Kupanga que b36.10 asme B36.22

Zolemba zapamwamba za molybdenum za Aloy 317l zimatsimikizira zazikulu kwambiri pokana kwambiri poyerekeza ndi 304 \ /54L ndi 316 \ /lll osapanga dzimbiri.

Chitoliro chachitsulo & chubu
Kutsutsa kuvunda kwa Samsozi wopanda pake ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa katemberero kaboni. Grass P91 ikunena za kapangidwe ka mankhwala a alloy. Chitsulo cha chromium-molybdenum, kapangidwe ka mankhwala a Astm A335 P91 Chipilala chachitsulo chimakhala ndi ma chromium ndi 1% molybdenum ndi vadium.

Pali Sa 182 F53 S32750 FRORESS FRORESS FLARDING MOTO NDI Khosi lowoneka bwino limagwedezeka mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ma flanges osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana.

Zovuta za chimbudzi za 34 SS ndiye gawo lalikulu la chubu chosapanga dzimbiri. Mitundu yogwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ya chitsulo imaphatikizapo chitsulo champhamvu komanso chachitsulo, chomwe chimapangidwa mokhazikika powonjezera chromium ndikupangidwa kudzera mu mankhwala otenthetsa kapena kuchitidwa. Mtundu

Cholumikizira chopondera chimapangidwa ndi zitatu zolekanitsidwa komanso kudziyimira pawokha ngakhale zigawo zikuluzikulu; Makoma, ma gaskets, ndi oboola; omwe amasonkhana ndi zikopa zina, zoyenera. Zowongolera zapadera zimafunikira pakusankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi cholumikizira, zomwe zili ndi zotayira zotayirira.

Mafakitale awa amadalira MSS SP75 WSHY 52 WATSIS PIPS ndi MSSP SP75 PRUAM SPRICE Oyenera chifukwa chitoliro choyenera kwambiri.

Mapaipi 254 amatha kupirira kupsinjika kwa makina opanga masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso aloy 254 osuma amagwira ntchito yopanikizika kwambiri komanso malo okhala.

304 \ / 304l imagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha magawo omwe akuyenera kupangidwa, wowotchera, pansi kapena wopukutidwa, zomwe zimafunanso kukana bwino. Ndi cholinga chabwino chokha chosapanga chitsulo chosapanga chitsulo. Zabwino kwa malo okhala monga mapepala ndi mankhwala makonzedwe ndi ntchito yochepa kutentha. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito komwe kukana mphamvu ndi zinthu zabwino ndizofunikira kwambiri. 304 \ /54l imavomerezedwa kwambiri mu mkaka, chakumwa ndi mafakitale ena omwe muli ndi ukhondo wapamwamba komanso ukhondo ndi wofunikira.

Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.
Masamba osapanga dzimbiri & ma sheets & coils

Imatha kupirira mankhwala osiyanasiyana osakhazikika komanso osasinthasintha, ndikuwonetsa kukana kwakukulu ndikumenya ndi Crevice pamaso pa chlorides ndi ma halides ena.

Nickel anoy chubu n10276 hastegoy C276 chitoliro 2.4819 chubu nw 0276 mu stock
Sch40 Monol 400 chitoliro chimasankhidwa kukhala nambala ya Werkstoff 2.4360 ndi N04400. Chipika 400 chimadziwikanso kuti Monil Anoy chitoliro cha 400, Monl 400 Pipe & Nickel Chitoliro 400.
Chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri choyenera 316L

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.

Zitsulo zachitsulo zimapangidwa mu chitsulo chosiyanasiyana. Ma fronges amasiyanasiyana pamiyeso ndi mitundu. Pali ? mainchesi mpaka 48 mainchesi a Nomwelis tempters.

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

Asme B36.19M ndiye wofanana ndendende ndi mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwake, kulolerana, ndi zomwe amapanga maenda owala komanso osaka.

FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.

6Ndi. 8in. wn flange rf # 300 Ac. Nickel Anoy Flanges Ogulitsa ndi Zoyenera Motel 400

Carbon Steel Bars & ndodo
Chitchaina (chosavuta)
Kubwezeretsa kwathunthu komanso kopanda madzi ndi zosapanga dzimbiri. M'malo mwake, mkati mwa gawo lomanga, chiwongolero chake chenicheni chili pafupi ndi 100%.
Alloy 317l S31703 317 Pipa

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.

A403 316l chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimaphitsa muyeso wa zitsulo zosapanga zitsulo zosakanikirana kuti zisagwire ntchito kalasi ya 316.

Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).

Chingwe chimakhala chachiwiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pambuyo potalika. Ma flanges amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolumikizira zolumikizira. Imapereka kusinthasintha kukonza. Flange imalumikiza chitoliro ndi zida ndi mavuvu osiyanasiyana. Kuledzera kumawonjezeredwa mu dongosolo lapaipi ngati kukonza pafupipafupi komwe kumafunikira pa ntchito yobzala.

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chitsulo chomwe chimagwirizana ndi kufinya komanso kutukula. Ili ndi 11% chromium ndipo imatha kukhala ndi zinthu monga kaboni, zina zosakhala ndi zitsulo zina kuti mupeze zomwe akufuna. Kutsutsa kwanyengo kwa dzimbiri ku kuturuka kumabweretsa chifukwa cha chromium, omwe amapanga kanema wongokhala womwe umatha kuteteza zinthuzo ndikudzichiritsa pamaso pa oxygen

Astme A1933 A1AGE BUX Bolts Bolts ndi mphamvu zambiri zopangidwa ndi kutentha kwa zitsulo 4140 \ / 4 412.

254 SIS SISON SP3154 Super Austetic Austetic Ashelitic Mphamvu Yokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu yowunikira bwino kwambiri kuthirira pamadzi am'madzi ndi malo osiyanasiyana opangira mafakitale. Masupe 254 amagwira molakwika popewa, Crevice Corrosion ndi chloride kupsinjika kuphulika. 254 Washer wosaukiridwa amadziwika ndi maulendo okwera komanso olimbikitsidwa.

Pofuna kufafanizira mapaipi, ndikofunikira kuchotsa payipi yolunjika pa mapaipi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma piipelines osiyanasiyana, mapaipi osiyanasiyana ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene mapaipiwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito, chikopa chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha kukula kwa mapaipi. Mukamacheza, chipika chanjira zitatu chowonekacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira cholumikizira, kuti chikhazikitse chipani cholumikizirana kapena kukula kwa nthawi yayitali komanso cholumikizira cholumikizira cha mapaipi. , Pakulumikizana ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, palinso zolumikizira ndi mapulagini a gawo la chida.

Asme Sap335 Mndandanda Wamkulu P11 Bible Burbon imakhala ndi kaboni, sulufule, phosphorous, silicon ndi manganese. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera kwa chmiomium kumadziwika kuti kukulitsa mphamvu yakuwoneka, nditangokaniza kukana, kukana kutopa, kuvala kukana, ndi kuuma kwa Haloy. Kuphatikiza kwa zinthu izi ndi zabwino popewa maxidation mu kutentha kwambiri.

Sae 304 Chitsulo chopanda dzimbiri ndiye chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zitsulo zimakhala ndi zonse ziwiri zachitsulo (pakati pa 18% ndi 20%) ndi nickel (pakati pa 8% ndi 10,5%). Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zimakhala zochepa zamagetsi komanso zomwe zimayambitsa thupi kuposa chitsuloboni. Ndi maginito, koma ochepa mphamvu kuposa chitsulo. Ili ndi chipongwe chachikulu kuposa chitsulo chokhazikika ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kupangika komwe kumapangidwira mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. [1]

ASMM A213 TP304, TP304L, TP316, TP316L, TP327, TP3427, TP3425, TP3425, S3125, S3126, NO8904 Astma2604, TP3047, TP316, TP316, TP317L, TP322, TP3425, S3127, NS3726

Ming'alu ina yavyéoy c-22 ikutsutsana kuti ikhale oxidizing acid chlorides, ma christic ndi zosintha zamadzi, zodetsa zamankhwala, zonse zachilengedwe.

Nickel 200 Amalongosola Nickel 200 Malawi amakhala olimba, osasunthika, ndipo amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimakhalanso osalowerera ndale komanso kukhala bwino, ndipo nthawi yake yovuta imakwaniritsa zofunikira za zomangamanga. Kuphatikiza apo, sizili zotsatsa zinthu zomwe zingasinthe kapangidwe kake mukakumana ndi zinthu ngati madzi.

304 Nphwemba zopondapondazikulu zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zinthu wamba komanso zodziwika bwino muzogwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri zamakampani zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka ndi oxidation. Nyansiweli iyi ya S30400 imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera ndi njira, zomwe zikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi olondola komanso odalirika.

Incturte 800, Yemwe umakhala wambiri womwe umaposa 50% wa nickel amadziwika kuti ndi okwera mtengo kuposa akale.

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

ASME A213 TP304 Mapaipi opanda phokoso amapangidwa m'malo osawoneka bwino kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo ovuta kwambiri, kalasi yopanga dzimbiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ziyenera kukhala ndi chromium osachepera 10%. Kutengera ndi kalasi, kumatha kukhala ndi magawo apamwamba kwambiri a chromium, komanso zophatikiza zina zophatikiza ngati Molybdenum, nickel, Titeroroumu, phomphous kapena selenium kapena selenium.
Alloy 800 weld weck
Haiti Creole
A335 P11Pipe
Chitsulo chachitsulo
Myanmar (Burmese)
Chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri & chubu
Kukula "OD: 1 \ / 2" "~ 48" "
Nickel Anoney othamanga
KOR8367 SUMFY SUBE AL6XN WOPHUNZITSIRA

FSTEOLLOY C2000 ikupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtunduwu, mtundu uwu wa chromium-molybdenum aroyoy amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana.

Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.

Masheya masika ndi otsekedwa osuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakafunika kupewa kuthamanga kuti usamasuke chifukwa chogwedezeka chifukwa chogwedezeka. Amakonda kutchedwa sprit loko kapena kugawanitsa mphete.

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

Nickel alows chitoliro ndi zitsulo zopangidwa kuti zisaphatikizo nickel ngati chinthu choyambirira ndi zinthu zina. Zimaphatikizanso zinthu ziwiri zopereka zinthu zofunika kwambiri, monga mphamvu zapamwamba kapena kugwirizanitsa. Chifukwa cha malo ake apadera, imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida zosiyanasiyana mafakitale ambiri.
Zovala zachitsulo zachitsulo
Haiti Creole
A335 P11Pipe
Chitsulo chachitsulo
Myanmar (Burmese)
Chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri & chubu
Titanium tubing mphamvu zazikulu ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono
Nickel Anoney othamanga
KOR8367 SUMFY SUBE AL6XN WOPHUNZITSIRA
Satifiketi Yoyeserera ya A182 304 90 Mlingo
Kupanga Rame B36.10 ASME B36.45

Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina

316 Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri pali chitsulo china chosapanga chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chimafuna kulimba, kukhazikika, komanso kukana kuwonongeka, koma kumagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Katundu wodziwika kwambiri wa 316 Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndizosakaniza zopondera, makamaka kuchokera ku chloride zochokera ku chloride zokhala ndi madzi am'madzi monga madzi am'madzi ndi mankhwala ambiri a mafakitale.

Zovuta za chimbudzi za 34 SS ndiye gawo lalikulu la chubu chosapanga dzimbiri. Mitundu yogwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ya chitsulo imaphatikizapo chitsulo champhamvu komanso chachitsulo, chomwe chimapangidwa mokhazikika powonjezera chromium ndikupangidwa kudzera mu mankhwala otenthetsa kapena kuchitidwa.

Asme Sb564 Monle Stone N04400 Syld Thold Mavweni amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida zamagetsi, odzikongoletsa, oyenda molunjika. Chipika cha HT chimathandizira kwambiri kunyada polengeza zinthu zomwe zapezeka pansi pa Moninezi zimachitika mumitundu iwiri yomwe imabwera m'maphunziro awiri, 400 ndi K500. Komanso timapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Montel Asmm B564 400 ma flanges monga Monl 400 slip ma flanges, Monil K500 Wells Khosi May.

ANI B16.5 SS 310 Oritive Flanges Glojenal Wogulitsa SS 310s Wel Strick Flange

Nickel Smows ndi zina mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mapaipi apamwamba kwambiri ndi machubu ogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale. Malo awo obadwa nawo amawapangitsa kukhala othandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito osiyanasiyana. Ma Conloys a Nickel ndiwogonjetseka kwambiri ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo otentha kwambiri.

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Kuphatikiza pa phindu la chilengedwe izi, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimakhalanso zokopa dzimbiri, zaukhondo kwambiri, zosavuta kukhalabe, zolimba kwambiri ndipo zimapereka zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Zotsatira zake, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupezeka m'magawo ambiri. Imenenso imathandizanso mafakitale ambiri, kuphatikizapo mphamvu, mayendedwe, kumanga, kufufuza, chakudya komanso zinthu zina.

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.
A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Chingwe chimakhala chokwera, milomo kapena rim, kunja kwa zakunja kapena mkati, zomwe zimathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu (monga mtengo wamtambo kapena t-bat); Kuti mulumikizidwe mosavuta \ / kusamutsa kwa kulumikizana ndi chinthu china (monga chowala kumapeto kwa chitoliro, scal cylinder, etc., kapena pamunda wa mandala); kapena pokhazikitsa ndikuwongolera mayendedwe a makina kapena mbali zake (monga tambala mkati mwagalimoto kapena gudumu la tram, zomwe zimapangitsa mawilo kuti asamayendetse njanji). Mawu akuti "Flange" imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito chopanga ma flanges.

Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.

Alloy 310 itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito potola pang'ono, osakhalitsa oxiding, nitring, simenting ndi mafuta ozungulira pomwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri.

Chimodzi mwazomwe zimalimbikitsa kwambiri ndipo zitsulo zogwiritsidwa ntchito zosapanga dzimbiri pamsika ndi zosapanga dzimbiri 304 304l 304h chitoliro. Muli zinthu monga Nickel ndi Chromium Zitsulo. Amatchedwa chitsulo choyipa ndipo chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe othandiza komanso othandiza. Kalasi iyi imadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri chifukwa cha kusavuta kwa mapangidwe kukula ndi mawonekedwe.

Zitsulo zambiri zokhudzana ndi chitsulo zimachita ndi madzi kuti apange chitsulo chofiyira chofiira ndi dzimbiri. Ma atomu a oxygen m'madzi amakoka chitsulo cham'miyala kuti apange mphamvu ya dzimbiri popanda mphamvu zenizeni.

Monga wopanga wotsogolera, timapanga omangirira m'makalasi ambiri ndi maphunziro. Chonde khalani omasuka kulumikizana nafe kuti mumve zambiri pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ngati ndodo zolumikizira ndodo ndi mitengo ina.