siab-kub corrosion thiab qaug zog. ASTM B443 tsis yog N06625 Inconel P phaj tau siv dav hauv Aerospace, kev ua lag luam thiab roj thiab muaj zog zoo dua qub txawm tias muaj ib puag ncig zoo.

2507 muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom muab los ntawm Austenitic thiab Ferritic qauv, thiab kev weldability zoo thiab ua haujlwm.

Tsau-nthuav dav iav-encapsulated girapsulated alloys, muaj ib qho kev nthuav dav thermal, muaj ib lub khob hluav taws xob nthuav dav zoo ib yam li qhov ntsuas kub

Incoloy 800H Flange Peb muaj lub koob npe nrov hauv kev lag luam rau kev tsim cov hom kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov hom uas yuav tsum tau ua rau peb cov neeg siv khoom. Peb tsim khoom tsim prololoy 800 flanges uas muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab siab dua. Peb siv cov peev txheej hwm thiab qib siab tshaj tawm rau kev tsim ASTM B564 UNFANCES 800 flanges.

316L 1.4401 tus yeeb nkab stainless hlau yog ib qho kev xaiv yeeb nkab zoo heev thiab cov yeeb nkab ruaj khov siv hauv ntau cov ntawv siv. Qhov no ss s31603 yeeb nkab yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau zoo 316L stainless ua rau corrosion, oxidation thiab staining rau cov chaw hnyav lossis kev siv ntxhov siab.

Inconel 600 Seamless Tubes ntawm cov qauv tsis ua N06600 thiab ASTM B167 yog cov uas tsim kom muaj kev tiv thaiv ntau dhau kev tiv thaiv dhau los.

Duplex Steel Fasteners
A335 Qib P9 Alloy Steel Hloov Yeeb Nkab yog qhov koj xaiv zoo tshaj plaws. Nws nyob ib puag ncig kav dej ua los ntawm almoy steel. Nws tau muab qhab nia zoo heev, ua rau nws tshwj xeeb. Nws muaj cov khoom tau zoo xws li kev nyuaj, kav ntev, weldability, thiab beldical conductivity.

A789 unc unic s31803 thiab unspes ob qib ntawm ob chav stainless hlau uas tau siv dav hauv ntau cov ntawv thov. Cov txiv neej duplex s31803 Seamless kav yog paub rau lawv cov txiv neej ua hauj lwm zoo, muaj lub zog siab, thiab weldability thiab zoo weldability. A789 yog ib qho tshwj xeeb uas tau them seamless thiab welded tub ua los ntawm duplex steel stainless hlau.

Super Duplex Steel uncusx und unustenic-ferritic duplex fasteners tsim chromium nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon thiab tsawg kawg pren42. Zeron wasters muaj lub zog siab, kev ntxhov siab rau pittings cracking, yaig thiab corrosion corrigue, crevice corrosion tsis kam.

Hastelloy C276 yog paub rau nws cov corrosion zoo heev nyob hauv ntau yam ntawm kev tawm tswv yim. Nws suav nrog chloride, thiab lwm yam ntxiv, cov alloy muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev rau cov corrosion, pitting corrosion thiab kev nyuaj siab corrosion tawg. Nws pab tiv thaiv cov kev cuam tshuam corrosive ntawm ntub chlorine, chlorine dioxide thiab hypochlorite. Cov khoom no yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau cov ntawv thov seaterwater dej hiav txwv.

SMO 254 Flanges yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev sib tw engervies; Nws tuaj yeem siv tau rau hauv siab zog sibtham, kev tsim kho ua haujlwm nrog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Qhov no tawm tsam thiab kua muag nyob rau hauv lub torle kev ntxig ntau, tiv taus crushing hauv lub tshuab siab fittings.

A182 F53 2507 Floffe tshwj xeeb muaj zoo dua thermal conductivity thiab qis coefficient ntawm thermal expansion

ASME B36.19M yog tus qauv kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau cov kav hlau stainless hlau, uas qhia txog kev ua siab ntev, thiab tsim khoom rau cov kav dej thiab cov txiv ntseej.

Annealing ntawm 1050 thiab 1080¡Ãx¡-tau ua tom qab forging, ua raws li los ntawm restore corrosion tsis kam, tab sis tsis muaj kev kho cua sov kom tawv 316L.

Tsis suav txog N08367 tseem hu ua Alloy Al6XN yog cov carbon ntau, siab purity, nitrogen-batoy nrog zoo heev rau chloride pitting thiab compevice corrosion.

Yeej, siv 304L tshem tawm qhov yuav tsum tau rau Anneal Welded pob qij txha ua ntej siv tag nrho daim ntawv hlau, txuag sijhawm thiab kev rau siab. Qhov tseeb, ob qho tib si 304 thiab 304L tuaj yeem siv rau ntau cov ntawv thov. Qhov sib txawv feem ntau yog qhov me me uas ib qho tsis suav hais tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua lwm tus. Thaum ntau dua corrosion tsis kam, lwm yam alloys, xws li qib 316 stainless hlau, feem ntau suav hais tias yog lwm txoj.

Alloy 800 Weld Neck Flanges Peb muaj lub koob npe nrov hauv kev lag luam rau kev tsim cov hom kev ua haujlwm zoo uas yuav haum rau peb cov neeg siv khoom. Peb tsim khoom tsim prololoy 800 flanges uas muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab siab dua. Peb siv cov peev txheej hwm thiab qib siab tshaj tawm rau kev tsim ASTM B564 UNFANCES 800 flanges.
Pom lsaw erw EFW
Alloy Steel
Lithuanian
Nyab laj
Titanium tubing
Alloy Hlau Bars & Rods
Incoloy 800h yeeb nkab nrog lub siab temp anneal
DupleX Steel Flanges
Super Duplex Hloov Bar Tgp
ASTM A240 GR 316 SUS316 Stainless Hlau Phaj Ntawv
Rau mating sealing nrog cov iav nyuaj
S32750 SUP SUPLEX Coil Kub Exchanger 1.4410 1.4501 Chev
Beveled kawg, ntshiab kawg "

800h tuaj yeem tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm ntau cov xov xwm corrosive. Nws cov ntsiab lus nickel siab ua rau nws tiv taus kev ntxhov siab corrosion tawg hauv aqueous corrosion. Lub siab chromium cov ntsiab lus muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua rau pitting thiab crevice corrosion tawg. Lub alloy muaj zoo corrosion tsis kam rau nitric acid thiab organic acids, tab sis muaj kev txwv corrosion tsis kam nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid thiab hydrochloric acid. Zoo corrosion tsis kam nyob rau hauv oxidizing thiab tsis-oxidizing ntsev, ntxiv rau qhov muaj peev xwm rau pitting corrosion hauv av. Nws tseem muaj cov zoo corrosion tsis kam nyob hauv dej, chav thiab sib tov ntawm Chav, huab cua thiab carbon dioxide.

Nilo Alloy 36, W.NR 1.3912, Tiv Thaiv 36% Nickel-Npib thiab muaj tus nqi ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov hlau.

Cov versatility ntawm inconel 600 alloy tso cai rau nws siv tau ntau yam kev siv sim kub los ntawm cryogenic kub mus rau ntau dua 2000Ãf (10955,10¡Ãf (10955¡Ãf (10955¡Ãf (1095.

Lwm qhov zoo dua ntawm qib 304 stainless hlau bar tsis muaj qeb 303 yog tias nws yog me ntsis nyuab dua thiab muaj kev tiv taus corrosion zoo dua. Vim tias qhov no, qib 304 storless hlau bar yog siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom muaj ntau nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab kho xws li cov txiv ntoo, bolts, tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, fittings, fittings, fittings, fittings, fittings, fittings, fittings, fittings thiab clamps. Cov khoom lag luam tsim los ntawm qib 304 stainless hlau hauv kev lag luam nrawm nrawm yog xa mus rau "A2".

Hastelloy C22 Cov Fasteners yog ib qho kev nce qib General muaj cov txheej txheem chromium, npib tsib xee, molybdenum thiab tungsten alloys. Cov qauv kev tsim qauv no tau tsim los kom nce kev tawm tsam pitting, kev nyuaj siab corrosion tawg (SSC) thiab cov pob txha crevice cracking. Nws muaj cov ntsiab lus chromium cov ntsiab lus thiab zoo tsis kam rau oxidizing media. Lub xub ntiag ntawm molybdenum thiab tungsten muab cov kev tiv thaiv zoo los txo cov xov xwm. Nws cov ntsiab lus tsib xee muab cov ntsiab lus muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau oxidization aqojoous media.

Nws ua rau pom zoo tsis kam mus rau nruab nrab thiab txo qhov chaw. Cov alloy no tsim ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab oxide, kev tiv thaiv zaj duab xis uas tsis tawm mus, tab sis nws khaws cov oxidation superi-sauv tsis kub.

Siab chromium, molybdenum thiab nitrogen cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam nrog pitting tsis zoo rau cov medtenatent thiab corrosive corrosive conduction, thiab tseem ceeb pitting txias rau tag nrho cov xov xwm, thiab tseem ceeb pitting txias rau saum 50¡Ãc.
Hastelloy C2000 tub tshij yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau hom petrochemical suav nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, roj kev tsim khoom siv, roj ntxiv thiab cov nroj tsuag hluav taws xob.
Nickel Alloy Incoloy Seamless Yeeb Tub Yeeb Tube Nqe 800 800H 800HT n08810 n08811
Alloy 254 Blrf Flanges Smanges SMO 254 Unr unic S31254 Wn Flange Smo 1.4547 Flanges Chaw tsim tshuaj paus
Titanium tubing rau siv hauv kev siv tshuaj kho mob xws li kev cog hniav

Inconel 718 yog npib tsib xee-chromium-based alloy uas feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv thov kub siab xws li aerospace thiab roj turbines. Ib qho ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov astm b670 inconel 718 daim ntawv yog lub phaj dov. Muaj ob hom tseem ceeb ntawm inconel 718 daim hlau muaj nyob rau ntawm kev ua lag luam: kub dov thiab cov phiaj txias. Cov paib.

Ib lub flange yog lub nplhaib ntawm cov hlau (forged, txiav los ntawm phaj, lossis koom nrog cov yeeb nkab ntawm cov yeeb nkab, lossis los koom nrog cov hlab ntsha, lossis mus ua ke lossis lwm qhov chaw sib dhos. Flanges tau koom nrog txhua lwm yam los ntawm kev siv pas dej los ntawm vuam los yog xov (lossis xoob thaum cov quav xaus yog siv). Stainless hlau Flange Tau yooj yim raws li ss flange, nws yog hais txog cov flanges uas ua los ntawm stainless hlau. Cov qauv qauv ib txwm muaj thiab qib AN182% F304 \ / L thiab / L thiab / / /50.

Featuring 347 stainless hlau rau kev ua tau zoo corrosion corrosion corrosion corrosionance, qhov no tau pom zoo wolding caj dab flange tuaj yeem txuas nrog weld ntawm lub caj dab. Welded thaj chaw tuaj yeem raug tshuaj xyuas yooj yim los ntawm radiography. Matched yeeb nkab thiab Flange Bore txo cov cua hlob thiab kev yaig hauv raj dej. Flange yog zoo heev rau siv nyob rau hauv koj daim ntawv thov tseem ceeb thiab yog qhov zoo rau siv nrog huab cua, dej, roj, nkev, thiab chav dej.

ASTM A182 F53 flanges xa mus rau cov flanges ua los ntawm super duplex stainless hlau 2507 (uns unical forging txheej txheem.

Cov kav dej ntawm seamless configurations tau muaj peev xwm ntau dua cov muaj peev xwm thiab lub zog tshaj lwm qib.

Npib tsib xee raws 800 incoloy hexagonal yeeb nkab yog paub kom muaj qhov zoo tiv taus corrosion. Tshwj xeeb hais txog kev hais lus, tus incoloy 800 yeeb nkab muaj txaus tiv taus ob carburization zoo li oxidation corrosion.

ASTM A312 TP316 yog tus qauv txheem rau kev sib khi, ncaj-leeg welded, thiab hnyav txias welded ustenitic kav hlau stainless hlau thiab kev corrosive service. Lub 316 seamless muaj steel yeeb nkab yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov chromium, npib tsib, thiab molybdenum ua rau corrosion thiab xeb thiab xeb thiab xeb thiab xeb.

Titanium lub ntom yog li 60% uas ntawm stainless hlau thiab nickel alloys, qhov hnyav no txuag ua rau nws xaiv qhov chaw zoo uas yog qhov tseem ceeb xws li aerospace.

Thaum F11 flange yog tshav kub kho, lub ntsej muag alloy steel f22 flange yog tsim. Cov flanges muaj lub zog tensile ntawm 655 mpa thiab muaj zog ntawm 517 MPa.

Monel 400 yog npib tsib xee-tooj ​​liab (kwv yees li ntawm 67% Kev du dua thiab thermal conductivity zoo tagnrho rau cov khoom siv hiav txwv.

Hastelloy B3 N10675 Yeeb Nkab Khoov Siv los dhau qhov cuam tshuam me me Txoj kab uas hla cov ntsiab lus

ASTM A350 LF3 Carbon Stock Round tuav yog tsim thiab tsim los rau cov qauv zoo thoob ntiaj teb. Peb tau npaj npaj rau nkoj mus rau feem ntau ntawm lub tebchaws. Cov AV350 LF3 Cov kab hlau hloov pauv yog ua los ntawm qib siab corrosion resistant hlau alloys.

ASTM ASME SB 164 Monel 400 steel bar uns n04400 npib tsib xee alloy bar

Alloy 800 yog npib npib tsib xee-chromium alloy nrog siab zog thiab kev tiv thaiv zoo rau oxidation thiab corrosion ntawm qhov kub. ASTM B407 UNICS NC08800 INCOLOY 800 W. NR. 1.4876 Welded yeeb nkab yog dav siv rau kev tsim kho cov khoom siv uas yuav tsum tau ua rau corrosion tsis kam, lub zog, thiab ruaj khov rau kev pabcuam txog 1500 ° F (816 ° C).

Alloy 625 (Tsis yog N06625) tuaj yeem siv nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm kab, lub raj, ntaub, forging, extruded seem thiab hlau. Saib cov chaw khaws cia, cov ntawv khaws cov npe lossis kev sib cuag muag rau kev muaj ntau yam muaj.

Sa240 1.4436 lub phaj feem ntau muaj nyob hauv cov thicknesses los ntawm 0.1875 nti rau 48 ntiv tes mus txog 120 ntiv tes (121 hli txog 3048 hli). Qhov ntev ntawm 1.4401 lub phaj tuaj yeem raug kho raws cov neeg siv khoom. Koj tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas SS 316 phaj nqi ntawm HT YEJ!
Alloy Hlau AISI 4140 Bar Tshuag lossis Forging Tshuag los tsim B7 lub taub hau thiab tsis-taws bolts. A193 Qib B7 yog feem ntau siv Bolt Speckification txuas nrog rau A194 Qib 2H Ceev rau Bolbon Steel Pipeline. A193 B7 Bolting muaj nyob rau hauv Metric Qhov ntau thiab tsawg los ntawm M6 rau M180 thiab muaj kuab dav ntau los ntawm 1 \ / 4 ntiv tes.
A335 P9 Seamless yeeb nkab yog ib hom chrome molybdenum cov yeeb nkab teev npe, tsis yog ua rau nws lub zog tense-moly), tab sis kuj yog vim nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. Chromium Molybdenum cov leeg yog nrov nyob P Qib P5, P9, P11, P22, P91 thiab P92. Cov qhab nia P11, P22 thiab P91 feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov hmoov kev lag luam thiab petrochemical nroj tsuag, thaum P9 qib siab feem ntau siv hauv cov roj ua kom zoo.

ASTM A182 F5 F9 F11 Alloy Flange Rings Disc Disk Ncej Tes Tsho Ib txoj kev los ua cov piping system

Titanium yog cov corrosion heev uas ua rau nws xaiv zoo nyob qhov twg muaj zog thiab corrosion tsis kam yog qhov tseem ceeb.