I-ASTM A312 i-T316 ye-S3 yemizi-mveliso yeSoftway ye-S31600 smls smls pipe

Ixabiso elifanelekileyo kwi-carbon yentsimbi i-A350 LF2 i-rod eqaqambileyo enesampulu yexesha elifutshane okanye isampulu yasimahla ye-carbon yentsimbi i-A350 LF2 hexagonal rod.

Ukuxubha ezi bhodi nge-wiar yentsimbi engenasitayile emva kokuba umsebenzi we-welding uhlala ususa umbala oshushu kwaye ngokufanayo wenza iindawo ezingafunwayo zokuzithandela.
I-ASTM A240 304 3044l ipleyiti ishushu i-S30 i-ST30 iphepha

I-Nickel 200 flanges i-Nickel Fuffes ezingama-200 iqine, izinzile, kwaye inesigqibo esihle. Ngaphezu koko, i-ASTM B564 i-N064 i-H02200 iflethi inganyangeki ukuba iyoliswa kwiindawo ezingathathi hlangothi, ezenza bagqibelele ukuze basebenzise izixhobo zokuphatha ukutya.

I-304 i-prools ye-piiding yenziwa ngentsimbi engama-304 yentsimbi, into eqhelekileyo neyaziwayo kwizicelo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso efuna ukumelana nokungavisisani kunye ne-oxidation. Ezi zi-S30400 ze-piiding prools zisebenzisa oomatshini okhethekileyo kunye neenkqubo, eziqinisekisa ukuba zichanekile kwaye zinokuthenjwa.

I-Nin Alloy 36, W.nr 1.3912, ugqirha we-36 ® yi-nickel-intsimbi enolwandiso olune-36% ye-nickel, i-chacelin enolwandiso olunama-36% kwaye inesitayile se-therble yentsimbi.

Ezi zifakiweyo ngamandla entsontelo kunye nokuxhathisa okuphezulu; Ke ngoko, iiflethi zensimbi zibanceda basebenze kwishishini lePetrochemical.

I-Alloy 310s, njenge-309s, yaziwa ukuba izicelo zeqondo lobushushu. Zombini izabelo zisebenza kakuhle kumaqondo obushushu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2000¡n, ingakumbi apho kufuneka khona i-oxidation. I-310 intsimbi engenasimo yintsimbi ye-chromitic ye-chromitic-i-nickel inesitayile esihle nge-oxidation elungileyo kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-corosion ngenxa yomyinge ophezulu we-chromium ephezulu ukuya e-chromium ephezulu.

Ifumaneka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, izinto ezibonakalayo ziyaziwa ukuba ziguquguqukayo. I-subleoup esisiseko ye-hastelloy C276 umbhobho ongenamthungo ubandakanya i-nickel, iChromium, kunye ne-molybdenum kwi-alloy yayo. Izinto ze-rio kule nolo olwenziwe kwi-alloy yile nto inika i-Dotelloy C276 i-pied pipe ephakamileyo yePropati yoomatshini bokuphucula iipropathi zayo zokunganyangeki.

Iityhubhu ezingama-600 ezingenamthungo ezingenamthungo zingama-N06600 kunye ne-ASTM B167 zenzelwa ukuba zixhase uxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu kwaye zize newaranti enkulu.

I-Attelloy enganyangekiyo i-Corrosion isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngamashishini okuqhuba iikhemikhali. Isidingo sentsebenzo esinokuthenjwa sikhokelela ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kweenkalo zamandla, ezempilo kunye nokusingqongileyo, ioyile kunye negesi, amayeza kunye neflimu yegesi.

I-al6xn yintsimbi ye-suprausitic ye-scainess engaqhelekanga ngokuchasene ne-chloride pide, i-crevice yosulelo kunye noxinzelelo lokungasebenzi. I-al6xn yi-6 ye-for moray eyaphuhliswa kwaye isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinomsindo. Ine-nickel ephezulu (i-24%), i-molybdenum (6.3%), iziqulatho ze-nitrogen kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chiromium kunye ne-chloride publity, kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-chloride. I-al6xn isetyenziselwa ngokuyintloko iphuculwe i-wirvice yokungakhathali kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-cravice kwi-chlolor. Yintsimbi engenasimo sengqondo esisebenzayo neliyisinga.

I-ASTM A420 yinkqubo esemgangathweni yemipu ye-Parbon Steel kunye nentsimbi esetyenziselwa iinkonzo zobushushu eziphantsi. I-WPP6 ngowona nqanaba zisetyenzisiweyo zisetyenziswe phantsi kwe-A420.

Imoral 400 okanye ikwabizwa ngokuba yiNickel-Popper 400 sisisombululo esomeleleyo esabela ukuba sisixhobo esiphezulu esinokusetyenziswa ngaphezulu koluhlu lobushushu obubanzi. Ikwanokuchasana nokuxhaphaza okugqwesileyo kwaye ineezicelo kwiindawo ezininzi kwi-marine kunye nokuqhubekeka kwamachiza. Isetyenziswa kwizicelo ezinjengeevalve, iimpompo, iitanki zamanzi amatsha kunye ne-shafters yomthengisi.

I-Nickel-calper-esekwe kwimodeli engama-400 ye-400 ye-2.4360 ukubanda irhabaxa ingenalo i-chloride enxulumene nokubhloka kwe-chlorive yoxinzelelo xa ityhilwe kwimithombo yoxinzelelo. Imoral 400 i-copper kunye ne-nickel ye-nealy esule namhlanje ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo ephezulu. I-alloy ine-acid egqwesileyo kunye ne-alkali. Ukongeza, inamandla amanye amanye amanxuwa, ukuqhutywa kwengqondo okuphezulu, kwaye kunokuba nzima ngumsebenzi obandayo. Ukongeza, inokusetyenziswa kwizicelo ezinamaqondo obushushu asusela kwi-thamo ukuya kwi-538 degrees Celsius.

Sinikezela ngoluhlu olubanzi lwe-A105 ye-carbon synge, ikharbon a105 iflethi, i-CS A105 iflethi, i-carbon ye-ping, i-carbon stees a105 iflethi eIndiya. Le mpahla ye-carbon i-a105 intamo isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwimizi-mveliso yokufunda eyahlukeneyo.

I-Dotelloy C2000 Iityhubhu zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini kubandakanya ukuqhubekeka, izixhobo zokuqhubela kwemichiza, i-oyile kunye nezityalo zamandla.

An NT08367 kwakhona kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-alloy al6xn yikharbon ephantsi, ukucoceka okuphezulu, i-nitrogen-i-itrogen-molybdenum ye-pirden ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-piloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-piloride ye-chloride ye-chloride inkcitho kunye ne-cravice incade.

Sibe ngabathengisi, abathengisi kunye nabathengisi be-Carbon Steel A105 \ / I-A10N ye-A10 ye-A105 ye-Shobon-I-Anses ye-Carbon-I-Anses ye-Carbon Steeds kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunaye. Sivelisa i-carbon yentsimbi ye-A105 \ / I-A10ND Fients efihlakeleyo ekuthwaleni nasekupheleni kwemibhobho ekutsaleni i-hydraulic kuba zinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kwiziko.

I-Presemas 36 ® yi-nickel-iron, isabelo esisezantsi esine-36% uNickel, uGeser 36 unelungelo lobushushu baseSrygenic ukuya malunga ne + 500 ° F (i-260 ° C).

Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwamabakala asemgangathweni asemgangathweni kunye nezixhobo eziphezulu zensimbi yensimbi yi-uphwist i-superx inomxholo ophezulu we-molybdenum kunye ne-chromium yabo.

I-ASME B36.19m yindlela esemgangathweni yemibhobho yentsimbi engenasitayile, echaza imibhobho, unyamezelo, kunye neemfuno zokwenza imibhobho ye-weldided kunye engenamthungo.

I-Nickel Alo Alloty engama-400 kunye nemoni engama-400, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-N04400, yi-gucy ye-huckile-olwe-olwe-of thecker-esekwe kwi-nicker-thewores. I-Nickel Alo Allo of 400 yaziwa ngokuba yixhathiso lwayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya i-Alkalis (okanye i-AIDS), amanzi ityuwa, i-SULDFUORIC Acid, kunye ne-sulfuoric acid. Ukususela kwimowango engama-400 okanye i-Alod 400 yintsimbi ebibandayo esetyenzisiweyo, eli alloy linobuqili obukhulu, ukuqina kunye namandla. Ngokubanda ukusebenza kwe-ASTM B164 I-N04400 i-Bar ye-N04400, i-alloy iphantsi kwamanqanaba aphezulu oxinzelelo loomatshini, onokuthi ubangela utshintsho kulwakhiwo luka-Abrey.

I-Din 912 HEX yeSoket ye-cap cap
I-alloy synges
I-Dotelloy C2000 ifumaneka kubungakanani beempawu kunye nobungqingili, olu hlobo lwe-nickel-chromium-molybdenum ludume ngamandla alo oluphangaleleyo kunye nokungaxhathisi.
Iipleyiti zensimbi kunye namashiti kunye neekopi

Kuyakwazi ukumelana nodidi olubanzi lweekhemikhali ze-oxiding kunye nokungabi nakuphathelele ukuchasana nokuchasana nokuhlaselwa kunye nokuhlaselwa kwe-ravice phambi kobukho be-chloride kunye nezinye iindlela zokuhamba.

I-316l 1.4401 S31601 i-Stainess yentsimbi yindlela yokhetho lombhobho kunye nomoya oqinileyo oqhelekileyo oqhele ukusetyenziswa kwoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ezivela kwimizi-mveliso nezorhwebo. Le phuli ye-SS3603 yenziwe kumgangatho ophezulu we-316l yentsimbi enyaweni ngokuchasene ne-oxidation kunye ne-staining yendawo enobunzima okanye iZicelo eziPhakamileyo.

I-310s emnyama kwimo yentsimbi ye-hexagon ye-hexagon ye-shecket ye-ASTM ye-310s hexagon solket yentloko yentloko

I-Stainess yentsimbi
Izinto eziphambili kuma-304 yi-chromium ne-nickel, enika ukumelana nokunganyangeki. Inomchasi wobukumkani obulungileyo, yi-ductile kunye ne-ductile, kwaye inesifo esihle. Isakhiwo se-Austitic sivumela umzobo onzulu ngaphandle kokuthintelwa.

Imoral 400 okanye ikwabizwa ngokuba yiNickel-Popper 400 sisisombululo esomeleleyo esabela ukuba sisixhobo esiphezulu esinokusetyenziswa ngaphezulu koluhlu lobushushu obubanzi. Ikwanokuchasana nokuxhaphaza okugqwesileyo kwaye ineezicelo kwiindawo ezininzi kwi-marine kunye nokuqhubekeka kwamachiza. Isetyenziswa kwizicelo ezinjengeevalve, iimpompo, iitanki zamanzi amatsha kunye ne-shafters yomthengisi.

I-SCH40 ye-SCH40 ye-SCHE4000 ichongwe njengenombolo ye-Werkstof 2.4360 kwaye ingabi-nye N04400. I-Allow Gipe eyaziwa ngokuba yimodeli ye-nol-500, imodeli engama-400 yemodeli kunye ne-nickel alloy 400.

I-Intloy 800H Fonger Sinombala oqinileyo weshishini ngokuvelisa ukuqaqamba okusemgangathweni weentlobo ezahlukeneyo eziza kulungela iimfuno zabaxumi bethu. Senza i-flaves engathandekiyo engama-800 enokuthenjwa kwaye iphezulu kumgangatho. Sisebenzisa izixhobo zeprimiyamu kunye noomatshini abaphambili bokuvelisa i-ASTM B564 AN08800 I-Acloy 800 Fufxees.

I-APOLD? I-600 lilungu lentsapho ye-intelnel ye-suupolisloys. Isiseko sobunjineli esemgangathweni, le nguqulelo ye-Vickel-chromium-chromium ye-chromium inomzimba ophezulu kunye nokuchasana nobushushu.

I-Super Dupplex 2507 ayinakomelezwa kukunyanga ubushushu. I-Aneing yenziwa nge-1920¡f - 2060¡in (1049¡các (1049¡các - 1127¡cãc), ilandelwa ngokupholisa ngokukhawuleza.

Imibhobho yokuqwalaselwa engenamthungo inomthamo ophakamileyo wokuthwala umthwalo kunye namandla amanye amabakala.

Imodeli engama-400 yemibhobho yezakhelo zeglasi yamehlo
Intsimbi engenasitali 316 libanga le-Austentitic lenzelwe nge-nickel entle kunye neChromium. Eli nqanaba linexabiso elincinci lesilicon, eliphucula ukumelana kwe-oxidon yemodyuli. Ngapha koko, intsimbi engenanto 1.4401 ihlala isetyenziswa kwimithombo yenkqubo equkethe izidlo zayo ezifana ne-chloride ngenxa yokumelana nokuchasana noko. Ukongezwa kwe-molybdenum ukuya kwi-stainess yentsimbi engama-316 ayikhange iphucule nje ukumelana ne-chloride pide inkcitho kodwa ikwasuswa ngokubanzi.

I-Deplex 2507 yintsimbi engenasiseko ebalaseleyo esenzelwe izicelo ezifuna amandla ahlukileyo kunye nokunganyangeki.

Imibhobho yentsimbi engama-316 iye yaba zizixhobo ezinokubonakala kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso. Olu lwabiwo lwesinyithi kunye ne-chrome ibonwa ngokunyangeka kwayo phezulu ekucocekeni, kunye nokuqina kwayo. I-316 ityhubhu yentsimbi engenasitali inokuveliswa kuzo zombini iityhubhu ezingenamthungo kunye ne-weldied ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zabathengi.

Ayisiyonga i-N06002 \ / distelloy x, i-HATERNOY C260, ASTLLONY C276, ASTLLLOY B1066

I-A240 yohlobo lwe-A240 ye-2205 ipleyiti ipleyiti yentsimbi engenasitali esetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo anjengokuqhubela phambili kwemichiza, ioyile kunye negesi. Iphepha le-SA 240 Gr 2205 yenziwe kwiBanga lama-2205 lentsimbi engenasibala, elindibaniselwano yentsimbi ye-ferric kunye ne-austentitic.

I-ASTM A320 Ibanga L7 I-L7 ISAHLUKO SESIQINISEKISO SESIQINISEKISO SE-STEL SET STELT yenkonzo yobushushu ephantsi. Lo mgangatho wokugubungela uqengqeleka, wenziwe, okanye ungqengqa, ii-bolts, isikali, ii-bols, ivalves, i-flaxes, iflethi, iflethi, i-flaxes, iflethi kunye nezixhobo.

I-ASTM A312 i-T36 yi-T316 luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lokufumana i-lamy, ethe tye-selded, kwaye ebandayo kakhulu e-Austeditic Stainess Stainess esetyenziswe kwiqondo lokuhlala eliphezulu kunye neenkonzo ngokubanzi zoncedo. Umbhobho wentsimbi wama-316 ongenamizi-mveliso yenziwa kwindibaniselwano ye-chromium, i-nickel, nase molybdenum, enika i-SS 316 ityhubhu ityhubhu inyangeka kakhulu ekucocekeni nasekucoceni.

I-UNOLL 718 yi-Nickel-Chromium-esekwe rhoqo kusetyenziswa izicelo zeqondo lobushushu ezinje nge-aerospace kunye neeturbines zegesi. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimveliso ye-ASTM B670 Iphepha le-718 yinkqubo yokuqengqeleka kweplate. Zimbini iintlobo eziphambili zeepleyiti ze-Indel ze-Polnel 718 ezikhoyo kwintengiso: ishushu eshushu kwaye ibanda ipleyiti.

I-Addlines 718 i-Adveners isetyenziswe kwiindawo ezivela--400o f (-250O c) ukuya kwi-1300O f (700O c). Izicelo eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya iinxalenye zerhasi yerhasi kunye neetanki zokugcina i-crygenic.

Ukuxinana kukaTitanium malunga ne-60% ye-Affel engenasitali kunye ne-neckel alloy, obu boyili bobunzima buyenza ukuba ifundwe kwizicelo ezizeleyo njengee-aerospace.

Intsimbi engenasitayile 317l RTJ Kanye njengokuba i-soket ye-shente ye-weld, i-SS 317 \ / 317l ye-Will Will Foonge inentanjeni ye-Beline ivele kunxibelelwano olungcono.
I-Dired R65 ANT93600
I-Duelplex yensimbi
Qhagamshelana nathi
IsiPhuthukezi
Yenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayo
Imivalo yentsimbi engenasimo kunye neentonga
I-A789 engaphakathi kwe-S31803 kwaye ayingabi-S32205 ityhubhu yethungo
I-pipe yentsimbi kunye netyhubhu
I-ASTM A234 Carbon Steel Bends
I-A420 WP L3 WP L6 LOBOW ASTM A420 WPPS6 Wile Deper
Ukuvelisa i-Asme esemgangathweni B36.10 Asme B36.66

I-Monel K-500 (N05500) yenziwa yintloko ebandayo kwaye ishushu itekhnoloji yokuqulunqwa kwe-Diemeter ye-Diameter ukusuka kwi-1 \ / 8¡ ± ¨C M80). Inokuba kuzo zombini i-USC \ / i-Imperial kunye ne-metric.
I-Dired R65 ANT93600
I-Duelplex yensimbi
Qhagamshelana nathi
IsiPhuthukezi
Yenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayo
Imivalo yentsimbi engenasimo kunye neentonga
I-A789 engaphakathi kwe-S31803 kwaye ayingabi-S32205 ityhubhu yethungo
I-pipe yentsimbi kunye netyhubhu
I-ASTM A234 Carbon Steel Bends
I-A420 WP L3 WP L6 LOBOW ASTM A420 WPPS6 Wile Deper
Ukuvelisa i-Asme esemgangathweni B36.10 Asme B36.41

I-Dotelloy iplate indawo yeprojekthi
Intsimbi engenasitali 316 libanga le-Austentitic lenzelwe nge-nickel entle kunye neChromium. Eli nqanaba linexabiso elincinci lesilicon, eliphucula ukumelana kwe-oxidon yemodyuli. Ngapha koko, intsimbi engenanto 1.4401 ihlala isetyenziswa kwimithombo yenkqubo equkethe izidlo zayo ezifana ne-chloride ngenxa yokumelana nokuchasana noko. Ukongezwa kwe-molybdenum ukuya kwi-stainess yentsimbi engama-316 ayikhange iphucule nje ukumelana ne-chloride pide inkcitho kodwa ikwasuswa ngokubanzi.

Ibonisa ukunganyangeki okuhle kunye nokucutha iindawo ezinqabileyo. Eli babele le ladala itayitile yesidima, ifilimu yokukhusela engaphumi, kodwa igcina ukunganyangeki okukhulu kwe-oxidation Ekunyangeni ekuhlaleni.

Ukongeza kwi-oxidation, isinyithi sikwanyangeka imiphumo yokuxakeka. Njengohlobo lwentsimbi engenalo i-Austitoitic, eli alloty linobushushu obuthile, kodwa lunokufumana ukwahluka komxholo wekhabhoni.

I-A335 P12 yezinto eziphathekayo ibandakanya i-carbon ukuya kwi-0.05 ¨c 0.15, i-manganese ukuya kwi-0.30, i-phosfur i-0.51 ,.2.61.65.65. Lensilo iya kuhlangabezana nobume bekhemikhali obuthile, iipropathi zentembo kunye neemfuno ezinzima.

Iipayipi ezingama-254 zinokumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwendlela kunye ne-Alloty i-254 ye-pump ye-pump yoxinzelelo kwiqondo lobushushu kunye nezixhobo.

Le monded yemibhobho engama-400 inamandla aphezulu kunye nobunzima ngaphezulu kodidi lobushushu olubanzi kwaye luye lubandakanyeka kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi zoncedo.

Ngeenjongo zemveliso, kwiindlela zemibhobho zihlala kufuneka sitshintshe indlela yokuhambisa; Lungisa ulwelo (ioyile kunye negesi, amanzi, amanzi, amanzi aqhumayo; Vula okanye uvale imibhobho, njl njl. Njl.
I-Asme sb 622 ayi-n10276 i-fube i-tube kunye ne-Aloby C276 i-Tubing yeThemba
I-Allod A320 L7 L7 L7 I-W7m ye-W70m ihlala isetyenziselwa ivalves flonges flonges kunye neenqanawa zoxinzelelo
I-Nickel esekwe kwi-800 ye-hexagonal yombhobho owaziwayo ukuba uxhathise kakuhle ukungangqinelani. Ngokukhethekileyo ukuthetha, umbhobho we-play 800 unika ukumelana ngokwaneleyo ngokuchasene ne-carbring kunye ne-corosion ye-oxivide.
Hindi

I-ASTM A234 WPB ye-A234 WPB i-A234 WPB ihambelana ne-ASTE B16.9.Carbon Steef Pie ye-ASMT A234 zihlala zifakwe kwi-ASMT A234 zihlala zinikezelwa kwi-Asme B16.9 okanye i-ASME B16.49.

Umgangatho olungileyo 2.4360 Aloty 400 Imodeli ye-400 yeflethi yeflethi njenge-din125 - Zhengzhou Huitong Izixhobo

Oku kunika ukumelana nokuxhathisa kakhulu kwi-sulfuric acid. Ikwanomxholo ophezulu weChromium, ukukhulisa ukumelana kwayo ekuxhaseni iikhemikhasi kunye nemijelo yenkqubo engcoliseka nge-ferric ion kunye neoksijini echithileyo.

Ukuze udlulisele umbhobho, kuyimfuneko ukususa i-hose ethe tye ngombhobho. Xa usebenzisa imibhobho eyahlukeneyo, kufuneka isetyenziswe ngemibhobho eyahlukeneyo. Xa kusetyenziswa umbhobho, i-elbow kufuneka isetyenziselwe ukutshintsha ubungakanani bombhobho. Xa ukubhabha, umbhobho weendlela ezintathu kusetyenziswa xa i-pipeling eyahlukeneyo ye-pipeling kunye nokwanda kokuhamba kwexesha elide kunye nokwandiswa komgangatho obandayo kunye nolwandiso olubi kakhulu kunye nolwandiso olubandayo olusetyenziselwa ukunxibelelana nombhobho. , Ekuqhagamsheleni nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo, kukho i-quadriday kunye neeplagi zesigaba sesixhobo.

I-S32750 S32760 Super Dupplex ye-Staines yentsimbi kunye ne-Pipes egqwesileyo yaseKhaya

I-Dotelloy C-276 yi-Nickel-chromium-molybdenum nolwalelo lweNdawo yeRosupel Universet engafaniyo nakweliphi na isabelo. Inokuchasana obalaseleyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo yenkqubo yemichiza kubandakanya i-fricric kunye ne-cherric acids, i-orlorine kunye ne-orlorine kunye ne-orlorine kunye ne-orloric atic, amanzi olwandle kunye ne-chriclorite kunye ne-chlorine dioxide yezisombululo. I-Alloy C276 ikwanokuthintela ukwenziwa komda wokudla okuziinkozo kumda we-weld oxhaphakileyo owenza ukuba iluncedo kwiinkqubo zekhemikhali zeldal. Ilunyange ngokugculela ngokugqwesileyo ekuthandeni nasekunyanzeliseni uxinzelelo.

I-Allol Allol Allol Allol Allol Allol Allol Allol Allol Allol Allol Allol Allol -77718 \ / w.nr. Ifanelekile ukusetyenziswa kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kwaye emoyeni ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1300 F. I-alloy kulula ukusebenza kwaye inokuba yiminyaka yobudala.

Eli nqanaba lokusetyenziswa lisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa ukuze kusetyenziswe kwi-piiding yenqanawa kunye nenkonzo yoxinzelelo kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi. Kwakhona, le nto efanelekileyo iyafumaneka ngeendlela ezimbini edledd kunye nezingenamthungo.