Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Asm A182 F304 F304h F304l Yopanda Wakhungu

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.

Asme B36.19M ndiye wofanana ndendende ndi mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwake, kulolerana, ndi zomwe amapanga maenda owala komanso osaka.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Pofuna kufafanizira mapaipi, ndikofunikira kuchotsa payipi yolunjika pa mapaipi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma piipelines osiyanasiyana, mapaipi osiyanasiyana ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene mapaipiwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito, chikopa chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha kukula kwa mapaipi. Mukamacheza, chipika chanjira zitatu chowonekacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira cholumikizira, kuti chikhazikitse chipani cholumikizirana kapena kukula kwa nthawi yayitali komanso cholumikizira cholumikizira cha mapaipi. , Pakulumikizana ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, palinso zolumikizira ndi mapulagini a gawo la chida.

Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.

Super Duplex S32660 ili ndi kukana kwakukulu kuti musunthire, crevice kuturuka komanso kupsinjika kuwononga. Kuti mukanane ndi kuwonongeka kwa kuphatikiza, kungokometsedwa kapena kutsitsa kumayikidwa.

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitsulo zikhale zachitsulo ndi gawo laling'ono la chromium kuwonjezera kwa chromium imawonjezera kukana kwa zinthuzo, mkhalidwe womwe umapeza dzina la utoto wosakhazikika

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

Nickel kutengera 800 inclooy chitoliro chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi kukana bwino kuwonongeka. Makamaka kuyankhula, chisumbulu 800 chitoliro chimapereka kukana mokwanira zotsutsana ndi ma carburization onse komanso oxidation kutukula.

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

316 Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndizosinthasintha; Sizimangokhala ndi mphamvu zopanga ndi kuwotcherera katundu, komanso amatha kuluka kapena achifwamba, kuti ithe kusinthidwa mosavuta pakugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina

Nickel alloy pipe & chubu
Ndodo za 975 zopindika
Chitoliro cha HT ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayimitsidwa pamagulitsira mitundu yonse ya zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri. Kaya ndi mutu wa Hex Bolts, zolakalaka za mutu wa tebulo kapena zomata zamatabwa, tili ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
310s 24 "Dimean Wopanda Chitsulo Chosapanga Chipato

Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.

Ictives 600 yozungulira ndi intoy-valkel-brad-cenel carburrization ndi kukana bwino kuwonongedwa kwakukulu. Zingwe zozungulira 600 zozungulira zimagwira ntchito kuyanika cl2 ndi mipweya ina yambiri yofananira ndi kutentha kwambiri. Alloy 600 bar ndi a chromial-cromiyal-cromiyal-cromiyal-chloride bwino oxidation ndi kukana ku chloride kuwonongeka kwa chloride kugwa, ukhondo wamadzi acid kumatentha.

A515 GR.70 imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma boiler omwe amapangidwa kuti athe kuthana ndi ziwiya, boulers ndi mavavu.

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Cholumikizira chopondera chimapangidwa ndi zitatu zolekanitsidwa komanso kudziyimira pawokha ngakhale zigawo zikuluzikulu; Makoma, ma gaskets, ndi oboola; omwe amasonkhana ndi zikopa zina, zoyenera. Zowongolera zapadera zimafunikira pakusankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi cholumikizira, zomwe zili ndi zotayira zotayirira.

SS Yopanda Zopanda Zopanda TP304 TP304L TP316 TP316L 316TI TP317 TP317L TP327L TP327 chitoliro
FSTEOLLOY C2000 ikupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtunduwu, mtundu uwu wa chromium-molybdenum aroyoy amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana.
Ma £ £ ºDIND931 Hex Bolt ndi ulusi pang'ono

Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

Duptux Steal & ndodo
Chingwe chimakhala chachiwiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pambuyo potalika. Ma flanges amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolumikizira zolumikizira. Imapereka kusinthasintha kukonza. Flange imalumikiza chitoliro ndi zida ndi mavuvu osiyanasiyana. Kuledzera kumawonjezeredwa mu dongosolo lapaipi ngati kukonza pafupipafupi komwe kumafunikira pa ntchito yobzala.

ASME A479 Duplex Stoel S31803 Mtedza wabwino kwambiri pakusakaniza mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza madzi am'madzi ndi mafakitale. Microstruction wa asme sha 479 duplex steple stael s32205 mtedza zimakhala ndi msatani wosakaniza wa austetitic ndi ferritic. Chifukwa chake, imawonetsa katundu wa austetic ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.

Nickel 200 Amalongosola Nickel 200 Malawi amakhala olimba, osasunthika, ndipo amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.

ASME A479 Duplex Stoel S31803 Mtedza wabwino kwambiri pakusakaniza mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza madzi am'madzi ndi mafakitale. Microstruction wa asme sha 479 duplex steple stael s32205 mtedza zimakhala ndi msatani wosakaniza wa austetitic ndi ferritic. Chifukwa chake, imawonetsa katundu wa austetic ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.
Kukula "OD: 1 \ / 2" "~ 48" "

Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).

S32750 (2507) ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chimaphatikizira zinthu zambiri zabwino kwambiri za zitsulo zamphamvu komanso zoyipa. Chifukwa cha chromium yake yayitali ndi molybdenum zomwe zili, zimawonetsa kukana kwathunthu kukalanda, Crevice ndi kuvota yunifolomu. Magawo awiri a magawo awiriwo amawonetsetsa kuti chitsulo chimakhala ndi kukana kwakukulu kuphwanya minyewa komanso mphamvu yayikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, ilinso ndi machitidwe a kukana kwamphamvu kwa chloride pansi, mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri komanso otsika ochulukirapo.

Mphamvu yayikulu ndi kutupa kwa al-6xn alloy zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kuposa zitsulo zosapanga ma duplex ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yosungirako mpweya wabwino kwambiri.
Chitsulo cha caputor
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
www.htpipe.es
Chitsulo cha kaboni
Chitsulo chachitsulo
Sa335P91 SOLAMIVID ALOM SHOLEL PIP
Kuimbira 36: Opanda K93600, W.NR 1.3912
Asme B18.22.1 SALEY
Kupanga Rame B36.10 asme B36.23
HT ASTM A403 WS31255-S 0.75 Sch10s Asme B16.9 Kutentha No.61139
Hex Bolt £ rall ulusi wa £ £ £)

FOSTELOLELOY B2 chitoliro chija chimapereka mwanzeru kukana kuwonongeka mu oxidizing ndi kuchepetsa madera

Chitchaina (chosavuta)
Ntchito za zitsulo za 310s zosapanga dzimbiri zimaphatikizapo kupanga zigawo za cragegenic contractic, makamaka pomanga owotcha, osinthana, zitseko, mafani, mafani. Popeza magawo a ziweto izi amalimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito makampani ogulitsa zakudya komanso m'mafakitale a mankhwala. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'matumba ogona, owotcha a malasha, amalima, ma ducts ndi mabokosi amphepo.

Monl 400 chitoliro cha Nickel-Copper Stooy chitoliro cha acidic ndi alkaline

M4-m64 iloy g30 n06030 2.4603 istegoy g30 ulusi pang'ono her934 wopanga

Astm A105 Stean Stecket Thin Growars zimayatsa Astm A105 Carbon chitsulo chakhungu

Mapaipi 254 amatha kupirira kupsinjika kwa makina opanga masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso aloy 254 osuma amagwira ntchito yopanikizika kwambiri komanso malo okhala.

Whuturo 52 akulimbikitsidwa kukhala kutentha ndi njira imodzi kapena zingapo mwa izi: Kuchepetsa (kuchepetsedwa, kusinthana ndi kusinthana kwamphamvu kwambiri)

Gawo 316 ndi chithokomiro chromium - chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chili ndi 2% mpaka 3% molybdenum. Zokhutira za Molybdenum zimawonjezera kukana kuphulika, kumathandizanso kukana ku chloride ion mayankho, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zambiri.

Astm A335 P5, P9, P11, P12, P22, P91, P93
Sae 304 Chitsulo chopanda dzimbiri ndiye chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zitsulo zimakhala ndi zonse ziwiri zachitsulo (pakati pa 18% ndi 20%) ndi nickel (pakati pa 8% ndi 10,5%). Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zimakhala zochepa zamagetsi komanso zomwe zimayambitsa thupi kuposa chitsuloboni. Ndi maginito, koma ochepa mphamvu kuposa chitsulo. Ili ndi chipongwe chachikulu kuposa chitsulo chokhazikika ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kupangika komwe kumapangidwira mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. [1]

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.

ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.

Matumba achitsulo a Asm A335 Chitoliro chachitsulo chimadziwika kuti chitoliro cha chrome molybdenum chitoliro ndi zinthu za mankhwala molybdenum ndi chromium. Molybdenum amatha kusintha zinthu zopanga zitsulo monga mphamvu, zotanuka, kuvala kukana, kukana ndi mphamvu.

Monga chitsulo, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi kaboni. Komabe, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chilinso ndi chromium yocheperako 10.5%, chinthu chachitsulo chomwe chimapereka chimaliziro chachitsulo ndikulimbana ndi kuwononga. Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndizothandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali zomwe zidzadziwitsidwa ndi zinthu, chinyezi komanso mankhwala ochimwa. Ndibwinonso kwa makonda antchito monga kukonzekera kwa chakudya ndi mankhwala opangira chakudya, monga chiopsezo choipitsidwa ndi chotsika kwambiri.

Imatha kupirira mankhwala osiyanasiyana osakhazikika komanso osasinthasintha, ndikuwonetsa kukana kwakukulu ndikumenya ndi Crevice pamaso pa chlorides ndi ma halides ena.

Asme Sa335 P9 Anoy Steel Seamless Speisent ndikuyesedwa molingana ndi mayeso a Tnsile, Kuyeserera kwachitsulo, kapangidwe kake ka magazi, zoyeserera, etrany, etrany.

Zovala zopanda banga wopanda chitsulo ndizoyambitsa ziwalo zazikulu za machitidwe aukhondo. Monga mmodzi waopereka mayankho a "HT chitumbuwa chopangidwa ndi zopereka zochulukirapo kuphatikiza ndi ma curf \ / idf \ / idf \ / id Makhalidwe oyera ndi FDA, GMS ZOFUNA.

Zitsulo za Austetitic ngati 304 (1.4301) ndi zitsulo zachangu ngati 430 ndizosavuta kupanga ndikupanga nsanje. Monga mayina awo akutanthauza, amapezeka makamaka ndi gawo limodzi, austete kapena Ferrite. Ngakhale mitundu iyi ndiyabwino kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri, pali zofooka zina zofunika mumitundu yonseyi.

Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.
Aisi 904L Spect Bolts amapangidwa ku Asther A182 F904L Opangidwa. Aisi 904l ma study amapangidwa kuchokera ku Asthent A276 \ / A276m ndi A479 \ A479m BR SUSTRARD Ma boti a stain asitikali a 904l amapangidwa ndi miyeso yodziwika bwino ya asme \ / iso \ / iyo \ / ma BS ndi BS ndi BS ndi Bire AISI 904L STETS ​​amalembedwa bwino chifukwa chochita manyazi.
Alloy 20 (alroy 20) ndi Aluto wochokera ku chitsulo chokhazikitsidwa kuti athe kukana sulfurosic acid kuvunda. Ili ndi kukana kwabwino kwa sulfuric acid kuvunda; Ili ndi kukana kwamphamvu ku phosphoroc acid, nitric acid ndi chloride madera, chloride kupsinjika kukhetsa, kuponderezana ndi kuwonongeka. Chifukwa chake, alloy 20 ali ndi dzina la anti-Corrosion alloy; Ili ndi ntchito zingapo: monga: mankhwala, chakudya, mankhwala, kupanga mphamvu ndi mafakitale kumagwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa chokana kuponyera chipongwe ndi chloride chiwonongeko, kupsinjika kuwononga mavuto, etc. 20 amakonda 20 nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

\ / 5 kutengera
Ntchito za zitsulo za 310s zosapanga dzimbiri zimaphatikizapo kupanga zigawo za cragegenic contractic, makamaka pomanga owotcha, osinthana, zitseko, mafani, mafani. Popeza magawo a ziweto izi amalimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito makampani ogulitsa zakudya komanso m'mafakitale a mankhwala. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'matumba ogona, owotcha a malasha, amalima, ma ducts ndi mabokosi amphepo.

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

Chingwe chimakhala chokwera, milomo kapena rim, kunja kwa zakunja kapena mkati, zomwe zimathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu (monga mtengo wamtambo kapena t-bat); Kuti mulumikizidwe mosavuta \ / kusamutsa kwa kulumikizana ndi chinthu china (monga chowala kumapeto kwa chitoliro, scal cylinder, etc., kapena pamunda wa mandala); kapena pokhazikitsa ndikuwongolera mayendedwe a makina kapena mbali zake (monga tambala mkati mwagalimoto kapena gudumu la tram, zomwe zimapangitsa mawilo kuti asamayendetse njanji). Mawu akuti "Flange" imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito chopanga ma flanges.

 ANI B16.5 Super Duple Damain S32750 Oriel S327550 Ortior Freengelity madera osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo madzi am'madzi, njira za acidic, ndi malo okhala. Super Dumpx F53 WN FLATE SHALICRARRARRAROROR DUPORE kuposa dambo losapanga dzimbiri.

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha A403 WS31254 lili ndi chromium ndi malo otsika a carbon.ice:? ¡± a 48, 40s, 80s, xxs.

Nyundo yathu yachitsulo 309 yopanda maziko imathandizanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mfundo zadziko komanso zapadziko lonse lapansi. Kulondola kwa zinthu zathu kumayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi makasitomala athu omwe amapangitsa kuti ikhale yosavuta kuyika ndikukhala kutali ndi nthawi yayitali.

Njira yothetsera matenda a 304 \ / / / /2l Kutentha kozizira kwa anthu ozizira ndi 850-970 ¡Ã c, ndipo madzi ozizira pambuyo pa nthawi inayake. Kapangidwe kakang'ono ndi austete pambuyo pa njira ya mankhwala, ndipo nthawi zina pamakhala njira zochepa.