Thenga intsimbi engenasitali i-254 susa imibhobho ye-welday kunye neempuku ezingama-254 zesikwere

Chwetheza "umbhobho wethupho
Iiflethi ezingama-254 ze-254 zinketho ezifanelekileyo kwiindibano zobunjineli; Ingasetyenziswa kwiindibano zamandla aphezulu, imisebenzi yokwakha kunye nezinto zomatshini ezifanelekileyo. Oku khuthaza i-ifutha kunye neenyembezi kwintshukumo ye-torques ephezulu, ixhaphake kumatshini ophezulu kumatshini.

Ezi zityholo zombhobho wentsimbi engenasinyithi zinokuchasa kakhulu kunye nokuchaneka kokuchaneka kunye noxinzelelo olusondeleyo. Uluhlu lwethu lwezinto zombhobho zibandakanya i-WOBT ye-WOTT ye-Wood ye-Wood kunye neSixhobo sokuSebenza sinikezelwa ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo, sikwabonelela ngezezisiko ngokweemfuno zabaxumi.

I-Carbon Steel Flange Won Flange RF B16.5 Class 300 Flange 600 Flange
I-ASME B36.19m yindlela esemgangathweni yemibhobho yentsimbi engenasitayile, echaza imibhobho, unyamezelo, kunye neemfuno zokwenza imibhobho ye-weldided kunye engenamthungo.
I-Asme B36.19m i-staine engenasitayile

I-Alloty 800 yeNtloko ye-Woody
I-alloy synges
Ukuxinana kukaTitanium malunga ne-60% ye-Affel engenasitali kunye ne-neckel alloy, obu boyili bobunzima buyenza ukuba ifundwe kwizicelo ezizeleyo njengee-aerospace.
I-Dotelloy G30 iNcokeli Alkel Bar

Amandla okuvelisa ama-2205 amalunga nentsimbi ye-austicoitic engapheliyo. Oku kuvumela abaqulunqi ukuba banciphise ubunzima kwaye benze ukuba ukhuphiswano lwexabiso elingaphezulu lwexabiso lokuthelekiswa ne-316l okanye i-317l.

I-ASTM A105 Inkcazo inokubandakanya amabakala ahlukeneyo ezinzuzo zentsimbi ezenziweyo. Iflethi ye-carbon yentsimbi kwaye yenzelwe iinkonzo zobushushu obuphezulu

Imodeli ye-k500 ibandayo isebenza ngaphambi kokuqalisa. Amandla okutyala azinzile kwi-1200 degrees Fahrenheit. Apha, ngeli qondo, iba yinto engakumbi, ukuba neengxaki ezinokubakho nge-400 degrees Fahrees. Amandla aphezulu kunye nobunzima emva kokufakwa phambili xa kuthelekiswa nama-400. Ngenxa yeengenelo zalo ezininzi, monel K500 i-ASTM isetyenziswe kuluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini.

I-Intloy 800h inoluhlu lwekhabhoni ethintelweyo kwi-0.05 ukuya kwi-0.10%, ekwindawo ephezulu ye-800, kwaye ikwi-1149 ukuya kwi-1177OC (i-Adloc 800 iye kutonwa kwi-983OC). Lo mahluko ubonakalisa ukuba unokuba noxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye neepropathi ze-cerpries kune-Intloy 800.

Intsimbi engenasimo yi-alloy yentsimbi ene-10.5% ye-chromium ye-10.5%. Ukwabelana ngezinto ezinjengeNickel, i-molybdenum, i-titanium, ikharbon, initrogen, kunye nobhedu, kunye nezinye iipropathi ezingenasinyithi. Izabelo ezahlukeneyo zinika amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okumelana nokungakhathali.

An NT08367 kwakhona kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-alloy al6xn yikharbon ephantsi, ukucoceka okuphezulu, i-nitrogen-i-itrogen-molybdenum ye-pirden ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-piloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-piloride ye-chloride ye-chloride inkcitho kunye ne-cravice incade.

I-ASTM B564 I-NOTEL LEALDY ALTESS E-200 I-ENCEADS I-NECKLE FLULE 200 Ihlala ihleli, iyazinza kakuhle, kwaye inesigqibo esihle. Ngaphezu koko, i-ASTM B564 i-N064 i-H02200 iflethi inganyangeki ukuba iyoliswa kwiindawo ezingathathi hlangothi, ezenza bagqibelele ukuze basebenzise izixhobo zokuphatha ukutya.

Imibhobho yentsimbi engama-316 iye yaba zizixhobo ezinokubonakala kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso. Olu lwabiwo lwesinyithi kunye ne-chrome ibonwa ngokunyangeka kwayo phezulu ekucocekeni, kunye nokuqina kwayo. I-316 ityhubhu yentsimbi engenasitali inokuveliswa kuzo zombini iityhubhu ezingenamthungo kunye ne-weldied ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zabathengi.

I-Dotelloy C2000 ifumaneka kubungakanani beempawu kunye nobungqingili, olu hlobo lwe-nickel-chromium-molybdenum ludume ngamandla alo oluphangaleleyo kunye nokungaxhathisi.

I-Dotelloy C276 iphepha kunye nepleyiti kwi-haily ye-halli enganyangekiyo. Inika ukumelana ngokugqwesileyo kuxinzelelo lokungabinamkhetha kwiindawo zobushushu obuphezulu kakhulu; Amandla awo aphezulu aphezulu anika uzinzo olugqithisileyo.

I-316 kwaye i-316l ipleyiti kunye neetyhubhu zinezinto eziqhelekileyo kwaye zihlala ziqinisekisiwe, eziqinisekisa ukuba zombini zinepropathi kunye neendlela ezihambelana nazo zombini iintlobo zentsimbi. Imodeli 316H yayikhutshelwa ngaphandle koku kuba, ngokungafaniyo ne-316 ne-316l, i-316h yenzelwe ukuba isebenze kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu esebenza.

I-al6xn yintsimbi ye-suprausitic ye-scainess engaqhelekanga ngokuchasene ne-chloride pide, i-crevice yosulelo kunye noxinzelelo lokungasebenzi. I-al6xn yi-6 ye-for moray eyaphuhliswa kwaye isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinomsindo. Ine-nickel ephezulu (i-24%), i-molybdenum (6.3%), iziqulatho ze-nitrogen kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chiromium kunye ne-chloride publity, kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-chloride. I-al6xn isetyenziselwa ngokuyintloko iphuculwe i-wirvice yokungakhathali kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-cravice kwi-chlolor. Yintsimbi engenasimo sengqondo esisebenzayo neliyisinga.

I-Asme Sb564 Alloty engama-400 ipleyiti i-monenges monel 400 N04400 i-orifice i-foull i-folles engama-400 ibonisa ubungqina obunobushushu obugqwesileyo. Kwelinye icala, iipropathi ezifana namandla kunye nobunzima bemoni yemogaqo engama-400 ye-quange incitshisiwe kancinci ngokubhekisele kwezinye iipropathi ezinje ngokuchaseneyo okanye ukumelana nefuthe.

I-ASTM A105 Inkcazo inokubandakanya amabakala ahlukeneyo ezinzuzo zentsimbi ezenziweyo. Iflethi ye-carbon yentsimbi kwaye yenzelwe iinkonzo zobushushu obuphezulu

I-chromium ephezulu, i-molybdenum kunye ne-nitrogen yeziphumo zokuchasana ne-pittiverance inombolo elinganayo (i-PREN) ye-40, ibonelela ngeqondo leendaba elingaphezulu kunye ne-durevice yokungaziphathi kakuhle kunye ne-durexice yokungaziphathi kakuhle, kwaye inobushushu obuqiqileyo ngaphezulu kwe-50¡c.

I-pired pume ye-pied (i-sokisi ye-SOCTE kwaye ixutywe) zenziwa ngokungqinelana ne-Asme B 16.11, i-MSS-SSS-SP-78 \ / 97 \ / 97 \ / 97 \ / 97 \ / 97 \ / 97 \ / 97 \ / 97 \ / 97 \ / 97 \ / 97 \ / 97 ze-BS3799

I-Nin Alloy 36, W.nr 1.3912, ugqirha we-36 ® yi-nickel-intsimbi enolwandiso olune-36% ye-nickel, i-chacelin enolwandiso olunama-36% kwaye inesitayile se-therble yentsimbi.
I-titanium tyung yamandla aphezulu kunye noxinano olusezantsi

I-Dupex 2205 yindawo ephuculweyo ye-dupplex engasebenziyo eyenzelwe ukucombulula iingxaki eziqhelekileyo ukudibana nezitho ezi-300 ezingenazitapile ezingenasiseko. "I-DUPHEX" ichaza usapho lwezitho ngezigadi ezingathandekiyo (ezinje ngentsimbi engama-304) okanye i-304 yentsimbi) okanye i-ferrictic engacocekanga (njengentsimbi engama-430).

A789 ASTR3803 kwaye angabi-S32205 ngamabakala amabini e-upplex engasetyenziswanga ngokubanzi kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso. Ezi pumplex ze-duplex s31803 zaziwa ngokuchasene nokunganyangekala kwabo okuhle, amandla aphezulu, kunye nokwanela kakuhle. I-A789 yinkcazo egubungela iityhubhu ezingenamthungo nezinebhulethi ezenziwe ngentsimbi engenasibala.

Ezona ntlobo zentsimbi ezixhaphakileyo ezingenamanzi kumzi-mveliso wamanzi zizi-304 ne-316 intsimbi engenasibala. I-304 yamanzi entsimbi yentsimbi yamanzi amanzi amanxuwa ngamaxesha ama-2 awombhobho oqhelekileyo. Amandla esixhobo esimiselweyo ukuba umbhobho wamanzi unokuba womelele kwaye uhlale uqinile, ukhuselekile kwaye uthembekile.

I-Nickel-calper-esekwe kwimodeli engama-400 ye-400 ye-2.4360 ukubanda irhabaxa ingenalo i-chloride enxulumene nokubhloka kwe-chlorive yoxinzelelo xa ityhilwe kwimithombo yoxinzelelo. Imoral 400 i-copper kunye ne-nickel ye-nealy esule namhlanje ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo ephezulu. I-alloy ine-acid egqwesileyo kunye ne-alkali. Ukongeza, inamandla amanye amanye amanxuwa, ukuqhutywa kwengqondo okuphezulu, kwaye kunokuba nzima ngumsebenzi obandayo. Ukongeza, inokusetyenziswa kwizicelo ezinamaqondo obushushu asusela kwi-thamo ukuya kwi-538 degrees Celsius.

Uvavanyo olunye lwengqumbo luya kwenziwa kubushushu ngasinye se-ASTM A182 F51 FAUNS. Iseti enye ye-chardy yee-charpy v-itch ye-notch iya kwenziwa kubushushu bemveliso nganye.

I-DIN127 34.344443434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343434343413

I-Presemas 36 ® yi-nickel-iron, isabelo esisezantsi esine-36% uNickel, uGeser 36 unelungelo lobushushu baseSrygenic ukuya malunga ne + 500 ° F (i-260 ° C).

Olu luhlu lwezinto ezibonakalayo lubandakanya amaBanga 2205, F51, F53, no-F60. I-Dubplex engaqhelekanga inyukile kwiminyaka edlulileyo ngenxa yeepropathi zayo ezilungileyo zekhemikhali kunye noomatshini ngokuchasene namalungu abo angenasiseko, onikezwe ngokukodwa njengoko ubukho banda.

I-Dotelloy C2000 Iityhubhu zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini kubandakanya ukuqhubekeka, izixhobo zokuqhubela kwemichiza, i-oyile kunye nezityalo zamandla.

I-HT PIP inomenzi ovunyiweyo oqinisekisiweyo woluhlu olupheleleyo lwensimbi yentsimbi ye-304 \ / i-304l ye-piet, i-ss 304 i-STE, i-SS 304 i-STUB iphela kunye ne-STUB iphela.

Isabelo-lelaza-e-Iron-Counckel-Cobarty-Cobart, Yiba ne-Navar Alflic, ube nolwandiso lolwandiso lwe-thermar of thermar olinganayo neglasi yeglasi

I-Attelloy enganyangekiyo i-Corrosion isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngamashishini okuqhuba iikhemikhali. Isidingo sentsebenzo esinokuthenjwa sikhokelela ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kweenkalo zamandla, ezempilo kunye nokusingqongileyo, ioyile kunye negesi, amayeza kunye neflimu yegesi.

Intsimbi engenasinqwazi 304 Esona sixhobo senye yezona ntlobo zisetyenziswayo zisetyenziswayo zemibhobho yehlabathi kwihlabathi liphela.

The material has carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium in its composition. Kuba ezinye izinto zingaphantsi kwe-1% yokwakhiwa, ezi zibizwa ngokuba zii-carbon steels. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezinjenge-SA105n Flonge i-flonge isetyenziselwa ukuvala umgca ovuthiweyo.

I-SCH40 ye-SCH40 ye-SCHE4000 ichongwe njengenombolo ye-Werkstof 2.4360 kwaye ingabi-nye N04400. I-Allow Gipe eyaziwa ngokuba yimodeli ye-nol-500, imodeli engama-400 yemodeli kunye ne-nickel alloy 400.

Sinikezela ngeemveliso ezinjengeentsimbi zentsimbi ezingama-347 kumabakala ohlukeneyo ukusebenza ngentsebenzo elungileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kombane kwizicelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kulo naliphi na icandelo okanye ishishini. I-Alloy 347h Shedhes (Din 1.4961 I-SHISH) I-STEINS) I-STEINS STERE YOBUCHULE I-STERHERORY STARY YOKUGQIBELA YENDLELA YOKUZIPHATHA NGOKUGQIBELA KWI-CRROMID YOKUGQIBELA YOKUGQIBELA YABASEBENZI BENKONZO YABASEKHAYA.

Imibhobho yokuqwalaselwa engenamthungo inomthamo ophakamileyo wokuthwala umthwalo kunye namandla amanye amabakala.

Iflethi ikwanazo iipropathi zamandla amahle. Ubuncinci bokuvelisa isivuno seflenes yi-250MPA kunye namandla amancinci amancinci yi-485MPA. Izinto ezibonakalayo zikwanzima nenqaku elinobuqili lweBrinell le-187.

Izibonelelo zokusebenzisa i-2.4360 (i-Allody 400) Iibhanti zibandakanya amandla abo aphezulu kunye nokungaxhathisi. Iipropathi ze-ASTM F467 400 yemoda igcinwa kuluhlu olubanzi lweemeko ze-acidic kunye ne-alkaline. I-Alloty engama-400 yeeBolts zilungele ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi.

Ngenxa yokuba i-alloy inendibaniselwano entle yokwanela impilo elungileyo kunye namandla aphezulu e-thensile phantsi kweemeko zobushushu eziphantsi kwemeko yobushushu, i-thell 600 iflonge ithathwa njengempahla kunye ne-pulp kunye nephepha lokulungisa lekhemikhali kunye nokutya.
I-Intloy 800H Flonge
www.htpipe.es
Ityhubhu ye-weldied
JCOPIP.com
dupplex 2205 yombhobho
Iibhayini zensimbi ye-carbon kunye neerowu
I-A182 F316l ye-chromium ye-chromium ye-ALTEY
Imivalo yensimbi kunye neentonga
\ / 5 ngokusekwe
I-S31803 iDulex2205 yentsimbi yentsimbi yentsimbi ye-Wiren125
I-ASTM B564 i-NCECK ALTEY
Ansi B16.5 Allod C2000 Ukunciphisa iflethi kwihlabathi liphela
I-stainess yentsimbi kunye netyhubhu

Oku kunika ukumelana nokuxhathisa kakhulu kwi-sulfuric acid. Ikwanomxholo ophezulu weChromium, ukukhulisa ukumelana kwayo ekuxhaseni iikhemikhasi kunye nemijelo yenkqubo engcoliseka nge-ferric ion kunye neoksijini echithileyo.

Chwetheza intsimbi ye-316 i-stainess yintsimbi ye-chromitic ye-chromitic-i-nickel yentsimbi kunye nentsimbi engekho mthethweni enokuyichasa i-chromiyas-nickel xa ityhilwa njengeentlobo zolwandle, izisombululo zeBrine, njl.

I-A240 yohlobo lwe-A240 ye-2205 ipleyiti ipleyiti yentsimbi engenasitali esetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo anjengokuqhubela phambili kwemichiza, ioyile kunye negesi. Iphepha le-SA 240 Gr 2205 yenziwe kwiBanga lama-2205 lentsimbi engenasibala, elindibaniselwano yentsimbi ye-ferric kunye ne-austentitic.

I-Intloy 800H Fonger Sinombala oqinileyo weshishini ngokuvelisa ukuqaqamba okusemgangathweni weentlobo ezahlukeneyo eziza kulungela iimfuno zabaxumi bethu. Senza i-flaves engathandekiyo engama-800 enokuthenjwa kwaye iphezulu kumgangatho. Sisebenzisa izixhobo zeprimiyamu kunye noomatshini abaphambili bokuvelisa i-ASTM B564 AN08800 I-Acloy 800 Fufxees.
I-Intloy 800H Flonge
www.htpipe.es
Ityhubhu ye-weldied
JCOPIP.com
dupplex 2205 yombhobho
Iibhayini zensimbi ye-carbon kunye neerowu
I-A182 F316l ye-chromium ye-chromium ye-ALTEY
Imivalo yensimbi kunye neentonga
\ / 5 ngokusekwe
I-S31803 iDulex2205 yentsimbi yentsimbi yentsimbi ye-Wiren125
I-N08367 ye-tube ye-tube ye-al6xn ye-welded welded

I-ASTM ASTE SB 164 I-MOLD 400 I-Big Bib Bar H04400 I-Nickel Alkel Bar

I-Nickel Alo Alloty engama-400 kunye nemoni engama-400, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-N04400, yi-gucy ye-huckile-olwe-olwe-of thecker-esekwe kwi-nicker-thewores. I-Nickel Alo Allo of 400 yaziwa ngokuba yixhathiso lwayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya i-Alkalis (okanye i-AIDS), amanzi ityuwa, i-SULDFUORIC Acid, kunye ne-sulfuoric acid. Ukususela kwimowango engama-400 okanye i-Alod 400 yintsimbi ebibandayo esetyenzisiweyo, eli alloy linobuqili obukhulu, ukuqina kunye namandla. Ngokubanda ukusebenza kwe-ASTM B164 I-N04400 i-Bar ye-N04400, i-alloy iphantsi kwamanqanaba aphezulu oxinzelelo loomatshini, onokuthi ubangela utshintsho kulwakhiwo luka-Abrey.

I-G30 ALTY inokunqanda ukwenziwa komda wobushushu kubushushu bendawo ye-welding, ngoko ke iimveliso zayo ze-Welding zilungele izicelo ezahlukeneyo zobunjineli bonyango.

I-ASTM A860 MSSS5 WPHY I-52 I-SPECY IBALASHIWEYO IBALASHI 52 I-MPOR MPHI 52 I-MVY IBAKALA 52 I-ASTM A860 WPHY Ibanga I-52 ingono.

I-ASTM A479 I-DUPENEX yentsimbi ye-1.4462 i-Subled i-SCC ixhathise i-SCC ebalaseleyo kwizicelo ezininzi ezifana neetanki zamanzi ashushu, iitanki zokuqhekeza, izityalo zokuchitha kunye nezityalo zokuchitha kunye nezityalo zokuchitha. Ke ngoko, i-ASTM A479 i-A479 ye-dupplex yentsimbi yentsimbi i-S31803 ye-S31803 i-lock ye-lock ibonisa ubume be-ferric kunye ne-austititic.

Iityhubhu ezingama-600 ezingenamthungo ezingenamthungo zingama-N06600 kunye ne-ASTM B167 zenzelwa ukuba zixhase uxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu kwaye zize newaranti enkulu.

Yenzelwe i-Asme B16.36 ye-pumed ye-pumed money ye-pumes 400 N04400 i-orifice iflethi i-folles engama-400 ibonisa ubungqina obunobushushu obuphezulu. Kwelinye icala, iipropathi ezifana namandla kunye nobunzima bemoni yemogaqo engama-400 ye-quange incitshisiwe kancinci ngokubhekisele kwezinye iipropathi ezinje ngokuchaseneyo okanye ukumelana nefuthe.

I-Nickel 200 flanges i-Nickel Fuffes ezingama-200 iqine, izinzile, kwaye inesigqibo esihle. Ngaphezu koko, i-ASTM B564 i-N064 i-H02200 iflethi inganyangeki ukuba iyoliswa kwiindawo ezingathathi hlangothi, ezenza bagqibelele ukuze basebenzise izixhobo zokuphatha ukutya.

Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-oyile yeoyile ye-oli

Le nto i-nickel-molybdenum isetyenziswa phantsi kweemeko zokunciphisa i-carbon, i-silicon kunye nentsimbi kune-distelloy B (Alloy B). Izikrikhi ezenziweyo ezivela kuLafloy zikwabizwa ngokuba yi-N10665 yokuthabatha.
I-Stainess Shonges
www.htpipe.es
Ityhubhu ye-weldied
JCOPIP.com
dupplex 2205 yombhobho
Iibhayini zensimbi ye-carbon kunye neerowu
I-Zhengzhou Huitong Pidiel Guipeling Com., Ltd.
Imivalo yensimbi kunye neentonga
\ / 5 ngokusekwe

I-UNOLL 718 yi-Nickel-Chromium-esekwe rhoqo kusetyenziswa izicelo zeqondo lobushushu ezinje nge-aerospace kunye neeturbines zegesi. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimveliso ye-ASTM B670 Iphepha le-718 yinkqubo yokuqengqeleka kweplate. Zimbini iintlobo eziphambili zeepleyiti ze-Indel ze-Polnel 718 ezikhoyo kwintengiso: ishushu eshushu kwaye ibanda ipleyiti.

I-Dupex ihlala ifunyanwa ekupheliseni izixhobo zenqanawa kunye nezixhobo zoxinzelelo ezikwizixeko zasePort.

I-Alloty 800 Intamo ye-Wool Shounges Sinodumo olunamandla sinemveliso yokuvelisa ukuqaqamba okusemgangathweni weentlobo ezahlukeneyo eziya kuhambelana neemfuno zabaxumi bethu. Senza i-flaves engathandekiyo engama-800 enokuthenjwa kwaye iphezulu kumgangatho. Sisebenzisa izixhobo zeprimiyamu kunye noomatshini abaphambili bokuvelisa i-ASTM B564 AN08800 I-Acloy 800 Fufxees.
I-Intloy 800H Flonge
www.htpipe.es
Ityhubhu ye-weldied
JCOPIP.com
dupplex 2205 yombhobho
Iibhayini zensimbi ye-carbon kunye neerowu
I-A182 F316l ye-chromium ye-chromium ye-ALTEY
Imivalo yensimbi kunye neentonga
\ / 5 ngokusekwe
I-S31803 iDulex2205 yentsimbi yentsimbi yentsimbi ye-Wiren125
I-N08367 ye-tube ye-tube ye-al6xn ye-welded welded

I-carbon intsimbi ichazwa njengalo naliphi na intsimbi ngomxholo wekhabhoni ongadluli kwi-2,1% ngobunzima. Njengoko umxholo wekhabhoni uyanda, ukuncipha kwentsimbi kuyayihla, kunye neebhanti ze-carbon steel ziye zanzima kwaye zanda kumandla emva konyango lobushushu.

Kuyakwazi ukumelana nodidi olubanzi lweekhemikhali ze-oxiding kunye nokungabi nakuphathelele ukuchasana nokuchasana nokuhlaselwa kunye nokuhlaselwa kwe-ravice phambi kobukho be-chloride kunye nezinye iindlela zokuhamba.