Din2544 Bursions Flat Face DN16 PN16 Akụkụ Mpempe akwụkwọ 300 Wldd Olu Plange

Na-egosi nchara 304 maka ezigbo corsonion na-eguzogide ike, a ga-agbakwunye ụda Weld dị mma na sistemụ site na olu. Enwere ike nyochaa mpaghara ndị ahụ welded ngwa ngwa. Achịcha na flage na-ebelata ọgba aghara na mbuze n'ime ọkpọkọ. Flange dị mma maka iji ngwa dị egwu ma sie ike maka iji ikuku, mmiri, mmanụ, na uzuoku.

Mone 400 na-eguzogide na ma Steam na mmiri mmiri yana ezigbo ihe ngwọta dịka sọlfọ, hydrochluric acid mgbe a na-agbakọ ọnụ.

A335 pipe dị oke mma na-eguzosi ike na okpomọkụ na nrụgide. Chromium molybdem tubes nwere iguzogide hydrogen mgbawa na sulfide nrụgide crackion dị elu karịa carbon carbon.

ASTM A182 A na-agbaghara flanges dị ka chrome molybdemum dị ala alloy a na-akpọ oku 5cr-0.5mo, ahazi aha K41545. A na-ejikarị ya na mmagharị mmanụ, kemịkalụ na petrochemical, ike osisi pipelines, ndị na-agbanwe ọkpọ, arịa dị iche iche na nrụgide ndị ọzọ na nrụgide ndị ọzọ dị elu.

ASTM A316 bụ nkọwapụta ọkọlọtọ maka enweghị isi, kwụ ọtọ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ígwè mmiri anaghị agba nchara eji eme ihe na ngwa dị elu. A na-eme nke 316 selislọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-enweghị atụ site na ngwakọta nke chromium, nickel, na molybdemum, nke na-enye sS 316 tube tube dị mma iguzogide corrosion na nchara.

ASTM A638 Grade 660 alloy bụ ihe na-eme ka ihe anaghị agba nchara maka ngwa okpomọkụ dị elu. Ọdị ọkwa a dabara adaba maka ngwa chọrọ ezi nguzogide na-eguzogide na ike dị elu na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ruru 700 Celsius. Enwere ike iji ya maka ngwa nrụgide dị ala na oke okpomọkụ dị elu.

Ọ na - egosipụta ezi nguzogide na-anọpụ iche na ibelata gburugburu. Alloy a na -emepụta oxide ube, ihe nkiri na-egbochi nke na-adịghị ada ada, mana ọ na-ejigide nguzogide na-eguzogide na-enwu ọkụ.

Nkwonkwo a na-acha uhie uhie mejupụtara atọ dị iche na nnwere onwe ha na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ; Frances, Geluskets, na bọlsọga; nke na - achikọta ya site na mmetụta ọzọ, onye na - ahụ A chọrọ njikwa pụrụ iche na nhọrọ na itinye ya na ebe niile enwere ike inweta nkwonkwo, nke nwere nkwụsi ike na-adọrọ adọrọ.

A789 enweghị S32803 na enweghị s32205 akara ule abụọ nke igwe anaghị agba nchara ebe niile na-ejikarị ngwa ndị ọrụ. A na-ama ama ama s31803 na-enweghị atụ na-emegide nguzogide ha siri ike na-eguzogide, dị elu, na ezigbo Waldọ. A789 bụ nkọwapụta nke na-ekpuchi enweghị mgbochi na mmiri nke emere site na igwe anaghị agba nchara.

Zeron 100? Nwere 25% Chromium na 7% nickel na 3.6 molybdedem yana mgbakwunye ọla kọpa na tingsten. Zeron 100 nwere ihe owuwu ruru ala 50. Ọ nwekwara nnukwu nguzogide na chloride na-akwụ, corvice corrosion na nrụgide corrosion na-agbada site na Standard 300 Sembaless steels.

Esemokwu dị iche iche Ba3 bụ ikike ya iji na-akwanyere ezigbo nsogbu mgbe ị na-atụgharịgharị etiti etiti okpomọkụ.

Asme B36.19m bụ nkọwapụta ọkọlọtọ maka ọkpọ nchara, nke na-akọwapụta akụkụ, nnabata, na ọrụ na-achọ ihe abụọ na-enweghị atụ.
Incololog 800h pipe maka ngwa maka ikpo ọkụ

Tube ndị a nwere ike ịmị mkpụrụ n'etiti 30 ruo 60ki ma enwere ike iji ya na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ 60-30% na sistemụ.

Enwere ụdị ihe ọzọ a na-ere ere ka a maara dị ka carbon steel nke flanges. A na-ebibi ha na mgbaze usoro.

A na-eji paops 304 na-eji akwa igwe anaghị agba nchara 304, ihe a na-ahụkarị na ngwa ọrụ na-achọ iguzogide corrosion na mixidian. SPOOL P30400 ndị a na-ejikarị na-eji igwe na usoro pụrụ iche, nke gbaa mbọ na ha ziri ezi ma nwee ezi ezi.

A na-egbochi iri nathol-chromium-chrom nke na-ejikarị ngwa dị elu na ngwa dị ka ọrịa aerospace na gas. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị mkpa na mmepụta nke ASTM B670 akwụkwọ mpịakọta 718 bụ mpempe akwụkwọ mpịakọta. E nwere ụdị abụọ nke eriri afọ 7118 dị na ahịa: a na-ekpo ọkụ na efere oyi.

Dịka anyị siri mara, a na-eji ihe ruru unyi A234 na-eji ihe na-efe efe ma na-enwe nrụgide na-arụ ọrụ, maka ọrụ na ọnọdụ dị elu ma na-agafe agafe. Ihe ndozi a site na ọkọlọtọ a, nke e wepụrụ, ogwe, efere ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa nke nwere filder.

Ntụgharị 600 nke usoro nke ọkọlọtọ N06600 na ASTM B167 bụ ndị mepụtara iji kwado nnukwu nrụgide ma bịa na nnukwu akwụkwọ ikike.

Alloy C-276 nwere ezigbo nguzogide na ike na nrụgide corrosion cracking. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ihe ole na ole nwere ike iguzogide mmetụta nke mmiri chlorine, hypochlorite na chlorine dioxide.

BULPLEX RULS & Rods
Chinese (Simplified)
Mkpokọta 36® bụ nickel-ígwè, mgbasa ozi dị ala nke nwere 36% nickel, ọkọlọtọ 36 nwere ọdịiche dị ala site na + 500 Celsius F (260 Celsius C).
\ / 5 dabere na

Flange bụ onye na-egbuji, egbugbere ọnụ ma ọ bụ rim, ma ọ bụ nke mpụga ma ọ bụ nke na-arụ ọrụ ka ịbawanye ike (dị ka floage nke iron, ma ọ bụ t-sy); Maka mgbakwunye dị mfe na ihe ọzọ na - eme (dịka flage na njedebe nke ọkpọkọ, wdg, ma ọ bụ n'elu oghere igwefoto); ma ọ bụ maka nkwụsi ike ma na-eduzi mmegharị nke igwe ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya (dị ka ọ dị n'ime ụgbọ ala ụgbọ okporo ígwè, nke na-edebe wiil ndị ahụ site na ịgbanyụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè). A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ "Flan" maka ụdị ngwaọrụ eji eme mpempe flanges.

Igwe nchara 316 nchara abụrụla ihe dị mkpa maka mpaghara mmepụta ihe. A nabatara Alloy nke ígwè na Chrome maka nguzogide ya dị elu na corrosion, yana ịdịte ya. E nwere ike imepụta eriri nchara na-enweghị mmiri ma welded tubes iji zute mkpa ndị ahịa.

A na-enweta akwụkwọ ọgụgụ B7 na obere mkpụmkpụ isi na ahịa. A na-ejikarị b7 ogo bolts maka njikọ ngwa ngwa. A na-eresị ndị a na-egbu egbu na ngwụcha ọla, ma na-agba mmiri na-acha uhie uhie, na-acha, nke Xylanized, PTFE Coated, ma ọ bụ nke a na-emeso mkpuchi mkpuchi corrosion.

Al-6xn Al-6xn nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme na nri, ihe ọicage, mmiri ara, na nlekọta ụlọ, na nke ụlọ na Biotech na ngwa ọgwụ.

Alloy 800 bụ Nickel-chroy alloy na ike dị elu na nguzogide ike na oxidion na corrosion na oke okpomọkụ. ASTM B407 enweghị isi N08800 Incoloy 800 W. NR. A na-ejikwa 1876 welded pipe na-eji ihe eji arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ corrosion, nguzogide, ike, na nkwụsi ike maka ọrụ ruru 1500 Celsius F (816 Celsius C).

A na-eji tubes c2000 ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere nhazi petrochemical, usoro nhazi ngwa kemịkalụ, mmagharị mmanụ na osisi.

Incoloy 825 bụ superboy na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na ruru ha.

NILO Alloy 36, W.NR 1.3912, Mkpọsa 36® bụ Nickel 36® bụ Nickel 36® na-agbasasị na-agbasasị 36% nickel ma nwee ọnụego oke ikuku nke carbon steel.

Aloy star steel & mkpanaka
Ọdịnaya dị elu, Molybden na nitrogen dị elu na-ebute nguzogide na-arụ ọrụ na steeti na-arụ ọrụ na steeti niile na-eme ihe niile dị na mbara igwe karịa 50¡ãc.

A234 WPB 80 Ileba anya na-eme ka usoro na-eme ihe na-eme nke ọma 80. ASTM A234 WPB Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-agbakwa ya.

316 pipe ígwè na-enwe mgbakwunye nke molybdenum nke na-eme ka ọ ka mma iguzogide nguzogide. Nke a doro anya maka ike na corvice corrosion na gburugburu Chloride.
Alloy ígwè flanges
www.topipe.com
HtsSPIPE.
Alloy nchara
Myanmar (Burmese)
Nickel 200 socket weld flanges
Zhengzhou Huitong Pipeline akụrụngwa Co., LTD.
Duplex ajị ụrọ
Ogologo: dị ka ọ chọrọ. "
A na-emebi emebi 718 2.4668 efere na-ekpo ọkụ na efere oyi
Na-emepụta ọkọlọtọ ASME B36.10 asme B36.19

Ọdịnaya niile nke pipes na-eme ka eriri alloy na-erughị 5%. N'aka nke ọzọ, ụkwụ dị elu, nwere ọdịnaya alloy sitere na 5% ruo ihe dị ka 50%. Yiri otutu alloys, ikike nrụgide nke alloy steel na-enweghị atụ ọkpọkọ bụ ihe dị ka 20% dị elu karịa piped.

A na-eji eriri afọ 625 mara nke ọma na oxidation, ọnọdụ-okpomọkụ dị elu na ike ọgwụgwụ. A na-ejikarị efere ASTM B443 na-enweghị isi na Aerospace, nhazi kemịkalụ na mmanụ na mmanụ n'ihi ike ya, ike na ịdị ogologo ndụ na mpaghara dị iche iche.
Flange bụ nke abụọ ejikọtara ọnụ. A na-eji flanges mgbe nkwonkwo chọrọ ịchụ nta. Ọ na-enye mgbanwe maka ndozi. Flige na-ejikọ ọkpọkọ na akụrụngwa na valves. A na-agbakwunye ọgba aghara na sistemụ ọkpọkọ ma ọ bụrụ na mmezi ya na achọrọ n'oge ọrụ ọkụkụ.
Alcoy-Coasper-Corpper 400 Monel 2.4360 na-atụfu mkpanaka na-egbochi ngwa ọgụ na-agba ọsọ na-efe efe mgbe ekpughere ya na gburugburu ebe a na-ahụkarị. Mone 400 bụ ọla kọpa na Nickel dabere na-ewu ewu taa n'ihi arụmọrụ ya dị elu. Alloy nwere ezigbo acid na alkali iguzogide. Na mgbakwunye, ọ nwere ezigbo ihe na-adịghị egwu egwu, na-akụda mmụọ, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, ma nwee ike ịrụkwa ọrụ oyi. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji ya na ngwa na okpomọkụ si na mwepu ruo 538 ogo Celsius.

Ibelata titanium bụ ihe dị ka 60% nke igwe anaghị agba nchara na nickel alloys, ịchekwa ibu a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nhọrọ a ma ama na ngwa dị ka Aerospoce.

Nkọwapụta 800h 800h anyị nwere aha siri ike na ụlọ ọrụ maka ịmepụta ụdị dị elu nke ụdị ndị ahịa anyị chọrọ. Anyị na-emepụta na-emepụta 800 flanges nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma dị mma. Anyị na-eji akụrụngwa adịchaghị mma na igwe dị elu maka ịmepụta ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n0800.

ASTM A240 please 2205 bụ efere doccles nke ejiri rụọ ọrụ nke ukwuu na nhazi dị iche iche dị ka nhazi kemịkalụ, mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri. A na-eme mpempe akwụkwọ 3055 na ọkwa 2205 ígwè, nke bụ ngwakọta nke ferritic na chara acha.

Anyị bụ ndị nrụpụta, ndị na-ebubata ụgbọ carbon ígwè A105 \ / A105n Society na-etinyekarị eriri carbon, nke na-eme ka usoro nrụgide carbon dị ka okpomọkụ dị elu karịa. Anyị na-emepụta carbon \ A105 \ / A105n Clasnation nke na-aga nke ọma na ngwa ọrụ na-agwụ ike na ngwa nrụgide dị ka ha nwere oke nrụgide na etiti.
Angel 600 Cour-Dabere na Nickel na alloy Carbuburation na nguzogide corrosion na oke okpomọkụ na oke okpomọkụ. Constil 600 Ogwe dị irè megide ihicha fl2 na ọtụtụ gas ndị ọzọ dị iche na dị nro ma dị elu. Alloy 600 Bar bụ nickel-Chromium Alloy na-enwe ezigbo nguzogide na-eguzogide ngọngọ, dị elu na-agba agba mmiri corrosion na oxidaụ acid.

Igwe na-agbasa na-agbasa - na-agbasa ígwè-nickel-cobalt alloys, kovar alloys, nwere usoro mgbasa ikuku nke yiri nke ahụ dị ka nke otu okpomọkụ
Alloy ígwè flanges
www.topipe.com
HtsSPIPE.
Alloy nchara
Myanmar (Burmese)
Nickel 200 socket weld flanges
Zhengzhou Huitong Pipeline akụrụngwa Co., LTD.
Duplex ajị ụrọ
Ogologo: dị ka ọ chọrọ. "
A na-emebi emebi 718 2.4668 efere na-ekpo ọkụ na efere oyi
N08367 flinge al-6xn pipe flanges

O nwere ike iguzogide ọtụtụ ihe kemịkal na kemịlị na-enweghị oxiding, ma na-egosipụta oke iguzogide na-efe efe na ọnụnọ nke chloride na ndị ọzọ.

Al6xn bụ nebisenitic nchara dị ukwuu site na nguzogide pụtara ìhè na chloride na-akwụ, corvice corrosion na nrụgide corrosion. Al6xn bụ alyy alloy 6 moly mepụtara maka ma ejiri ya rụọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi. O nwere otutu nickel (24%), molybdenum (6.3%), nitrogen na chromium na-enye ya oke iguzogide ya chloride na chloride na-eguzogide nguzogide. A na-eji AL6XN nke ọma maka ike ya na crovice na-eguzogide na chlorides. Ọ bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara.

Monel 400 bụ Nickel Coloy (ihe dị ka 67% cu) nke na-eguzogide na-eguzogide ya na nnu na nke alkaline na ala na-agbada. Ezigbo ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ na nkụ na-eme nke ọma maka ngwa mmiri.

Anyị natara flanges nke Flanges nke ọma maka ịrụ ọrụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, ịdịte aka na ike iguzogide corrosion na iyi. SS 317 bụ molybdemic na-enwe arianitic na-enwe ụba kemịkasị na-eguzogide ọgwụ chromium-nickel alloys dị ka SS 316L.
Alloy ígwè flanges
www.topipe.com
HtsSPIPE.
Alloy nchara
Myanmar (Burmese)
Nickel 200 socket weld flanges
Zhengzhou Huitong Pipeline akụrụngwa Co., LTD.
Duplex ajị ụrọ
Ogologo: dị ka ọ chọrọ. "
A na-emebi emebi 718 2.4668 efere na-ekpo ọkụ na efere oyi
Nem n08367 na-enweghị isi a al6xn welded tube

Din2544 Hersions Flat Face DN16 Pen16 Akụkụ olu Class 300 Uld Oke Nkwado - Zhengzhou Huitzon Pipeline Ngwá Ọrụ Co., LTD.

A na-eji eriri afọ 625 mara nke ọma na oxidation, ọnọdụ-okpomọkụ dị elu na ike ọgwụgwụ. A na-ejikarị efere ASTM B443 na-enweghị isi na Aerospace, nhazi kemịkalụ na mmanụ na mmanụ n'ihi ike ya, ike na ịdị ogologo ndụ na mpaghara dị iche iche.
Flange bụ nke abụọ ejikọtara ọnụ. A na-eji flanges mgbe nkwonkwo chọrọ ịchụ nta. Ọ na-enye mgbanwe maka ndozi. Flige na-ejikọ ọkpọkọ na akụrụngwa na valves. A na-agbakwunye ọgba aghara na sistemụ ọkpọkọ ma ọ bụrụ na mmezi ya na achọrọ n'oge ọrụ ọkụkụ.
Alcoy-Coasper-Corpper 400 Monel 2.4360 na-atụfu mkpanaka na-egbochi ngwa ọgụ na-agba ọsọ na-efe efe mgbe ekpughere ya na gburugburu ebe a na-ahụkarị. Mone 400 bụ ọla kọpa na Nickel dabere na-ewu ewu taa n'ihi arụmọrụ ya dị elu. Alloy nwere ezigbo acid na alkali iguzogide. Na mgbakwunye, ọ nwere ezigbo ihe na-adịghị egwu egwu, na-akụda mmụọ, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, ma nwee ike ịrụkwa ọrụ oyi. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji ya na ngwa na okpomọkụ si na mwepu ruo 538 ogo Celsius.

S32750 S32760 Super Duplexclex na-enweghị mmiri ọkpọkọ ma dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ

N08367 na-ekwukarị na Alloy Al6xn bụ carbon dị ala, ịdị ọcha nke ukwuu "Nickel-mulybdem na-enwe ike iguzogide chloride na corrosion.

Mone 400 bolt-carper alloy, ihe ngwọta siri ike Nickel alloy nke nwere ike sie ike na ọrụ oyi. A mara maka nguzogide ya na-ebelata na-ebelata mgbasa ozi na mmiri, monel 400 na-akachasị karịa cougs na gburugburu oxidizing. Mone 400 Bolts, nke a makwaara dị ka alloy 400, na-ejikwa dị elu okpomọkụ, caustic na-ngwa.

A na-eduzi site na nha dị iche iche na oke nha na ọkpụrụkpụ dị iche iche, ụdị Nickel-Chromium-Chromium-molyybdeom maka ike ya na nguzogide corrosion.

316L 1.4401 s31603 nchara nchara bụ nke dị ukwuu nke ukwuu na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke ejiri na-abụkarị ihe a na-ejikarị ọtụtụ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ngwa ahịa. A na-eme ss ss s31603 site na elu dị elu 316l nchara dị iche iche na-eguzogide corrosion, oxidation na ngwakọta, na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka gburugburu ya ma ọ bụ ngwa nrụgide siri ike.

Fit na-enweghị nchara nchara 16 pipe na-agbachitere Assi Asme na Deering na gburugburu Chriride

Enwere ụdị ihe ọzọ a na-ere ere ka a maara dị ka carbon steel nke flanges. A na-ebibi ha na mgbaze usoro.

Ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke monel k500 nippo flanges na-enye nnukwu nguzogide na gburugburu corrosive, dị ka otiti dị ukwuu, corvice corrosion, na nrụgide OVC Corrosion Cracking. Mone verner flanges nwere nguzogide na-eguzogide bara uru na-eguzogide sulfuric acid ruo 40% itinye uche na 176 na nnyapade niile ruo 150 F.

Ka ịnọrọ nke ọdịiche dị na nchara, ndị na-emepụta emepụtawo usoro na-akpọ aha bụ usoro ma na-agwụ ike.

Iji zipu pipeline, ọ dị mkpa iji wepu hose hoce na pipeline. Mgbe ị na-eji ọkpọkọ dị iche iche, a ga-eji pipọtị dị iche iche. Mgbe ejiri ọkpọkọ, a ga-eji ikio mmachi a ga-agbanwe nha nke pipeline. Mgbe ị na-eme mkpọtụ, atọ ahụ na-ejikọ njikọ ọnụ njikọ ahụ na nkwonkwo na-arụ ọrụ na nkwonkwo ahụ, iji ruo ogologo oge ndọtị na-ahụ anya, ogologo ntabi anya na-ejikọ ọnụ nke ọkpọkọ. , N'ime njikọ dị iche iche ngwa, enwerekwa njikọ na plọg nke ngwa.

Alloy 800 Hell Holy na-agbasa na ụlọ ọrụ maka ịmepụta ụdị dị elu nke ụdị ndị ahịa anyị chọrọ. Anyị na-emepụta na-emepụta 800 flanges nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma dị mma. Anyị na-eji akụrụngwa adịchaghị mma na igwe dị elu maka ịmepụta ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n0800.

Nickel 200 leck Wides Franges Nickel 200 franges na-adịgide adịgide, enwere ike kwụsie ike, ma nwee ezigbo ike. Ọzọkwa, ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n02200 flassion na-eguzogide corrosion na gburugburu oxiding na optinaiti na oxidizing gburugburu, na-eme ka ha zuo oke maka iji ngwa nri.

MOEL 400 Gosi mgbakwunye alloy di ike, ma enwere ike ịmịnye ọrụ ma ọ bụ nwee ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, mgbe ahụ ka a kpachara anya na iji usoro ịgbado ọkụ.

304 ọkpọkọ nchara kachasị mma kachasị mma maka ngwa ebe achọrọ nguzogide ike. A na-anabata 304L 304L nchara nchara nchara n 'ebe a na-anara uwe nri, mmiri, mmiri, Petrochemical, mkpụrụ akwụkwọ, na ikuku na kemịkal.

Alloy 800 Weld olu Flanges
Ọzọ na-ewu ewu na alloy, klas 304 Ígwè bụ ihe na-adịgide adịgide n'ihe dị na Tensile ike, ịdịte aka, corrosion, na ndọta oxidation. Na-agbaze na-agbaze nke igwe anaghị agba nchara 304 ruo na okpomọkụ dị n'etiti 2,5550 ¡,6550 ¡ãc 2 ¡9 ¨c 1454 ¡¡4 ¡c 1454 ¡ Agbanyeghị, ọkwa dị nso 304 igwe anaghị agba nchara erute na-emekwa ihe na-agbaze, ike tensile ka ọ na-efu.

Nickel 200 Fanges 200 flanges na-adịgide adịgide, ọnọdụ dị iche iche, ma nwee mmezu dị mma. Ọzọkwa, ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n02200 flassion na-eguzogide corrosion na gburugburu oxiding na optinaiti na oxidizing gburugburu, na-eme ka ha zuo oke maka iji ngwa nri.

Industlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-egbochi corrosion. Mkpa ọrụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na-eduga na nnabata na uto ha n'akụkụ ike, ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmanụ na gas, ọgwụ na-emepụta ihe gas na-eme mkpọtụ.