Titanium tubing mphamvu zazikulu ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono

Copper-nickel (cu-ni) Makina ophatikizika omwe amalumikiza mapaipi a mkuwa, Nickel Copy, Copper-Nickel Malawi Madzi Omwe Amateteza Madzi.

Chipata chosapanga dzimbiri 304 chitoliro cha 304l chitoliro chimapangidwa pakutsatira anyezi A403 ndi ANA B16.9

Amawoneka ngati chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zimachitika chitsulo chopanda dzimbiri chimadziwikanso ngati kalasi ya 18-8 yokhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a chromium ndi miboni yotsika. Kukhalapo kwa zomwe zili pansi mipweya mu Althor kumaletsa mapangidwe a carbidetion a caripside pa nthawi yotsegula ndikuchepetsa mawonekedwe a 304 osakhala ndi chilengedwe.

ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.

APL COME 6A kusapanga dzimbiri ndi mawonekedwe owala osakhazikika a Interseel 718
Zithunzi za Intellel 718 zimakhala ndi katundu wabwino kwambiri, sianthu omwe sakuwonetsa maginito, ndikuwonetsa kuphatikiza kofunikira kwabwino kwambiri komanso mphamvu kwambiri pamagetsi osiyanasiyana.
Monl 400 chitoliro cha mafelemu a magalasi magalasi

Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina

Thufu losapanga dzimbiri 304 limapereka kuphatikiza kwabwino kwa mphamvu ndi kuwononga zachilengedwe m'makhalidwe ena ambiri kuposa malo am'mimba. Ngati ntchito yanu ili m'malo oyambira, sankhani zitsulo 316.

SS 304l Square Bar ili ndi gawo losokoneza lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndikukonzanso. Ndi gawo la gawo lathu lopepuka komanso loti lidzakonzedwanso, ndikupanga kukhala koyenera ma projekiti a malonda.

Nkhaniyi imalimbana ndi chlorides ndi acidis kuti kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kuli mu ma acid pokonza, mankhwala, madzi am'madzi ndi mapulogalamu am'madzi.

Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri, pomwe kukana kwa oxidation ndi carburis amafunikira. Kuti muchepetse kupsinjika kwa kupsinjika, kapena kuti musunthire hitsel rasse pamwamba pa 815¡cãc, ecoloy 800h kapena incloy 800ht iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.

Wheston 52 chitoliro cha chitoliro chapangidwa monga momwe pa la SS SP 75 idzapangidwira kutentha. Tipereka gawo lamphamvu kwambiri la makonda a Ism A860 Whiteers, mankhwala, makina opaka makina, ndi ena ambiri.

Chingwe chimakhala chokwera, milomo kapena rim, kunja kwa zakunja kapena mkati, zomwe zimathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu (monga mtengo wamtambo kapena t-bat); Kuti mulumikizidwe mosavuta \ / kusamutsa kwa kulumikizana ndi chinthu china (monga chowala kumapeto kwa chitoliro, scal cylinder, etc., kapena pamunda wa mandala); kapena pokhazikitsa ndikuwongolera mayendedwe a makina kapena mbali zake (monga tambala mkati mwagalimoto kapena gudumu la tram, zomwe zimapangitsa mawilo kuti asamayendetse njanji). Mawu akuti "Flange" imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito chopanga ma flanges.

Pamene mapaipi ambiri samatha kusintha malekezero a kupukusa, chitoliro cha chitoliro nthawi zambiri chimakhala chosavuta kukhazikitsa njira zogwiritsira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira, zolumikizira, kapena njira zina zolumikizira.

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Chromium yapamwamba, molybdenum ndi nayitrogeni imapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino kwambiri (zomwe zingachitike) zitsulo zokongoletsera ndi zotupa zosapanga dzimbiri, komanso kutentha kotsika kwambiri kuposa 50¡c.

Cholumikizira chopondera chimapangidwa ndi zitatu zolekanitsidwa komanso kudziyimira pawokha ngakhale zigawo zikuluzikulu; Makoma, ma gaskets, ndi oboola; omwe amasonkhana ndi zikopa zina, zoyenera. Zowongolera zapadera zimafunikira pakusankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi cholumikizira, zomwe zili ndi zotayira zotayirira.

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Mapaipi osiyanasiyana osapanga dzimbiri amapezeka m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Izi zimatanthauzira makoma a makulidwe a chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

ASTM B564 SIMPRAN K08810 Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

TP 304l chitoliro cha chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Chitsulo cha caputor
Imatha kupirira mankhwala osiyanasiyana osakhazikika komanso osasinthasintha, ndikuwonetsa kukana kwakukulu ndikumenya ndi Crevice pamaso pa chlorides ndi ma halides ena.
Masamba achitsulo & ma sheet & coils

304 Nphwemba zopondapondazikulu zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zinthu wamba komanso zodziwika bwino muzogwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri zamakampani zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka ndi oxidation. Nyansiweli iyi ya S30400 imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera ndi njira, zomwe zikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi olondola komanso odalirika.

Intelsel Alloy imapangidwa mwapadera kugwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndipo kumatha kukhala kutentha kwa 2000 mpaka kutentha kwa 2000. Zolemba zapamwamba za Nickel zimawonjezera mtundu wake womwe umakhala ngati ukukhala kuti muchepetse kugwetsa chilengedwe, kukana kuwonongeka ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe. Chifukwa cha nickel alloy in in inval 600 kukana kwa chloride kupsinjika kutchire komanso kukana ma acid ambiri.

Alon 400 alloy ali ndi zida zabwino kwambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti otchuka mu zoumba za chito. Zovala za Morel 400 zimatha kugwira ntchito kwambiri. Ndilo cholocha cha nickel ndi mkuwa, ndi chitsulo chochepa, manganese, kaboni, ndi silicon. Kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala kwa Aloy 400 chitoliro chimabweretsa mphamvu zake zazikulu. Wopanga zolimbitsa thupi mwapadera ku India zimangoyang'ana kwambiri zopanga chitoliro choterechi chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana - kukana kwake kwa asidi ndi alkalis ndiye chifukwa chachikulu pambuyo pake. The Aloy 400 Budweld Elleborn nawonso ali ndi maubwino abwino, kutentha, ndipo amatha kuumitsidwa ndi kuzizira.

Chitsulo chachitsulo chimagawidwa m'magulu awiri: chitsulo chachikulu komanso chitsulo chotsika. Makina otsika alloy opangidwa mwapadera, mbali inayo, imakhala ndi 0,05 ¨C 0,25% kaboni mpaka 2.0% manganese.
ASTM B407 SIMIS N08800 Sylloy 800 Spellise paipe

FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.

Asme B36.19M ndiye wofanana ndendende ndi mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwake, kulolerana, ndi zomwe amapanga maenda owala komanso osaka.

Flanger Flange Pali magulu osiyanasiyana ngati kalasi 150, 300 mpaka 2500 ndi PN6 kudzera pa PN64. Gulu la A105 Flange 300 ndi pansi pet¡¯t amafunika kutentha mankhwala pomwe magulu apamwamba amatha kutentha.

Pofuna kufafanizira mapaipi, ndikofunikira kuchotsa payipi yolunjika pa mapaipi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma piipelines osiyanasiyana, mapaipi osiyanasiyana ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene mapaipiwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito, chikopa chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha kukula kwa mapaipi. Mukamacheza, chipika chanjira zitatu chowonekacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira cholumikizira, kuti chikhazikitse chipani cholumikizirana kapena kukula kwa nthawi yayitali komanso cholumikizira cholumikizira cha mapaipi. , Pakulumikizana ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, palinso zolumikizira ndi mapulagini a gawo la chida.

FOSTELOLELOY X IPIpe Bend ndikulimbikitsidwa makamaka kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pamapulogalamu a ntchentche chifukwa chovuta kwa oxidizing, kuchepetsa, komanso osalowerera ndale.

N04400 But But Repettings ali kukana ku chloride itayatsidwa kusokonekera. Amatchedwanso kuti wnr 2,466 Stuogends, osawoneka bwino owoneka bwino pachifuwa, fumbi la weldded stald chitoliro, ndi zina zambiri.

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Zosapanga dzimbiri za 904l zimakhala ndi zosakaniza zambiri zotsika mtengo, monga molybdenum ndi nickel. Masiku ano, mapulogalamu ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito grade 904l amasinthidwa ndi dothi lotsika mtengo wa Dupx 2205.
Chitchaina (chosavuta)
Haiti Creole
htsspipe.com
Chitsulo chachitsulo
Kurdish (Kurmanji)
Opangidwa Mapeto, Mapeto Omveka "
Masamba osapanga dzimbiri & ma sheets & coils
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
KOR8367 SUMFY SUBE AL6XN WOPHUNZITSIRA
FOSTELOOY PIP TUBE B2 B3 X C22 C2000 C276 SMSS yodya chitoliro chachitsulo
310s 24 "Dimean Wopanda Chitsulo Chosapanga Chipato

Sch40 Monol 400 chitoliro chimasankhidwa kukhala nambala ya Werkstoff 2.4360 ndi N04400. Chipika 400 chimadziwikanso kuti Monil Anoy chitoliro cha 400, Monl 400 Pipe & Nickel Chitoliro 400.

Kaya opangidwa kukhala Asoni, asme kapena miyambo, zopondera ndizofunikira pakupanga, zofunikira ndi mafakitale padziko lonse lapansi.

Incluloy Anoy 800 ndi chovomerezeka cha nickel, chitsulo ndi chromium. The Alloy amatha kukhala wokhazikika komanso kusungitsa mawonekedwe ake pa nthawi yayitali akutulutsa kutentha kwambiri. Makhalidwe ena a AloY ndi mphamvu zabwino, komanso kukana kwambiri kukomoka, kuchepetsa ndi kuwongolera madera
Ma stage a K500 K500 ndi ndodo zokutidwa ndi ulusi mbali zonse ziwiri. Amatha kukhala amitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera ndi ulusi wa ulusi ndi ulusi. Nkhaniyi imalimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri komanso kukakamizidwa kwambiri. Ili ndi malo osungunula 1350 Celsius, wochepera mphamvu yochepa ya 7900mm ndi mphamvu zochepa za 1100mka. Makhalidwe awa ndi olimba kawiri ngati gawo 304.

Bolt ndi a Nickel-Stomium Inoy ndi mphamvu yabwino komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi carburization mu kutentha kwambiri madera. Intelsel 800ht Hexs ndi mphamvu yayikulu yolimba yankho la Ni-Fe-Fe-FROY omwe ali ndi magawo a C, Al, TI ndi mg ndi mg. Ma boti a Intelsel 800ht olemera amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana zomwe zikukhudzana ndi malo okhalamo ndi madzi ambiri, monga kutentha kwa kutentha kwa kutentha, zomera za nyukiliya ndi mphamvu zamapepala ndi mapepala.

Zopangidwa ndi zigawo zomwe zimapangidwira a ASM A182 monga 317l zosapanga chitsulo cha 317l zidapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha. Izi zikugwirizana zimatengera zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zomwe ma flanges awa amafunikira kutengera. Nthawi zambiri, zofanana ndi zochitika zambiri za Astm, anyezi A182 ziyenera kutengera njira zonse zamakina ndi zamankhwala komanso njira zoyeserera

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

Sae 304 Chitsulo chopanda dzimbiri ndiye chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zitsulo zimakhala ndi zonse ziwiri zachitsulo (pakati pa 18% ndi 20%) ndi nickel (pakati pa 8% ndi 10,5%). Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zimakhala zochepa zamagetsi komanso zomwe zimayambitsa thupi kuposa chitsuloboni. Ndi maginito, koma ochepa mphamvu kuposa chitsulo. Ili ndi chipongwe chachikulu kuposa chitsulo chokhazikika ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kupangika komwe kumapangidwira mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. [1]

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Incoloy 825 ndi alloy wofanana ndi nickel wofanana ndi alroy 20 m'madzi. Ili ndi kukana kokwanira kuwira a salfuric acid mpaka 40% mphamvu, 60% mphamvu pa 176Pã0, ndi 150¡f ku zovuta zonse.

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.

Incresel 625 ndi supertel-rocralloy. Miyezo yayikulu ya molybdenum ndi Niobium kulimbikitsa Chrome-nickel matrix a Alloy zomangira. Ma bols 625 ma bolts ndi othamanga opangidwa kuchokera ku alloy wopangidwa ndi Nickel omwe ali ndi chromium ndi molybdenum, ndi zowonjezera za aluminiyamu ndi titanium.

FSTEOLLOY C2000 ikupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtunduwu, mtundu uwu wa chromium-molybdenum aroyoy amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana.

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).

Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.
Chingwe chimakhala chachiwiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pambuyo potalika. Ma flanges amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolumikizira zolumikizira. Imapereka kusinthasintha kukonza. Flange imalumikiza chitoliro ndi zida ndi mavuvu osiyanasiyana. Kuledzera kumawonjezeredwa mu dongosolo lapaipi ngati kukonza pafupipafupi komwe kumafunikira pa ntchito yobzala.
Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

A403 wp304 chitoliro chimatha kuphatikizidwa mosavuta, zomwe zidalipo kungakhale pachiwopsezo cha intergran chiopsezo.

Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.

Nickel kutengera 800 inclooy chitoliro chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi kukana bwino kuwonongeka. Makamaka kuyankhula, chisumbulu 800 chitoliro chimapereka kukana mokwanira zotsutsana ndi ma carburization onse komanso oxidation kutukula.

ASMM A213 TP304, TP304L, TP316, TP316L, TP327, TP3427, TP3425, TP3425, S3125, S3126, NO8904

Kusintha kumapangidwa kuti uzipereka chitsulo cholumikizira komanso chowiritsa. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza micrestructuction yolosera yolosera za makina a chitsulo.

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.