I-Carbon Steel Asstm A105 I-Finges eqingqiweyo

Isabelo-lelaza-e-Iron-Counckel-Cobarty-Cobart, Yiba ne-Navar Alflic, ube nolwandiso lolwandiso lwe-thermar of thermar olinganayo neglasi yeglasi

I-A182 F5 F11 F11 F12 F211 Alt Shonge ye-Whan
I-ASME B36.19m yindlela esemgangathweni yemibhobho yentsimbi engenasitayile, echaza imibhobho, unyamezelo, kunye neemfuno zokwenza imibhobho ye-weldided kunye engenamthungo.
Iipleyiti zensimbi kunye namashiti kunye neekopi

Umvelisi we-A105 ye-carbon ye-cell flange, ixabiso elilungileyo le-ASTM A105 WENTES WINTERS, i-ASTM A10N ANTJ ALTJ A0N A10N A10 Abarhwebi abaphantsi kwe-china.

I-Alloty 800 Intamo ye-Wool Shounges Sinodumo olunamandla sinemveliso yokuvelisa ukuqaqamba okusemgangathweni weentlobo ezahlukeneyo eziya kuhambelana neemfuno zabaxumi bethu. Senza i-flaves engathandekiyo engama-800 enokuthenjwa kwaye iphezulu kumgangatho. Sisebenzisa izixhobo zeprimiyamu kunye noomatshini abaphambili bokuvelisa i-ASTM B564 AN08800 I-Acloy 800 Fufxees.

An NT08367 kwakhona kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-alloy al6xn yikharbon ephantsi, ukucoceka okuphezulu, i-nitrogen-i-itrogen-molybdenum ye-pirden ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-piloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-piloride ye-chloride ye-chloride inkcitho kunye ne-cravice incade.

Oku kunika ukumelana nokuxhathisa kakhulu kwi-sulfuric acid. Ikwanomxholo ophezulu weChromium, ukukhulisa ukumelana kwayo ekuxhaseni iikhemikhasi kunye nemijelo yenkqubo engcoliseka nge-ferric ion kunye neoksijini echithileyo.

I-Nickel-calper-esekwe kwimodeli engama-400 ye-400 ye-2.4360 ukubanda irhabaxa ingenalo i-chloride enxulumene nokubhloka kwe-chlorive yoxinzelelo xa ityhilwe kwimithombo yoxinzelelo. Imoral 400 i-copper kunye ne-nickel ye-nealy esule namhlanje ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo ephezulu. I-alloy ine-acid egqwesileyo kunye ne-alkali. Ukongeza, inamandla amanye amanye amanxuwa, ukuqhutywa kwengqondo okuphezulu, kwaye kunokuba nzima ngumsebenzi obandayo. Ukongeza, inokusetyenziswa kwizicelo ezinamaqondo obushushu asusela kwi-thamo ukuya kwi-538 degrees Celsius.

I-chromium ephezulu, i-molybdenum kunye ne-nitrogen yeziphumo zokuchasana ne-pittiverance inombolo elinganayo (i-PREN) ye-40, ibonelela ngeqondo leendaba elingaphezulu kunye ne-durevice yokungaziphathi kakuhle kunye ne-durexice yokungaziphathi kakuhle, kwaye inobushushu obuqiqileyo ngaphezulu kwe-50¡c.

I-titanium ayingeyonto ye-magnetic, inendawo ephezulu yokunyibilika kune-walsy yentsimbi kunye nepropathi ye-SURP yobushushu, ezi mpahla zithetha ukuba isetyenziswa rhoqo kwiinkqubo zotshintshiselwano lobushushu.

I-UNOLL 625 COIC ibonakaliswa kukungaxhathisi ngokugqwesileyo kwi-oxidation, kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye nokudinwa. I-ASTM B443 ipleyiti ye-N06625 isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-Aerospace, ukuqhubekiswa kweekhemikhali kunye nemizi-mveliso yeoyile kunye negesi ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu, ukuqina kunye nokuqinana nakwimeko ezigqithisileyo.

I-UNOLL 718 yi-Nickel-Chromium-esekwe rhoqo kusetyenziswa izicelo zeqondo lobushushu ezinje nge-aerospace kunye neeturbines zegesi. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimveliso ye-ASTM B670 Iphepha le-718 yinkqubo yokuqengqeleka kweplate. Zimbini iintlobo eziphambili zeepleyiti ze-Indel ze-Polnel 718 ezikhoyo kwintengiso: ishushu eshushu kwaye ibanda ipleyiti.

Ukuxinana kukaTitanium malunga ne-60% ye-Affel engenasitali kunye ne-neckel alloy, obu boyili bobunzima buyenza ukuba ifundwe kwizicelo ezizeleyo njengee-aerospace.

I-A240 yohlobo lwe-A240 ye-2205 ipleyiti ipleyiti yentsimbi engenasitali esetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo anjengokuqhubela phambili kwemichiza, ioyile kunye negesi. Iphepha le-SA 240 Gr 2205 yenziwe kwiBanga lama-2205 lentsimbi engenasibala, elindibaniselwano yentsimbi ye-ferric kunye ne-austentitic.

I-UNOLD 600 Ibar ye-UNCEL ye-nickel-esekwe kwi-begn ye-Bign ye-Bicen kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-corosion egqwesileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Imivalo ye-UNIRD engama-600 isebenza ngokuchasene nokomile CL2 kunye nezinye iigesi ezininzi ezahlukileyo kubushushu obuthambileyo kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. I-Allod 600 Bar ibar-chromium ye-neckel-chromium ye-Allomium-i-Allomion elungileyo kunye nokuxhathisa kwi-chloride yoxinzelelo lwe-chloride, i-ocid yosulelo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.

Iityhubhu ezingama-600 ezingenamthungo ezingenamthungo zingama-N06600 kunye ne-ASTM B167 zenzelwa ukuba zixhase uxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu kwaye zize newaranti enkulu.

I-tube yentsimbi engenasithulo ye-1.4539 ngenxa yobukho bobhedu yonyusa ukumelana nentsimbi. Iityhubhu okanye imibhobho ziyafumaneka kwiimilo ezahlukeneyo ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.

I-Dotelloy C2000 Iityhubhu zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini kubandakanya ukuqhubekeka, izixhobo zokuqhubela kwemichiza, i-oyile kunye nezityalo zamandla.

I-Nickel Affal Alfaw kunye neeRods
I-nickel allous flames
I-Nin Alloy 36, W.nr 1.3912, ugqirha we-36 ® yi-nickel-intsimbi enolwandiso olune-36% ye-nickel, i-chacelin enolwandiso olunama-36% kwaye inesitayile se-therble yentsimbi.
I-Din 1.4301 I-Stainess yentsimbi

A789 ASTR3803 kwaye angabi-S32205 ngamabakala amabini e-upplex engasetyenziswanga ngokubanzi kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso. Ezi pumplex ze-duplex s31803 zaziwa ngokuchasene nokunganyangekala kwabo okuhle, amandla aphezulu, kunye nokwanela kakuhle. I-A789 yinkcazo egubungela iityhubhu ezingenamthungo nezinebhulethi ezenziwe ngentsimbi engenasibala.

I-Alloy 800 yi-nickel-chromium ye-chromium-chromium enamandla aphezulu kunye nokuxhathisa ngokugcoba kwi-oxidotion kunye ne-comrosion kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. I-ASTM B407 AN08800 I-Acloy 800 W. NR. I-1.4876 ye-Welding isetyenziselwa ngokubanzi ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo ezifuna ukumelana nobushushu, ukumelana nobushushu, amandla, kunye nokuzinza kwenkonzo ukuya kwi-1500 ° F (816 ° C).

I-SATY N08825 iFlange i-825 flanges yenye yohlobo olunjalo lweflethi enokuchasa okukhulu ekunciphiseni i-oxids. Baphambene ukuphucula ukumelana kwazo ekulahlekeni kwaye bacocekile kwi-weld

Ezi zicelo zamanzi zigubungela iinkqubo zokupapashwa komoya i-¨C zihlambe ezantsi, imigca yamanzi e-condenser,

I-Nickel 200 flanges i-Nickel Fuffes ezingama-200 iqine, izinzile, kwaye inesigqibo esihle. Ngaphezu koko, i-ASTM B564 i-N064 i-H02200 iflethi inganyangeki ukuba iyoliswa kwiindawo ezingathathi hlangothi, ezenza bagqibelele ukuze basebenzise izixhobo zokuphatha ukutya.

Kwizicelo ezinjengesilinda, iibheringi, kunye nezinye iindawo ezisekwe, ityhefu yentsimbi engenasitayile isetyenziswa. Ityhubhu inokuphazamiseka ukuba neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemilo zecandelo lecandelo, ezinjengesikwere kunye noxande, ukongeza kwicandelo lesiko elingumnqamlezo. Ngokwesiqhelo, i-Astma 511 kunye namaBanga angama -554 baqeshwe izicelo ze-tub.

I-Austetitic esemgangathweni ye-Austetitic ifana ne-304 (1.4301) kunye ne-Ferritic Steets ezifana ne-430 ilula kakhulu ukuba izenze kunye nokudakumba. Njengoko amagama abo ekuthethekayo, aquka ikakhulu isigaba esinye, i-austedite okanye i-ferrite. Nangona ezi ntlobo zihle kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kukho ubuthathaka obubalulekileyo bobuchwephesha kuzo zombini iintlobo.

ngumgangatho weeflethi. Iiflethi zensimbi zensimbi zinokuchazwa kumabakala ohlukeneyo. I-ASTM A105 Carbon Fienges zenzelwe ukumelana nobushushu obuphakamileyo. I-Flange yentsimbi eyenziwe nge-A105n ye-A10N ibizwa ngokuba yi-ASTM A105N. I-ASTM A105n yensimbi ayinabakala kwi-ASTM A105; N ibhekisa kwi-SEE ye-STEEL SEPROS. I-Carbon Steel i-A105n flanges zenziwa kwizinto ezithambileyo zentsimbi ezinokuqulatha i-manganese, phosphorus, okanye isulfure. I-A105 ye-carbon ye-carbon iphawuleka ngamandla abo aphezulu kwaye inxibe ukunganyangeki. Ziqhelekile isetyenziswa kwimibhobho yothungelwano lwe-oyile kunye negesi. Ezi fungers ziyafumaneka kumabakala kunye nobukhulu.

I-al6xn yintsimbi ye-suprausitic ye-scainess engaqhelekanga ngokuchasene ne-chloride pide, i-crevice yosulelo kunye noxinzelelo lokungasebenzi. I-al6xn yi-6 ye-for moray eyaphuhliswa kwaye isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinomsindo. Ine-nickel ephezulu (i-24%), i-molybdenum (6.3%), iziqulatho ze-nitrogen kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chiromium kunye ne-chloride publity, kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-chloride. I-al6xn isetyenziselwa ngokuyintloko iphuculwe i-wirvice yokungakhathali kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-cravice kwi-chlolor. Yintsimbi engenasimo sengqondo esisebenzayo neliyisinga.

I-Dotelloy C2000 ifumaneka kubungakanani beempawu kunye nobungqingili, olu hlobo lwe-nickel-chromium-molybdenum ludume ngamandla alo oluphangaleleyo kunye nokungaxhathisi.

Uluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini, iivenkile kunye neenkqubo zixhomekeke kwiflethi yokusebenza ephezulu, kwaye iiflevu zombhobho zihlala zibalulekile ekuphumeni kwenziwe umsebenzi.

I-alloy yentsimbi kunye netyhubhu
Umvelisi we-A105 ye-SEALBON FLAEL BEELK, Ixabiso elilungileyo le-ASTM A105 WENREN, i-Asme SA10N A10N A10N A10N A10

I-Alnel 625 Bolts isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwizicelo zokupholisa ngokuhamba kunye nokufudumeza. Ziluncedo kwizicelo zombane zokunganyangekiyo. Iibhotile zisetyenziswa kwindlu yeenjini, izakhiwo zobusi kunye nemigca ye-hydraulic.

I-Dotelloy Allow C22 i-soket ye-Wild Weld ihlambuluko egqwesileyo ekunciphiseni nasekuhlaleni kwimidiya. Ikwanceda ukunqanda ukwenziwa komsebenzi wokudla okuziinkozo kumda wobushushu.

Ilungelo lokushicilela © Zhengzzhou Huitong Izixhobo

I-ASTM A234 ibandakanya i-carbon ye-carbon yentsimbi kunye ne-Aloloy Spings yokwakha igubungele uHlaziyo lwamva kwe-ASTM B16.9, i-MSS-SP-95, i-MSS-95, kunye ne-MSS-97. njl.

Umthengisi weHlabathi ye-SS 304H Wool Floight Floight Stail 304h Fienges Flexes ngexabiso elifanelekileyo

I-Dotelloy ligama elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza i-nickel nsimbi esele inikezelwe ukwandisa ukumelana nokunganyangeki. Oku kungenziwa ngokuyintloko kwi-molybdenum kunye neChromium.it isetyenziselwa imibhobho kunye neevalves kwishishini lekhemikhali kunye nepetrochemical mehes. Ikwasetyenziswa nakwiinqanawa zokwenza i-Reactor kumashishini eekhemikhali kunye nenyukliya.

I-ASTM i-A105 iya kwenziwa njengesiqwenga esinye yinkqubo eshushu. Le nkqubo yokufowuna eshushu, nokuba ifa okanye i-fel-fecmacking, yintsebenziswano eshushu eshukumayo. Ukuhamba kwentsimbi kulwalathiso olufanelekileyo ngexesha lokusebenza kweplastiki ukwenza imveliso ye-disc esondele kwiflenge egqityiweyo.

UMolnel K-500 ALTY unomchasi wobutyebi onokuthelekiswa ne-400, kodwa unamandla okuphumelela okuphezulu kunye nobunzima. Unenteko entle yokunganyangeki kunye nokuzinza kwe-tishu yexesha elide. Isetyenziswa ikakhulu ekwenzeni i-turbine blades kunye nee-turbine zerhasi ezinobushushu obungaphantsi kwe-750¡n kwi-aero-enjin, nakwimiphulelo yeenqanawa; Iimpompo kunye neenxalenye zeVovente kwizixhobo zekhemikhali, kunye nokukrola izixhobo zokwenza iphepha. Iibhloko njl.njl.

Umthengisi weHlabathi ye-A105 ye-Wild Foonge yeForange - Zhengzhou Huitong Izixhobo CO., Ltd.

I-Attelloy enganyangekiyo i-Corrosion isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngamashishini okuqhuba iikhemikhali. Isidingo sentsebenzo esinokuthenjwa sikhokelela ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kweenkalo zamandla, ezempilo kunye nokusingqongileyo, ioyile kunye negesi, amayeza kunye neflimu yegesi.

I-Presemas 36 ® yi-nickel-iron, isabelo esisezantsi esine-36% uNickel, uGeser 36 unelungelo lobushushu baseSrygenic ukuya malunga ne + 500 ° F (i-260 ° C).

I-254 ye-smo ye-ping racking phantse kabini ezinamanqaku angama-300

Zombini umbhobho wentsimbi ye-carbon kwisithukuthezi okanye i-welded inokusetyenziselwa ukuhanjiswa kwe-slickry. Ke kukho uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezibonakalayo kunye nemigangatho ekhoyo yokukhetha iimeko ezikhethekileyo zokusebenza.

I-304 i-prools ye-piiding yenziwa ngentsimbi engama-304 yentsimbi, into eqhelekileyo neyaziwayo kwizicelo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso efuna ukumelana nokungavisisani kunye ne-oxidation. Ezi zi-S30400 ze-piiding prools zisebenzisa oomatshini okhethekileyo kunye neenkqubo, eziqinisekisa ukuba zichanekile kwaye zinokuthenjwa.

Izixhobo zinokuza neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zonyango olungapheliyo olunjengeoyile-eqingqiweyo okanye izinto ezishushu ze-rawting kunye ne-bit, ipleyiti, ipleyiti, i-fusions, i-fusions, i-fusion, i-fusions, i-fusions, i-fusions, i-fusions, i-fusions, i-fusions, i-fusions, i-fusions.

Imibhobho yokuqwalaselwa engenamthungo inomthamo ophakamileyo wokuthwala umthwalo kunye namandla amanye amabakala.

Iipayipi ezingama-254 zinokumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwendlela kunye ne-Alloty i-254 ye-pump ye-pump yoxinzelelo kwiqondo lobushushu kunye nezixhobo.

Intle yeNtloko ye-Wold, ibizwa ngokuba yi-hub flanger hib okanye i-hub ephezulu ye-hub, luhlobo lweflethi enokuthi ifudukele uxinzelelo kwimibhobho, iqinisekisa ukuncipha kwe-flash.

I-Sorf Flanges A105 yenziwe uninzi lwamashishini entsimbi. Kwi-wrange yeflash flace, into efanelekileyo okanye umbhobho bubuyiselwe kwi-flange. Ububanzi bayo bangaphakathi be-Sorf Blange buncinci kune-diameter yangaphandle ngaphezulu kombhobho. Liyinqanaba eliqhelekileyo le-carbon ye-carbon yensimbi esetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto ze-piking.
I-carbon steel shonge
isiKriyoli saseHayiti
htssipe.com
Intsimbi ye-alloy
Ayisiyo i-n08825 flange
I-316 i-stainess yentsimbi yamanzi
Imolfowuni k500 n0500 ye-pipes ene-ellows kunye neflethi
Ukuncitshiswa kwendawo, imiz.
I-GARD 36 I-TUBE OD: 0.2-6mm, WT: 0.02-2mm
I-Allocy ye-Alloty ye-Alloct i-625 ye-th stric stud bolt nyani din975 din976
Iipleyiti zentsimbi ye-alloy kunye neekhiliki

Ibanga P11 laziwa njenge-chrome molybdenum yentsimbi. Xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi yekharbon, iipropathi zale ntsimbi ye-alloy ziphezulu kakhulu. Ngokwesiqhelo, isabelo esifana ne-ASTM A335 PUMO1 PUMI YOKWENZA IXESHA ELIPHELELEYO KWIINGXAKI ZAMANQAKU ZIYAMKANI. Ke thatha ukusebenza kwawo kwinqanaba elilandelayo. Ukuqulunqwa kwebanga le-P11ine kubandakanya i-chromium kunye ne-molybdenum, ngepesenti yeChromium ye-1.25. Umxholo we-molybdenum kwi-alloty steel yentsimbi ye-P11 ye-Foing imalunga ne-0.5%.

I-Dotelloy B2 I-Bipe Rond yi-nickel-molybdenum ye-nofy efanelekileyo yokuphatha izixhobo ukunciphisa iimeko zemichiza.

Imibhobho ye-Nickel yama-201 yi-Austelitic Nickel-Chromium-Thanenese intsimbi engenasicaka evelise i-nickel. Imibhobho yentsimbi engenamthungo isetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo anjengePetrochemicals, amashishini okwenza amashishini, amashishini empompo.

I-SS 254 I-SOO YASHE I-STER-ALHER-ALHER STTITIC STEINS ESINGY EBALULEKILEYO YOKUSETYENZISWA KOKUSETYENZISWA KWEZOBUCHULE NAMAZIKO EMINYE INDLELA YOKUZIPHATHA. I-ASTM A312 I-STAINS yentsimbi ye-254 I-Wher i-Alestoy ephezulu kakhulu ye-austetitic ye-Altititic yenzelwe ukumelana nobuninzi bokuphambana kunye ne-crevice yosulelo. I-254SMO inamanqanaba aphezulu eChromium, iMolybdenum kunye ne-nitrogen, iyenza kakuhle imeko ephakamileyo ye-chlorine efana namanzi aphezulu, amanzi olwandle, amanzi e-pilp ye-pilorine ye-chlorine.

Intsimbi engenasimo i-staileed i-Steeley Alwir kunye nepesenti encinci ye-chromium ¡¡¡Ukongezwa kwe-chromium yongeza ukunganyangeki kwento ebonakalayo, umkhwa ozuziweyo ngentsimbi yegama elingenazigaba.

I-316l 1.4401 S31601 i-Stainess yentsimbi yindlela yokhetho lombhobho kunye nomoya oqinileyo oqhelekileyo oqhele ukusetyenziswa kwoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ezivela kwimizi-mveliso nezorhwebo. Le phuli ye-SS3603 yenziwe kumgangatho ophezulu we-316l yentsimbi enyaweni ngokuchasene ne-oxidation kunye ne-staining yendawo enobunzima okanye iZicelo eziPhakamileyo.
I-carbon steel shonge
isiKriyoli saseHayiti
htssipe.com
Intsimbi ye-alloy
Ayisiyo i-n08825 flange
I-316 i-stainess yentsimbi yamanzi
Imolfowuni k500 n0500 ye-pipes ene-ellows kunye neflethi
Ukuncitshiswa kwendawo, imiz.
I-GARD 36 I-TUBE OD: 0.2-6mm, WT: 0.02-2mm
I-Allocy ye-Alloty ye-Alloct i-625 ye-th stric stud bolt nyani din975 din976
Ukuvelisa i-Asme esemgangathweni B36.10 Asme B36.19

I-ASTM A312 i-T36 yi-T316 luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lokufumana i-lamy, ethe tye-selded, kwaye ebandayo kakhulu e-Austeditic Stainess Stainess esetyenziswe kwiqondo lokuhlala eliphezulu kunye neenkonzo ngokubanzi zoncedo. Umbhobho wentsimbi wama-316 ongenamizi-mveliso yenziwa kwindibaniselwano ye-chromium, i-nickel, nase molybdenum, enika i-SS 316 ityhubhu ityhubhu inyangeka kakhulu ekucocekeni nasekucoceni.

Singumenzi, umrhwebi, isitokhwe, umthengisi kunye nokukhuphela ngaphandle i-comrosion kunye neqondo lobushushu be-inxnel invel. I-WNR yethu ye-2.4816 I-Intral I-Andnels zizixhobo ze-Hardware zizixhobo ezisisigxina okanye okwethutyana okanye zigqobhozwe. Banokufakwa kwaye basuswe ngokukhawuleza.
I-carbon steel shonge
isiKriyoli saseHayiti
htssipe.com
Intsimbi ye-alloy
Ayisiyo i-n08825 flange
I-316 i-stainess yentsimbi yamanzi
Imolfowuni k500 n0500 ye-pipes ene-ellows kunye neflethi
Ukuncitshiswa kwendawo, imiz.
I-GARD 36 I-TUBE OD: 0.2-6mm, WT: 0.02-2mm
I-Allocy ye-Alloty ye-Alloct i-625 ye-th stric stud bolt nyani din975 din976
I-N08367 ye-tube ye-tube ye-al6xn ye-welded welded

I-Allody 625 inesifo esihle kakhulu kwaye ihlala isetyenziswa kwi-Weld al-6xn? alloy. Ukutshatisa izinyithi zefilitha kukwasetyenziselwa ukujoyina i-metals engathandekiyo.
I-carbon yentsimbi ye-A350 lf2 flanges inomchasi obalaseleyo. I-Carbon Steel A350 LF2 iflethi ye-LF2 inamandla amakhulu kunye noomatshini obugqwesileyo.

Imibhobho yentsimbi engama-316 iye yaba zizixhobo ezinokubonakala kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso. Olu lwabiwo lwesinyithi kunye ne-chrome ibonwa ngokunyangeka kwayo phezulu ekucocekeni, kunye nokuqina kwayo. I-316 ityhubhu yentsimbi engenasitali inokuveliswa kuzo zombini iityhubhu ezingenamthungo kunye ne-weldied ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zabathengi.

Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-oyile yeoyile ye-oli