Nke gara aga:

Ọ na - egosipụta ezi nguzogide na-anọpụ iche na ibelata gburugburu. Alloy a na -emepụta oxide ube, ihe nkiri na-egbochi nke na-adịghị ada ada, mana ọ na-ejigide nguzogide na-eguzogide na-enwu ọkụ.

Na mgbakwunye na uru gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a, igwe anaghị agba nchara bụkwa ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ, ịdị ọcha nke ukwuu, mfe idozi akụkụ dị iche iche ma na-enye ọtụtụ akụkụ. N'ihi ya, enwere ike ịchọta igwe anaghị agba nchara n'ọtụtụ ụbọchị. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere ike, njem, iwu, nyocha, ọgwụ, nri, nri na ndị na-enweghị ọgwụ.

ASTM A182 F5 FRANGES bụ usoro iji jikọta ọkpọkọ, valves, pọmpụ, na akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ iji mepụta sistem. Ọ na - emekwa ka ịchachasị nhicha, nyocha ma ọ bụ mgbanwe.

A182-F11 nwere ike ikuku dị elu (|äb¡ým) na ntuli aka nri na oke okpomọkụ, yana ụfọdụ iguzogide corrogen hydrogen.

A họpụtara Sch40 Mon 400 PIPE dị ka nọmba Werkstoff 2.4360 na enweghị N04400. Alloy 400 pipe a makwaara dị ka mone alloy 400 pịpe, mone 400 pịp & nickel alloy 400 pịchaa.

Ihe dị oke mkpa maka ịdị iche nke alloy f9 socket Sold flanges bụ oghere nke ígwè - ya bụ, ịdị adị ya na owuwu abụọ kristal abụọ. Alloy ígwè (dị ka) F9 ogologo Weld olu nwere ike ịbụ carbing nke ihe dị ka Tatanium.
ASTM B443 adịghị mma N06625 Plate Delil 625 Coil

A789 enweghị S32803 na enweghị s32205 akara ule abụọ nke igwe anaghị agba nchara ebe niile na-ejikarị ngwa ndị ọrụ. A na-ama ama ama s31803 na-enweghị atụ na-emegide nguzogide ha siri ike na-eguzogide, dị elu, na ezigbo Waldọ. A789 bụ nkọwapụta nke na-ekpuchi enweghị mgbochi na mmiri nke emere site na igwe anaghị agba nchara.

N'ihi na ọ dị mfe ịgbado ọkụ, ASTM A335 klas p91 Syded pịlị na sistemụ piping. Pipes nwere oge nnabata dị iche iche na usoro ule dabere na ngwa achọrọ, klas, nhazi oge nke ihe ọkpọkọ.

Nkọwa ASTM ASTM na-akọwa ihe ndị akọwapụtara maka klaasị A, B, na d, klas 660 na klas abụọ nke ike mkpụrụ osisi, viz. 85 KSI [100 Ksi [585 na 725 MPA] Dị Ka Ọdịmma dị elu, ahịhịa, mkpụrụ na ngwa ngwa ndị ọzọ maka arịa ọrịa na valv. A286 bụ mmalite nke igwe anaghị agba nchara maka ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ruo 13000- ike ike, ike dị elu na nguzozi nke ezigbo nguzogide na nguzogide corrosion.

Obé akwụkwọ ndị a nwere ike tens ma dị mma, na-egbu mgbu, na nguzogide na-eguzogide, mgbe ọ na-egosi oke na nguzosi ike iguzosi ike na ọnọdụ nguzosi ike. Na mgbakwunye, ọ nwere ogologo ndụ dị ogologo ijigide mwakpo acid na iguzogide ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike.

Alloy 600 bụ ihe eji ama ama maka ngwa chọrọ ọkụ na nguzogide corrosion. Ngwongwo alloy dị mma na-enye ihe a dị elu na ezigbo mma. Ezi corrosion iguzogide, karịsịa na gburugburu alkaline, ma enwere ike iji ya maka ọrụ dị ala na nke dị elu.

Nickel Alloy 400 na monel 400, makwaara dị ka N044400, bụ Alcoy Nickel-Copper-Copper nke sitere na ọla atọ na ọla kọpa. A maara Nickel Alloy 400 maka iguzogide ụdị ọnọdụ ya, gụnyere alkalis (ma ọ bụ acid), mmiri nnu, na sulfuric acid. Ebe ọ bụ na Monel 400 ma ọ bụ alloy 400 bụ oyi na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, Alloy nwere oke isi ike, ike na ike. Site na oyi na-arụ ọrụ ASTM B164 na-enweghị isi N04400 Bark, a na-edo onwe ya ọkwa dị elu nke nrụgide nke ọma, nke na-ebute mgbanwe na microy.

A na-egbochi iri nathol-chromium-chrom nke na-ejikarị ngwa dị elu na ngwa dị ka ọrịa aerospace na gas. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị mkpa na mmepụta nke ASTM B670 akwụkwọ mpịakọta 718 bụ mpempe akwụkwọ mpịakọta. E nwere ụdị abụọ nke eriri afọ 7118 dị na ahịa: a na-ekpo ọkụ na efere oyi.

Aloy star steel & mkpanaka
A na - akpọkwa steel 304 na 304l dị ka igwe anaghị agba nchara 1.4301 na 1.307, n'otu n'otu. Pịnye 304 bụ ihe kachasị dị na igwe anaghị agba nchara. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-akpọ aha ochie ya, 18 \ / 8, nke a na-enweta site na ụdị ọnụego 304 Chromium na 8% nickel.

Igwe anaghị agba nchara ga-enwerịrị opekata mpe iri na ise. Dabere na ọkwa ahụ, ọ nwere ike ịnwe ọkwa chromium dị elu, yana ihe ndị ọzọ na-enye ihe dị ka molybdem, nickel, ọla, nitrogen, phosplous ma ọ bụ selphous ma ọ bụ selenium.

Incoloy alloy 926 (enweghị n08926 \ / w. Nr. 1.4529 \ / incoloy \ \ / Incoloy albenitic nwere 6% molybdenum ma mee ka mgbakwunye nke nitrogen 6%. Ọdịnaya Nickel na Chromium ọdịnaya nke alloy a na-eme ka ọ na-eguzogide ọgwụ dị iche iche.

Nickel Alloy Bars & Rods
Chinese (Simplified)
A maara Nickel dabere na 800 Incoloy Hexagol pipe na-enwe ezigbo nguzogide corrosion. N'ezie, ịsụ asụsụ, Incoloy 800 pipe na-enye iguzogide iguzogide carburtization abụọ ahụ yana corrosion.
\ / 5 dabere na

A na-eji eriri afọ 625 mara nke ọma na oxidation, ọnọdụ-okpomọkụ dị elu na ike ọgwụgwụ. A na-ejikarị efere ASTM B443 na-enweghị isi na Aerospace, nhazi kemịkalụ na mmanụ na mmanụ n'ihi ike ya, ike na ịdị ogologo ndụ na mpaghara dị iche iche.

Nchikota nke Chromium, Molybum na nitrogen na-enye 2205 ezigbo nguzogide iguzogide chloride na chloride na corvice. Ngugide a dị oke mkpa maka ọrụ dị ka mmiri mmiri, mmiri brackish, arụmọrụ mmiri na-emeghe na ngwa nhazi nri.

316L 1.4401 s31603 nchara nchara bụ nke dị ukwuu nke ukwuu na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke ejiri na-abụkarị ihe a na-ejikarị ọtụtụ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ngwa ahịa. A na-eme ss ss s31603 site na elu dị elu 316l nchara dị iche iche na-eguzogide corrosion, oxidation na ngwakọta, na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka gburugburu ya ma ọ bụ ngwa nrụgide siri ike.

Alloọs na-eme iji mee ka ihe ndị dị mie 304 na-agba nchara ndị a bụ ihe kachasị na-eme ka a na-emegharị ma na-ejikwa ya. Enwere ike iji S30400 dị mkpụmkpụ na-enweghị ike iji ya maka ọnọdụ dị elu ruo 889 ogo Celsius.

Pịnye nchara 304 na-enweghị igwe bụ T 300 usoro nchara nchara. O nwere opekempe nke 18% Chromium na 8% nickel, jikọtara ya na oke 0.08 carbon. A na-akọwa ya dị ka chromium chromium chromium chromitik a na-eji eme ihe dị iche iche na ngwa ọrụ dị ka njikwa nri, skro, na nnukwu ahịhịa. A na-ejikwa igwe anaghị agba nchara 304 na ebe ụkpụrụ ụlọ maka mpụga nke mpụga dị ka mmiri na akụrụngwa. Ọ bụkwa ihe eji eme ihe mkpuchi maka vaporizer.

Ngwakọta Hastlow X PIPE BEnd na-achọpụta na akụrụngwa nke Petrochemical Usoro na eriri gas na ngalaba na-ekpo ọkụ. Ejirikwa ya maka ihe eji arụ ọrụ na ngwa ọrụ mmepụta ihe n'ihi njigide na-eguzogide.

Nke a na-enye nguzogide nke ukwuu na sulfuric acid. Ọ nwekwara ọdịnaya chromium dị elu, iji bulie nguzogide ya na kemịkal na-agafe agafe site na oxygen na-agbaze.

Hastellow c276 gburugburu isi na-egbu egbu nickel-chromium-tunglen alloy bolts
NILO Alloy 36, W.NR 1.3912, Mkpọsa 36® bụ Nickel 36® bụ Nickel 36® na-agbasasị na-agbasasị 36% nickel ma nwee ọnụego oke ikuku nke carbon steel.
Anpel 600 pipe na-eguzogide

Igwe nchara 316 nchara abụrụla ihe dị mkpa maka mpaghara mmepụta ihe. A nabatara Alloy nke ígwè na Chrome maka nguzogide ya dị elu na corrosion, yana ịdịte ya. E nwere ike imepụta eriri nchara na-enweghị mmiri ma welded tubes iji zute mkpa ndị ahịa.

Nkọwapụta 800h 800h anyị nwere aha siri ike na ụlọ ọrụ maka ịmepụta ụdị dị elu nke ụdị ndị ahịa anyị chọrọ. Anyị na-emepụta na-emepụta 800 flanges nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma dị mma. Anyị na-eji akụrụngwa adịchaghị mma na igwe dị elu maka ịmepụta ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n0800.

Alloy 800 Hell Holy na-agbasa na ụlọ ọrụ maka ịmepụta ụdị dị elu nke ụdị ndị ahịa anyị chọrọ. Anyị na-emepụta na-emepụta 800 flanges nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma dị mma. Anyị na-eji akụrụngwa adịchaghị mma na igwe dị elu maka ịmepụta ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n0800.

Anyị bụ ndị ọkachamara na ụdị igwe anaghị agba nchara, ụdị bolts na mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-achọ bold bolks ma ọ bụ skles na-enweghị mmiri, ị nọ ebe kwesịrị ekwesị. Anyị na-emepụta ụdị ndị dị iche iche dị iche iche ma ọ bụ isi ndị nwere isi kpuchiri nchara maka ọgba tum tum.

Alloy 800 bụ Nickel-chroy alloy na ike dị elu na nguzogide ike na oxidion na corrosion na oke okpomọkụ. ASTM B407 enweghị isi N08800 Incoloy 800 W. NR. A na-ejikwa 1876 welded pipe na-eji ihe eji arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ corrosion, nguzogide, ike, na nkwụsi ike maka ọrụ ruru 1500 Celsius F (816 Celsius C).

O nwere ike iguzogide ọtụtụ ihe kemịkal na kemịlị na-enweghị oxiding, ma na-egosipụta oke iguzogide na-efe efe na ọnụnọ nke chloride na ndị ọzọ.

Ibelata titanium bụ ihe dị ka 60% nke igwe anaghị agba nchara na nickel alloys, ịchekwa ibu a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nhọrọ a ma ama na ngwa dị ka Aerospoce.

Alcoy-Coasper-Corpper 400 Monel 2.4360 na-atụfu mkpanaka na-egbochi ngwa ọgụ na-agba ọsọ na-efe efe mgbe ekpughere ya na gburugburu ebe a na-ahụkarị. Mone 400 bụ ọla kọpa na Nickel dabere na-ewu ewu taa n'ihi arụmọrụ ya dị elu. Alloy nwere ezigbo acid na alkali iguzogide. Na mgbakwunye, ọ nwere ezigbo ihe na-adịghị egwu egwu, na-akụda mmụọ, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, ma nwee ike ịrụkwa ọrụ oyi. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji ya na ngwa na okpomọkụ si na mwepu ruo 538 ogo Celsius.

Nkwonkwo a na-acha uhie uhie mejupụtara atọ dị iche na nnwere onwe ha na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ; Frances, Geluskets, na bọlsọga; nke na - achikọta ya site na mmetụta ọzọ, onye na - ahụ A chọrọ njikwa pụrụ iche na nhọrọ na itinye ya na ebe niile enwere ike inweta nkwonkwo, nke nwere nkwụsi ike na-adọrọ adọrọ.
FEL CIPE
Luxembourgish
tuppy tube
S32205 pipe
Nyocha ndị ahịa
Nchara nchara & tube
ASTM B407 na-enweghị isi n0800
Nickel Alloy Fasteners
MOEL 400 PIPE maka Frames maka Eygugses
ASTM A182 F9 F9 F9 F11 A182 Ahịrị dabara na ogo 45 90
NIKELLEL BLAYS & Sutts & Cools

A na-egosi na ọ bụ ihe dị iche iche enwere ike iji rụọ ọrụ dị iche iche dị mkpa. Alloy Grade 304 plọg nke 304 na-ewu ewu n'ihi ya maka nguzogide na-eguzogide n'usoro mgbasa ozi.

Ntụgharị 600 nke usoro nke ọkọlọtọ N06600 na ASTM B167 bụ ndị mepụtara iji kwado nnukwu nrụgide ma bịa na nnukwu akwụkwọ ikike.

Na ndị nuklia na-eji bụ maka ihe ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka Njikwa Rod insess insels na akàrà, ndị na-efe efe na d firtors na mmiri esi mmiri.

LA ALEACON 317L TIEEEDICICICICICICIONE A LA 314L Y Es UNA Aceacion decodion bicididestra, cromo y niquel.

Igwe na-agbasa na-agbasa - na-agbasa ígwè-nickel-cobalt alloys, kovar alloys, nwere usoro mgbasa ikuku nke yiri nke ahụ dị ka nke otu okpomọkụ
FEL CIPE
Luxembourgish
tuppy tube
S32205 pipe
Nyocha ndị ahịa
Nchara nchara & tube
ASTM B407 na-enweghị isi n0800
Nickel Alloy Fasteners
MOEL 400 PIPE maka Frames maka Eygugses
ASTM A182 F9 F9 F9 F11 A182 Ahịrị dabara na ogo 45 90
Mpempe akwụkwọ & akwa & cils

Angel 600 Cour-Dabere na Nickel na alloy Carbuburation na nguzogide corrosion na oke okpomọkụ na oke okpomọkụ. Constil 600 Ogwe dị irè megide ihicha fl2 na ọtụtụ gas ndị ọzọ dị iche na dị nro ma dị elu. Alloy 600 Bar bụ nickel-Chromium Alloy na-enwe ezigbo nguzogide na-eguzogide ngọngọ, dị elu na-agba agba mmiri corrosion na oxidaụ acid.
FEL CIPE
Luxembourgish
tuppy tube
S32205 pipe
Nyocha ndị ahịa
Nchara nchara & tube
ASTM B407 na-enweghị isi n0800
Nickel Alloy Fasteners
MOEL 400 PIPE maka Frames maka Eygugses
ASTM A182 F9 F9 F9 F11 A182 Ahịrị dabara na ogo 45 90
Mpempe akwụkwọ nchara & akwa & cils

Flange bụ onye na-egbuji, egbugbere ọnụ ma ọ bụ rim, ma ọ bụ nke mpụga ma ọ bụ nke na-arụ ọrụ ka ịbawanye ike (dị ka floage nke iron, ma ọ bụ t-sy); Maka mgbakwunye dị mfe na ihe ọzọ na - eme (dịka flage na njedebe nke ọkpọkọ, wdg, ma ọ bụ n'elu oghere igwefoto); ma ọ bụ maka nkwụsi ike ma na-eduzi mmegharị nke igwe ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya (dị ka ọ dị n'ime ụgbọ ala ụgbọ okporo ígwè, nke na-edebe wiil ndị ahụ site na ịgbanyụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè). A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ "Flan" maka ụdị ngwaọrụ eji eme mpempe flanges.

ASTM ASTM SB 166 alloy 600 nchara nchara 600 enweghị isi n06600 bar Nickel Bar Nickel Bar

304 s30400 1.4301 Pinyere PPOOLS 34 nchara nchara tupu ịmalite ibu

A na-ejikarị ọla kọpa 253.A na-ejikarị maka nrụgide dị ala, ngwa ndị na-abụghị ọrụ mmepụta ọrụ. A na-ejikarị flanges 253Ma a na-ejikarị ya na ọnọdụ nrụgide dị ala.

Adịghị nchara nchara bụ ebe obibi na ebe obibi, na ogologo ya, na ogologo ya na-ekwe ka ọ na-eme ka ọ na-eme ihe owuwu na-adịgide adịgide. Ọzọkwa, ọ naghị edozi ogige nke nwere ike gbanwee ihe mejupụtara ya mgbe gị na ihe dị ka mmiri.

Zuru kpamkpam ma na-agbanwe agbanwe, igwe anaghị agba nchara bụ ¡Celsius na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ¡ ± paịbụ Pary. N'ezie, n'ime mpaghara owuwu, ọnụego mgbake ya dị nso na 100%.

904L (N08904, 14539) Super na-enweghị igwe anaghị agba nchara dị 14.0% chromium, 24.0% nickel, 4.5% molybdenum. 904L Super Ochienitic nchara bụ obere carbon dị ala, elu-nickel, molybdenum kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke na-eguzogide nchara, nke bụ ihe ebubata site na ụlọ ọrụ French H¡¤. Ọ nwere ikike ịme mgbanwe dị mma, iguzogide, nguzogide corrosion acid, na-acha acid acid, na-eto eto corrosion na-eguzogide na-eguzogide na nrụgide corrosion. Ọ dị mma maka ịntụ dị iche iche nke sulfuric acid dị n'okpuru 70 ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Iconguri nguzo nke uche na okpomoku di iche-iche acid na acetic acid.

Ikwuputa elu ma ọ bụ nke dị ogologo nke ụdị 316L ruo 80000-150000F (427-816-816-8160C) nwere ike imerụ ahụ. Na mgbakwunye, enyemaka nrụgide dị n'etiti 100-1500¡Ãf (593-8160C) nwere ike ime ka ụdị a dị obere.
FEL CIPE
Luxembourgish
tuppy tube
S32205 pipe
Nyocha ndị ahịa
Nchara nchara & tube
ASTM B407 na-enweghị isi n0800
Nickel Alloy Fasteners
MOEL 400 PIPE maka Frames maka Eygugses
ASTM A182 F9 F9 F9 F11 A182 Ahịrị dabara na ogo 45 90
Na-emepụta ọkọlọtọ ASME B36.10 asme B36.53

SMO 254 Pipes nwere ike iguzogide nrụgide dị elu na alloy 254 SMO pipe dị elu na-arụ ọrụ na oke okpomọkụ na gburugburu corrosive.

ASTM A316 bụ nkọwapụta ọkọlọtọ maka enweghị isi, kwụ ọtọ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ígwè mmiri anaghị agba nchara eji eme ihe na ngwa dị elu. A na-eme nke 316 selislọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-enweghị atụ site na ngwakọta nke chromium, nickel, na molybdemum, nke na-enye sS 316 tube tube dị mma iguzogide corrosion na nchara.

Alcoy-Coasper-Corpper 400 Monel 2.4360 na-atụfu mkpanaka na-egbochi ngwa ọgụ na-agba ọsọ na-efe efe mgbe ekpughere ya na gburugburu ebe a na-ahụkarị. Mone 400 bụ ọla kọpa na Nickel dabere na-ewu ewu taa n'ihi arụmọrụ ya dị elu. Alloy nwere ezigbo acid na alkali iguzogide. Na mgbakwunye, ọ nwere ezigbo ihe na-adịghị egwu egwu, na-akụda mmụọ, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, ma nwee ike ịrụkwa ọrụ oyi. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji ya na ngwa na okpomọkụ si na mwepu ruo 538 ogo Celsius.

ASTM A234 WP11 Pic Fit na-ahụ maka ihe dị na ASTM A234 wp11, onye na-ebunye ihe na-agba mbọ, ndị na-ebugharị carbon na-eme ka ha nwee carbon attingsdị, nke owuwu na-ewu ewu.

N08367 na-ekwukarị na Alloy Al6xn bụ carbon dị ala, ịdị ọcha nke ukwuu "Nickel-mulybdem na-enwe ike iguzogide chloride na corrosion.

Al6xn bụ nebisenitic nchara dị ukwuu site na nguzogide pụtara ìhè na chloride na-akwụ, corvice corrosion na nrụgide corrosion. Al6xn bụ alyy alloy 6 moly mepụtara maka ma ejiri ya rụọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi. O nwere otutu nickel (24%), molybdenum (6.3%), nitrogen na chromium na-enye ya oke iguzogide ya chloride na chloride na-eguzogide nguzogide. A na-eji AL6XN nke ọma maka ike ya na crovice na-eguzogide na chlorides. Ọ bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara.

Asme sb564 alloy 400 Plates Frances Mon 400 N04400 Oris Flinge Genel 400 Franges na-egosi ihe akaebe dị mma. N'aka nke ọzọ, Njirimara dị ka ike na isi ike nke ụkọ nri 400 na-ebelata ihe na-egosi na Njirimara nke ọzọ dị ka nkwagide.

A na-eji paops 304 na-eji akwa igwe anaghị agba nchara 304, ihe a na-ahụkarị na ngwa ọrụ na-achọ iguzogide corrosion na mixidian. SPOOL P30400 ndị a na-ejikarị na-eji igwe na usoro pụrụ iche, nke gbaa mbọ na ha ziri ezi ma nwee ezi ezi.

Igwe anaghị agba nchara bụ alloy nke iron na-eguzogide na-emebi na corrosion. O nwere opekata mpe 11% 12% ma nwee ike ịnwe ihe dị ka carbon, ndị ọzọ na-abụghị na ọla kọpa nweta ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ. Na-egbochi mgbochi na corrosion na-esite na Chromium, nke na-eme ihe nkiri na-akpata ga-echebe ihe na ịgwọ onwe ya na ọnụnọ oxygen

Nke a nickel-carper alloy bụ preppipitable n'ihi mgbakwunye nke Aluminum na Titanium. Ọ na - ejikọ nguzogide nke monel 400 na uru agbakwunyere ike na isi ike (wepụtara site na afọ ya - isi ike ya. A na-amakarị monen K-500 maka ịdị mma ya tụnyere nke ndị ọzọ supertollay, na eziokwu na ọ bụ nke na-abụghị nke na-adịghị na ala.

Ọdịnaya dị elu, Molybden na nitrogen dị elu na-ebute nguzogide na-arụ ọrụ na steeti na-arụ ọrụ na steeti niile na-eme ihe niile dị na mbara igwe karịa 50¡ãc.

Asme B36.19m bụ nkọwapụta ọkọlọtọ maka ọkpọ nchara, nke na-akọwapụta akụkụ, nnabata, na ọrụ na-achọ ihe abụọ na-enweghị atụ.

Industlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-egbochi corrosion. Mkpa ọrụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na-eduga na nnabata na uto ha n'akụkụ ike, ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmanụ na gas, ọgwụ na-emepụta ihe gas na-eme mkpọtụ.