Na-eweta nchara nchara nchara

ASTM A240 please 2205 bụ efere doccles nke ejiri rụọ ọrụ nke ukwuu na nhazi dị iche iche dị ka nhazi kemịkalụ, mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri. A na-eme mpempe akwụkwọ 3055 na ọkwa 2205 ígwè, nke bụ ngwakọta nke ferritic na chara acha.

A na-egbochi iri nathol-chromium-chrom nke na-ejikarị ngwa dị elu na ngwa dị ka ọrịa aerospace na gas. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị mkpa na mmepụta nke ASTM B670 akwụkwọ mpịakọta 718 bụ mpempe akwụkwọ mpịakọta. E nwere ụdị abụọ nke eriri afọ 7118 dị na ahịa: a na-ekpo ọkụ na efere oyi.

316L 1.4401 s31603 nchara nchara bụ nke dị ukwuu nke ukwuu na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke ejiri na-abụkarị ihe a na-ejikarị ọtụtụ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ngwa ahịa. A na-eme ss ss s31603 site na elu dị elu 316l nchara dị iche iche na-eguzogide corrosion, oxidation na ngwakọta, na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka gburugburu ya ma ọ bụ ngwa nrụgide siri ike.

A na-eji eriri afọ 625 mara nke ọma na oxidation, ọnọdụ-okpomọkụ dị elu na ike ọgwụgwụ. A na-ejikarị efere ASTM B443 na-enweghị isi na Aerospace, nhazi kemịkalụ na mmanụ na mmanụ n'ihi ike ya, ike na ịdị ogologo ndụ na mpaghara dị iche iche.

Alloy 800 bụ Nickel-chroy alloy na ike dị elu na nguzogide ike na oxidion na corrosion na oke okpomọkụ. ASTM B407 enweghị isi N08800 Incoloy 800 W. NR. A na-ejikwa 1876 welded pipe na-eji ihe eji arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ corrosion, nguzogide, ike, na nkwụsi ike maka ọrụ ruru 1500 Celsius F (816 Celsius C).

Igwe nchara 316 nchara abụrụla ihe dị mkpa maka mpaghara mmepụta ihe. A nabatara Alloy nke ígwè na Chrome maka nguzogide ya dị elu na corrosion, yana ịdịte ya. E nwere ike imepụta eriri nchara na-enweghị mmiri ma welded tubes iji zute mkpa ndị ahịa.

Mkpokọta 36® bụ nickel-ígwè, mgbasa ozi dị ala nke nwere 36% nickel, ọkọlọtọ 36 nwere ọdịiche dị ala site na + 500 Celsius F (260 Celsius C).

A họpụtara Sch40 Mon 400 PIPE dị ka nọmba Werkstoff 2.4360 na enweghị N04400. Alloy 400 pipe a makwaara dị ka mone alloy 400 pịpe, mone 400 pịp & nickel alloy 400 pịchaa.

Al6xn bụ nebisenitic nchara dị ukwuu site na nguzogide pụtara ìhè na chloride na-akwụ, corvice corrosion na nrụgide corrosion. Al6xn bụ alyy alloy 6 moly mepụtara maka ma ejiri ya rụọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi. O nwere otutu nickel (24%), molybdenum (6.3%), nitrogen na chromium na-enye ya oke iguzogide ya chloride na chloride na-eguzogide nguzogide. A na-eji AL6XN nke ọma maka ike ya na crovice na-eguzogide na chlorides. Ọ bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara.

A na-ejikarị mgbaba dị ala na elu ga-agbadata elu - nke ọma n'ihi oke iguzogide sulfide na-efe efe na ¡ígwè nwere) cred mmanụ mmanụ.

304 nzọ nchara nke ya mere flanges bụ ihe ndị dị mkpa eji na sistemụ piping iji jikọta pipes abụọ, valves, ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla.

Ọ na - egosipụta ezi nguzogide na-anọpụ iche na ibelata gburugburu. Alloy a na -emepụta oxide ube, ihe nkiri na-egbochi nke na-adịghị ada ada, mana ọ na-ejigide nguzogide na-eguzogide na-enwu ọkụ.

Igwe na-agbasa na-agbasa - na-agbasa ígwè-nickel-cobalt alloys, kovar alloys, nwere usoro mgbasa ikuku nke yiri nke ahụ dị ka nke otu okpomọkụ

NILO Alloy 36, W.NR 1.3912, Mkpọsa 36® bụ Nickel 36® bụ Nickel 36® na-agbasasị na-agbasasị 36% nickel ma nwee ọnụego oke ikuku nke carbon steel.

Incololog 925 flanges dị mma maka iji ngwa ndị chọrọ ngwakọta nke ike dị elu na nguzogide corrosion.

A na-eduzi site na nha dị iche iche na oke nha na ọkpụrụkpụ dị iche iche, ụdị Nickel-Chromium-Chromium-molyybdeom maka ike ya na nguzogide corrosion.

SMO 254 Pipes nwere ike iguzogide nrụgide dị elu na alloy 254 SMO pipe dị elu na-arụ ọrụ na oke okpomọkụ na gburugburu corrosive.

Enwere ike iji alloy 310 moderizing moderizing, oxodizing oxidizing, na -agaghị omimi, ciment na ngwa ọkụ na-adịghị mma mgbe ejighị okpomọkụ ọrụ.

Ọkpụkpụ nke nhazi na-enweghị isi nwere ikike ibu na ike dị elu na ume elu karịa akara ule ndị ọzọ.

Ọdịnaya dị elu, Molybden na nitrogen dị elu na-ebute nguzogide na-arụ ọrụ na steeti na-arụ ọrụ na steeti niile na-eme ihe niile dị na mbara igwe karịa 50¡ãc.

Ndenye aha yabays
Industlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-egbochi corrosion. Mkpa ọrụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na-eduga na nnabata na uto ha n'akụkụ ike, ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmanụ na gas, ọgwụ na-emepụta ihe gas na-eme mkpọtụ.

Nkọwapụta 800h 800h anyị nwere aha siri ike na ụlọ ọrụ maka ịmepụta ụdị dị elu nke ụdị ndị ahịa anyị chọrọ. Anyị na-emepụta na-emepụta 800 flanges nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma dị mma. Anyị na-eji akụrụngwa adịchaghị mma na igwe dị elu maka ịmepụta ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n0800.

Alloy 800 Hell Holy na-agbasa na ụlọ ọrụ maka ịmepụta ụdị dị elu nke ụdị ndị ahịa anyị chọrọ. Anyị na-emepụta na-emepụta 800 flanges nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma dị mma. Anyị na-eji akụrụngwa adịchaghị mma na igwe dị elu maka ịmepụta ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n0800.

Gburugburu ụlọ mmanya na-atụ egwu ma na-anwale, dị na ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ belata ya nha. Alloy Round na-enye ike na nguzogide dịgasị iche iche na mpaghara dịgasị iche iche ma enwere ike iji ya na etiti, igwe na-arụ ọrụ, ọrụ nri na ụlọ ọrụ ngwaọrụ ngwaọrụ.

310Ss flantes nwekwara ezigbo nguzogide sọlfọ na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke corrosion dị ọkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a maara nke bụ isi maka akụrụngwa okpomọkụ ya dị elu, steepụ steel na-enyekwa arụmọrụ dị mma na obere okpomọkụ.
Platdị efere, mpempe akwụkwọ, mpempe crail
Ogologo 0 ~ 12m ma ọ bụ dịka ihe ịchọrọ
Obosara 0 ~ 2500mm ma ọ bụ dịka ihe ịchọrọ
Ọgwụ (0.3 ~ 1200mm ma ọ bụ dịka ihe ịchọrọ

Angel 600 bụ Nickel-Chromium-chroy iroy nwere ezigbo corrosion iguzogide, nkewa na ike dị elu na elu elu. N'ihi ọdịnaya Nickel, enweghị mgbagha 600 na-eguzogide ọgwụ chloride corrosion cracking. Achọghị ihe mgbochi afọ a chọghị dịka Internal 600 siri ike ma wusie ya ike. Internal 600 nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na okpomọkụ dị ala dịka 700¡Ãf (370¡ãc).
Accond Sus, AISI, din
Dayameta 5 ~ 500mm
Ogologo ¨q12m ma ọ bụ dịka ndị ahịa chọrọ

Maka ebumnuche mmepụta, na sistemụ pipeline, anyị na-achọkarị ịgbanwe ụzọ nke ịnyefe. mezie mmiri mmiri (mmanụ, mmiri, apịtị); Mepee ma ọ bụ chiri piọtị, wdg. Ya mere, iji rụzuo ihe omume ndị a, a ga-etinye ya fil fripe.
Accond Sus, AISI, din
Dayameta 5 ~ 500mm
Ogologo ¨q12m ma ọ bụ dịka ndị ahịa chọrọ

Ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-ahọrọ eziokwu ahụ na-enweghị mgbagha 600 bụ nke ukwuu. Ya mere a na-eji alloy mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ihe dị iche iche gụnyere pọpụ 600 a ma ama. Enwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ọkpọkọ ndị a ma ọ bụ na ha nwere ike ịbụ onye nzuzu. E nwere uru iji ha abụọ uru. Maka E.G. Mmasị nke ọkpọkọ 600 welded, dị na ngwa ebe akụnụba ya na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ala karịa nke enweghị onye a rụrụ otu, ọkpọkọ ndị a nwere ogologo ọganihu, nke nwere ike ịnwe ike na njikọta - ọ bụrụ na ha haziri hazie. N'ọnọdụ, ebe onye na-azụ ahịa chọrọ ụdị corsonion iguzogide nguzogide na ike iguzogide nrụgide dị elu, enweghị mgbagha 600 enweghị nhọrọ kachasị mma.
Pịnye pịnye nkịtị
Tum tum tum
Achịcha
Welded tube
Hụrụ Lsaw EFW
Akwụsị Ọgwụ, Ọgwụgwụ Laut "
Odi Odi: 1 \ / 2 "~ 48" "
Ọkpụrụkpụ: Sch5 ~ Schxxs
Ogologo: dị ka ọ chọrọ. "
Usoro na-emepụta usoro na-enwu ọkụ \ / ọrụ na-ekpo ọkụ, oyi mpịakọta
Na-emepụta ọkọlọtọ ASME B36.10 Asme B36.20

E nwekwara akara 310s na 310h grances nke flanges dabere na ọdịnaya carbon. A na-eji flanges ndị a na ọrụ dị elu nke nwere nnukwu corrosion dị elu na gburugburu ebe a na-enwe nsogbu okpomọkụ na elu oxidion dị elu.

A na-ejikọ 925 na-eme ka ọ dị ntozu mara mma na General Corrosonion, na -atụ, na nrụgide na-efe efe na ọtụtụ ndị nwere sulfides na chloridede.

Carbon nchara flange bụ ụdị rim guzobere na njedebe nke ọkpọkọ mgbe ọ na-edobe ya na ọkpọkọ. A na-eji ya mechie nsọtụ pipes, valves ma ọ bụ njikọ ndị ọzọ. O nwere ike tensile dị elu ma dị na mbara ihu na nkwado Convex na-akwado maka nrụnye dị mfe. Ọ bụ alloboy-carbon nke nwere ihe ruru 2.1 wt.% Carbon. Carbon ígwè enweghị opekata mpe nke ihe ndị ọzọ na-enye ọgbụgba, mana ọ na-enwekarị manganese.

A na-eme Floloy 925 Flanges na-eme nke a na-eme ka Nickel Halloy. Ọ na-enye ike nguzogide na ya¡¯s nwanne nwanyị alloy ike Incoloy 825, mana ya na ike dị ukwuu site na usoro ịgbachi usoro.

Hastelloy c-266 bụ ning St St sublow agbakwunyere na Tungsten, nke nwere nguzogide nguzogide na gburugburu ebe nsogbu siri ike. Oké ọdịnaya nke ni na mo na-eme nil alloy alloy na-eguzogide ike na-enwe ike na gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe cnye na-arụ ọrụ arụmọrụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi.

Ọ bụ ezie na Molybum bụ ezigbo ihe, iji ya mee ihe ike iji belata nrubeisi nke creep f11 prate flanges. Imaghiadi na ndu nke carbide nwere ike ime mgbe ọnọdụ okpomọkụ karịrị 500 Celsius. A tinyela Chromium na sa a182 f11 lul steel cl.2 gbaghara agbachapụ na-egbochi mbelata na eserese. Na mgbakwunye, chromium agbakwunyere na-enyekwa usoro nguzosi ike.

A na-ejikarị flanges ígwè dị iche iche na injinia ji, igwe na-eme ihe. Duplex stanges S31803 langes dị mma maka ngwa chọrọ iguzogide iguzogide nguzogide karịa ụdị 316 ma dị mma ike okpomọkụ. Anyị nwere Ruplen steel s31803 \ / S32205 Frances na ngwaahịa. A na-ejikarị flanges è na kemịkal, petrochemical, na ụlọ ọrụ ike ike.

Nickel 200 bụ ihe ngwọta siri ike si etisie ya ike. Nickel 200 mmanya ngwaahịa nwere 99.6% WROVEL WROVEL site na ibu ma na-ewere azụmahịa na azụmahịa. Din 2.4066 Bar nwere ezigbo ọrụ na ihe anụ ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ASTM B160 N02200 nwere ezigbo nguzogide n'ọtụtụ ogige corrosives yana gburugburu corrosive. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nickel 200 bụ ihe ga-eme ka ihe ngwọta siri ike mee ka ọ dị ka okirikiri na mkpanaka. A na-eji ihe abụọ ndị a na-ejikọ ọnụ ma enwere ike ịmata iche site na ọrụ dị iche iche.

Alcoy-Coasper-Corpper 400 Monel 2.4360 na-atụfu mkpanaka na-egbochi ngwa ọgụ na-agba ọsọ na-efe efe mgbe ekpughere ya na gburugburu ebe a na-ahụkarị. Mone 400 bụ ọla kọpa na Nickel dabere na-ewu ewu taa n'ihi arụmọrụ ya dị elu. Alloy nwere ezigbo acid na alkali iguzogide. Na mgbakwunye, ọ nwere ezigbo ihe na-adịghị egwu egwu, na-akụda mmụọ, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, ma nwee ike ịrụkwa ọrụ oyi. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji ya na ngwa na okpomọkụ si na mwepu ruo 538 ogo Celsius.

Nickel Alloy 400 na monel 400, makwaara dị ka N044400, bụ Alcoy Nickel-Copper-Copper nke sitere na ọla atọ na ọla kọpa. A maara Nickel Alloy 400 maka iguzogide ụdị ọnọdụ ya, gụnyere alkalis (ma ọ bụ acid), mmiri nnu, na sulfuric acid. Ebe ọ bụ na Monel 400 ma ọ bụ alloy 400 bụ oyi na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, Alloy nwere oke isi ike, ike na ike. Site na oyi na-arụ ọrụ ASTM B164 na-enweghị isi N04400 Bark, a na-edo onwe ya ọkwa dị elu nke nrụgide nke ọma, nke na-ebute mgbanwe na microy.

Angel 600 Cour-Dabere na Nickel na alloy Carbuburation na nguzogide corrosion na oke okpomọkụ na oke okpomọkụ. Constil 600 Ogwe dị irè megide ihicha fl2 na ọtụtụ gas ndị ọzọ dị iche na dị nro ma dị elu. Alloy 600 Bar bụ nickel-Chromium Alloy na-enwe ezigbo nguzogide na-eguzogide ngọngọ, dị elu na-agba agba mmiri corrosion na oxidaụ acid.

Nilo \ / alloy k.Nr .: 1.3981
NKWUP :: K94610 ASTM F15
Agbanyeghị 310
Maka iji iko na-eme ihe

Incoloy 926 (enweghị N08926 \ / W.NR. 1.4529) Afọ ndụ ya bụ 0.2%, ọdịnaya Molybdem bụ 6.5%.
Nkọwapụta 36: Nkọwa K93600, W.NR 1.3912

SS 316 PIPE PIPE na ASTM A312 TP316 Wedded Plaipe na China
Incololog 925 Spring na zuru flanges na-enye oke nguzogide na-eme ka ọgba aghara na-efe efe, na-enwe ike na corvie na corriding ma na-ebelata gburugburu.
PARR 36 O O OD: 0.2-6mm, wT: 0.02-2mm

Flange bụ akụkụ nke jikọtara ọnụ abụọ na-egosi, njikọ gasket na bolt atọ jikọtara ọnụ nke njikọ ahụ nwere ike. A na-agbakwunye gasket n'etiti fanges abụọ ahụ ma jiri ya na-emechie ya. A na-akpọkwa nrụgide dị iche iche, ọkpụrụkpụ ha ji dị iche, a na-akpọkwa akụkụ nke pọmpụ, ma njikọ a bụ naanị akụkụ nke ngwakọ, dị ka njikọ dị n'etiti flange na mmiri, ọ bụghị Onepposite ị ga-akpọ mmiri gbanye mmiri dịka akụkụ ọla ọcha, ma enwere ike ịkpọ ya dị ka ụdị Flige.

A182 321 igwe anaghị agba nchara bụ ụdị flange mere site na igwe anaghị agba nchara dị elu nke a na-ejikarị ngwa ọrụ. ASTM A182 321 A maara dị ka nchara 321 Flange ma hazie iji jikọọ pips abụọ na ụdị nchebe na nke ihu igwe.

A na-ejikarị ya na mmiri na gas gas \ / imepụta na ndị na-agbanwe ọkụ na Petrochemical \ /.

Ntụgharị 600 nke usoro nke ọkọlọtọ N06600 na ASTM B167 bụ ndị mepụtara iji kwado nnukwu nrụgide ma bịa na nnukwu akwụkwọ ikike.

Uzo s32205 Standard ASME SE182 B WELD SELD FLANGE FLANGE FLANGE FLANGE FLANGE FLANGE FLANGELỌ EGO NA-EGO NA-EGO NA-EKWUPUTA ROMBỌRỌ NSỌ RURT REBỌRỌ EGO.

A na-eji tubes c2000 ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere nhazi petrochemical, usoro nhazi ngwa kemịkalụ, mmagharị mmanụ na osisi.

Igwe nchara nchara 310 mejupụtara ọkwa nchara nke nwere nnukwu nickel na Chromium. Ọ bụ Chrickel Nickel Alloy na 24% Chromium na 19% nickel na nchịkọta. Navstar nchara bụ onye na-emepụta na-ebute ma na-eweta nchara nchara 310 flanges dị iche iche.

Akụkụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke n08800 coneloy efere dị oke mma bụ ezigbo nguzogide na chlorine na-agbaso corrosion cracking, nke metal, dị ka ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe na-enweghị atụfu.

Nke a na-enye nguzogide nke ukwuu na sulfuric acid. Ọ nwekwara ọdịnaya chromium dị elu, iji bulie nguzogide ya na kemịkal na-agafe agafe site na oxygen na-agbaze.

Ngwa chọrọ ngwakọta nke ike dị elu na nguzogide corrosion nwere ike ịtụle ịkọwa 925 Weld olu olu Flanges. A ga-eme ihe niile iji belata ike ọrụ nke incoloy 925 socket sysd flanges, ma enwere ike belata ya site na ibelata ngwa ngwa na \ / ma ọ bụ omimi nke mbelata.

O nwere ike iguzogide ọtụtụ ihe kemịkal na kemịlị na-enweghị oxiding, ma na-egosipụta oke iguzogide na-efe efe na ọnụnọ nke chloride na ndị ọzọ.

Incoloy 925 Flinge na-enye ezigbo nchekwa na oxidize na ibelata ikuku.

Incololog 925 Flinge na-enye ezigbo nguzogide iguzogide chloride ion nrụgide ion nrụgide na-agbagọ.

Incoloy 925 Flinge na-enye ọmarịcha nguzogide na-etigide na corrice corrosion.

The Molybdem na Incoloy 925 ogologo Weld olu na-eguzogide ọrịa AIDS na-eguzogide ike na corvice corrosion. Titanium na aluminom na Incoloy 925 nippo flanges na-eme ka mmeghachi omume dị ike n'oge ọgwụgwọ.

Incololog 925 Flige na-enwe ọkwa ndị ọzọ nke Titanium na alumini ma e jiri ya tụnyere 825.

Ibelata titanium bụ ihe dị ka 60% nke igwe anaghị agba nchara na nickel alloys, ịchekwa ibu a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nhọrọ a ma ama na ngwa dị ka Aerospoce.

Incololog 926 igwe anaghị agba nchara emechaala ike nke metallurgical tụnyere ogo 18% nke ọdịnaya Nickel Desoys ọdịnaya.

Incololog 925 flanges flanges nwere iguzogide chloride ion nchesi na-agbawa. N'ihi na incoloy 925 Weld olu na-enye oke nguzogide na oxdizion ma na-ebelata uru na mbara igwe na ọtụtụ ngwa na mmanụ.

Incololog 925 igwe anaghị agba nchara flange flange na-enye nguzosi ike iguzosi ike na General Corrosonion na-abanye na corvice corrosion

A na-enyekwa ndị ahịa anyị ihe dị iche iche. A na-emepụta sọlbụ 925 Sysd flangeses site na oghere ọgba aghara na-emepụta usoro, mana enwere ike ịdenye site na iji ikuku na - eme ka electrode a na - apụ apụ ma ọ bụrụ na profaịlụ na - enye ohere.

Njikọ nke Nickel na Chromium na Concaloy ụdị franges na-efe efe na-akwado ihe na-echebe ma oxdizing ma na-ebelata ikuku. Ọrụ ọsọ ọsọ na-agba ọsọ na Incoloy 925 spacer flanges dị ka egweri, igwe ma ọ bụ tụgharịa, na-ejikarị ifuru mmiri.

N08367 na-ekwukarị na Alloy Al6xn bụ carbon dị ala, ịdị ọcha nke ukwuu "Nickel-mulybdem na-enwe ike iguzogide chloride na corrosion.

A maara Nickel dabere na 800 Incoloy Hexagol pipe na-enwe ezigbo nguzogide corrosion. N'ezie, ịsụ asụsụ, Incoloy 800 pipe na-enye iguzogide iguzogide carburtization abụọ ahụ yana corrosion.

A na-ejikarị frincy 925 na-ejikarị mmiri na mmiri mgbapụta ma ọ bụ sistemụ ọkpọkọ elu.

Molybdemum na Incoloy 925 Sting na Flanges AIDS iguzogide na-eguzogide na-efe efe na corvice corrosion Whilst na-enye nguzogide na gburugburu oxiding.

A na-eji ngwa ọrụ na akụrụngwa ọrụ dị egwu iji belata ọrụ-Harden nke ndị a na-emekọ ihe ndị a.

Incololog 925 kpuru ìsì zuru oke na-ejikọ ike dị elu nke ọdịda-ike nke na-enwe ike iguzogide: Ndị na-eme mkpọtụ, na-adọrọ adọrọ, na tubulars maka mmepụta gas gas.

Ọdịnaya Nickel karịa ịkọwapụta ya 800, na-enye ya nchebe pụọ na chloride-ion nrụgide corrosion cracking. Molyybdenum na ọla kọpa na-enye nguzogide nke kemịkalụ kemịkal.

Incololog 925 Franges, nke emere site na iji ihe kacha mma. A nwekwara ike iji flanges 925 dị mma (enweghị N09925) nwekwara ike iji ya maka faili failinese, yana maka mgbochi na gburugburu mmiri.

Nickel 200 Fanges 200 flanges na-adịgide adịgide, ọnọdụ dị iche iche, ma nwee mmezu dị mma. Ọzọkwa, ASTM B564 na-enweghị isi n02200 flassion na-eguzogide corrosion na gburugburu oxiding na optinaiti na oxidizing gburugburu, na-eme ka ha zuo oke maka iji ngwa nri.