316 Giredhi regiredhi isina tsvina yesimbi

Nickel 200 inodonha iyo Nickel 200 malipi anokwenenzverwa, akaiswa pasi, uye iva nekupera kwakanaka. Zvakare, iyo ASTM B564 UNONS N02200 Flanges inopesana neCollan yekuita Corrosion mukurerekera uye exidiing nharaunda, kuita kuti vave vakakwana pakubata kwemidziyo yekubata.

Kunyange iyo 316 kana iyo 316L ndiyo yakachipa sarudzo. Iyo 304 uye 304L yakafanana asi isingadhuri. Zvakare haina kusimba 317 na337l, vane yepamusoro molybdenum zvisizvo uye pombi yemusungwa Wakawirwa tsaw erw efw Yakaverengerwa magumo,

ASTM A234 inosanganisira yakabikwa carbon simbi uye alloy Steel yekuvaka isina kusungwa uye yakavezwa yakafukidzwa nekudzokorora kweASTM BALTM. etc.

Kunyange iyo 316 kana iyo 316L ndiyo yakachipa sarudzo. Iyo 304 uye 304L yakafanana asi isingadhuri. Zvakare haina kunyatsogara 317 ne337l, ivo vane yakakwira molybdenum zvemukati uye zvakaringana kupokana.

SS 316 Seamless pombi uye ASTM A312 TP316 Welded Pipe Supporter in China
Classified pasi peAustenite Simbi, Stainless Steel 304 Thubhu Hairi-Chengetedzo uye inopa Yakanaka Corrosion - Ramba kuKwakasiyana Kwemakemikari uye Kupesana Kwemakemikari, nekupokana kwakanyanya kune oxidation.
Inconel 600 pombi antioxidant kuramba

Izvo zvinokwanisa kutsungirira huwandu hwakawanda hwekuita oxidizing uye zvisiri-oxidizing makemikari, uye zvinoratidzira kuramba kwakanyanya kudzikisira uye kurwiswa kwechikepe pamberi pehuku uye kumwe kudziya.

Sae 304 Simbi isina tsvina ndiyo yakajairika simbi isina tsvina. Simbi ine ese chrromium (pakati pegumi neshanu kusvika makumi maviri neshanu muzana) uye nickel (pakati pe8% uye 10.5%) [1] simbi simbi isiri-simbi. It is austenitic simbi isina simbi. Izvo hazvina kunyatsoita uye nenzira yekunyora pane carbon simbi. Iyo yemagineti, asi isinganyanyi kushomeka kupfuura simbi. Iyo ine yakakwira kurwisa kupesana kupfuura nguva dzose simbi uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekurererwa iyo iyo inoumbwa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana. [1]

Astm A269TP304, TP304L, TP316, TP317, TP31, TP34, NO86 N0836

Seamless Pipe Giredhi 204 \ / 304l
Stainless Steel pombi
Kurumidza C276 Birs
\ / 5 zvichienderana

Iyo yakabatanidzwa yakabatanidzwa inoumbwa nezvireverwe zvitatu zvakasiyana uye yakazvimirira kunyangwe isina zvikamu zvemukati; malipi, masika, uye kusungwa; izvo zvakaunganidzwa nechimwe pesvedzero, iyo yakakodzera. Kukosha kwakakosha kunodiwa mukusarudzwa uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvese zviripo kuti uwane mubatanidzwa, iyo inogamuchirika kusunganidzwa.

Nickel-Conver-based Alloy 400 Mazoni 2.4360 Cold Dy Dhizaina Immuney Immuney Hurlis-Corros Interness yekunetseka painenge ichisimbisa midhiya mune yakajairana nenhamba. Monil 400 is a copper uye nickel yakavakirwa alloy iyo inozivikanwa nhasi nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwakanyanya. Iyo Alloy ine yakanaka acid uye alkali kuramba. Mukuwedzera, ine simba rakanaka rakafanana, ductility, dhiziri rakanaka, uye rinogona kuomeswa nebasa rinotonhora. Pamusoro pezvo, inogona kushandiswa mune zvekushandisa nekupisa kubva kuIns kusvika ku533 degrees Celsius.

Aya ekukurumidza B2 slip pamapendi anogona kuve anokwanisa kuchishandisa nzira dzese dzechinyakare dzemvura. Kupfuura mamwe mamwe marudzi esimbi, ekukurumidza kwedu B2 Chikumbiro cheB01Cle bofu anopa dziviriro yepamusoro kubva kune simba repamhepo uye inouya neimwe yeakanakisa ¨c temp simba chero simbi.

A789 unt s31803 uye unt S.2205205 ​​makumi maviri emakiredhi eDuplex Spainless Simbi iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mune dzakasiyana siyana maindasitiri. Idzi duplex s3118803 mapepa asina masevedza anozivikanwa nekukora kwavo kwakanyanya kupesana, simba rakanyanya, uye rakanaka kwazvo. A789 ndeyekutaura iyo inovhara masapu uye yakavezwa mabhebhu yakagadzirwa kubva kuDuplex Spainless Simbi.

Alloy 600 ine yakanaka inopisa uye inotonhora kushanda mumamiriro akaenzana. Kupisa-kushanda kunofanira kuitwa pamusoro pegumi neshanu (871¡¡ (
Alloy PIPE SA335 P11 ASTM A335 GR P11 Seamless Pipe

Izvi zvinopa zvakanyatsosimbiswa kuramba kuSulfutic acid. Iyo ine zvakare yakakwira zvemukati, kuti uwedzere kupokana ne oxidizing makemikari uye maitiro ehova dzakasvibiswa neFerric ion uye yakanyungudika oksijeni.

A butt weld pombi yakakodzera kuti ishandiswe pane saiti pakupera kwayo (s) pamwe chete uye kubvumira shanduko kana pombi dhata, kana kudhonzwa kana kupera.

Kurumidza Kugadzira Flanges Mugadziri neMutengesi muChina ASTM B564 Kurumidza Ulloy Alloy B2 Slip paWn Flanges

Nilo Alloy 36, WMR 1.3912, Invar 36® is a nickel-iron

ASTM B564 Incoloy 825 Flanges Incoloy 825 Flanges ndeimwe mhando yerudzi rwakadai runyararo runyararo rwekudzivirira kune oxidizing uye nekudzora acids. Vanogadzirwa kuti vavandudze kuramba kwavo kuora uye vakachena kune weld

Iyo flange ndeyechipiri inonyanya kushandiswa nzira yekubatanidza mushure mekungoda. Mahara anoshandiswa kana majoini achida kushungurudzika. Inopa kuchinjika kwekugadzirisa. Flange inobatanidza pombi nemidziyo dzakasiyana siyana uye mavharuvhu. Kurambana kwekupwanya kunowedzerwa mune pombi system kana kugara uchichengetedzwa mukati panguva yekuvhiya kwekushandisa.

Iyo Corrosion inodzivirira nekukurumidza Alloys inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nemaindasitiri emakemikari ekugadzirisa kwemakemikari. Kudikanwa kwekuita kwakavimbika kunotungamira mukugamuchirwa kwavo uye kukura munzvimbo dzesimba, hutano uye nemafuta uye gasi uye firmace fashformation maindasitiri.

Aya mamakisi eSuple duplex Stainless Simbi Fasteners anoshandiswa kana mafaro achida zvakanakisa kurwisa uye simba. Yakasanganiswa neNitrogen, Molybdenum neChromium, ivo vane zvakanakisa kuramba kuCrevice Corrosion uye chloride pombi.

Titanium yeTitanium inenge 60% iyo yeStusless Simbi uye Nickel Alloys, uremu uhu hunoita kuti ive sarudzo yakakurumbira mukushandisa kwakadai sekusarongeka.

ASTM A335 P5 pombi inogona kuwedzerwa zvizere Iyi giredhi inowanikwa mumuphi asingachekwa uye musina musungwa, A335 P5 welded pombi inowanikwa mune dzakasiyana madziro mativi akasviba uye diamita.

Monillk-500 Alloy ane yakasimba yekukwegura ichipaza tsika mushure mekutonhora kwakanyanya kutonhora. Marara anotanga pane iyo nzvimbo uye kuparadzira yakananga pakati. Kune ese maviri transcrystalline uye intercrystalline mafomu.

ASTM A316 TP316 chiitiko chakajairika chechisema, seam yakakwira, uye inotonhora yakashanda yakashanda muAustenitic isina mapaipi ebundu uye general corrorive. Pombi 316 isina kugadzirwa yeindasitiri yakagadzirwa kubva musanganiswa weChromium, Nickel, uye Molbdenum, iyo inopa SS 316 seamless tube yakanakisa kuramba uye ngura.

Kugadzira mashandiro akadai sekukotama uye kupenya, pamwe neyekupedzisira, zvakanyatsokodzera ASTM A335 P11 Alloy Steel pombi. Miedzo yakataurwa yeAlloy Simbi Seaml Seaml Pipes inosanganisira kuongororwa kwekutarisa, kukotama bvunzo, kuomesa bvunzo uye refuitudinal kana kutapudza tsile bvunzo.

Inconel 625 Coil inoonekwa nekukanganisika kwaro kurwisa oxidation, yakakwira-tembiricha corroson uye kupera simba. ASTM B443 Uns n0662 incangen Plate inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muAerospace, maindasitiri emakemikari uye maaini uye kuoma uye kuomarara uye kusimba kunyange munzvimbo dzakanyanyisa.

Alloy 718 Flange Giredhi 718 inconel Flange ndiyo yakajairika giredhi reiyo yakaomesesa isiriyo. Ichi chakatsikiswa-chakaomeswa neNickel-Chromium Alloy inosanganisa kurwisa kukanganisa kwakanyanya uye simba rakakwirira pakupisa kwakakwirira. Iyo Alloy ndeyekuti 2x yakasimba seyunivhesiti giredhi 625 kuva neyakafanira creep-kuputika simba pane tembiricha kusvika ku1300¡¡c (700¡¡c (700¡¡c) kusvika 1800¡¡¡ (982¡¡). Inconel Giredhi 718 inowanzoshandiswa mugesi turbines, roketi motors, spacecraft, nhau dzenyukireya, mapapu, uye kushandisira.

Duplex mahwendefa ane maviri-chikamu kana maviri-phose microstture. Iyo microcenture yeiyo duplex simbi s32205 foil ine huwandu hwakaenzana hweFernite uye Austenite.

Sch40 Monil 400 Pipe yakasarudzwa seWerkstoff Nhamba 2.4360 uye uns n04400. Alloy 400 pombi inozivikanwa seMameni Alloy 400 Pipe, Mhel 400 pombi & Nickel Alloy 400 pombi.

Phase Stainless Steel Uns S318803 Fasteners inoratidzira zvinhu zveAustenitic uye Ferritic Stainless Steels. Uns S318803 DULO DULE PHEEL FASEL FEBERSE Iine Simba Rakanyanya, Runako Rwakanaka Kuti Sulfide STROSION uye KUKOSHESA KWAZVO ZVINOGONESA.

Inconel 718 is a nickel-chromium-yakavakirwa-yakavakirwa mari inowanzo shandiswa mukunyorwa-tembiricha zvakakura senge erispace uye gasi turbines. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kweASTM B670 Inconel 718 Sheet ndiyo ndiro iri rolling maitiro. Kune marudzi maviri makuru emapurasiti 718 mahwendefa anowanikwa pamusika: kupisa kwakapetwa uye kutonhora zvakapetwa mahwendefa.
316 Yakakundwa Pipe
Seamless Tube
Yakatemwa Pombi
Welded Tube
Saw lSAw erw efw
ASTM B564 Incoloy 825 Flanges
Wn lwn saka bofu pamakumbojoinha stain isina simbi flange
Duplex Simbi Fasteners
A105 N Carbon Steel Socket-Welding Flange
Kurumidza C2000 Pipes Asme SB626 Kurumidza C2000 Welded Tubing
Kugadzira Standard ASME B36.10 ASME B36.54
Zvinhu Alloy Steel Astm A333 Giredhi 3, Giredhi 6, Giredhi 8, Giredhi 9
Simbi mahwendefa & mashitsi & coils

Carbon Simbi Kukanganwirwa, yakagadzirwa zvinoenderana neASTM A105, kazhinji inoshandiswa pakuputika. Iyi yakarongedzwa carbon masimbi ekupa zvikamu (zvinosanganisira mafudzi, zvakakodzera, uye macves, etc) anoshandiswa kune ambient- uye yepamusoro-tembiricha yekushandisa masisitimu ekumanikidza. The A105N, which is designated with a suffix ¡°N¡±, denotes that the A105 forging shall be furnished in normalized condition. Kana kukosheswa kuchishandiswa pakuputika kwekushandisa kweAppment BPVC kana ASME B31, zvinyorwa zvichave zvakafanana zvakaenzana ne sa-105 kana sa-105n. Muchidimbu, kurapa kwekushisa kwezvinhu zvakajairika kusiyanisa A105N kubva kuA105, kana SA-105N kubva Sa-105. ASTM A105 Flange ndeyekutaura kweFlanges. Iyo squired inogona kusanganisira mamakisi akasiyana eStabless STEEL STEL SEPS yakagadzirwa. Mafirendi anogadzirwa carbon carbon uye anoitirwa kune yakakwira tembiricha masevhisi.
316 Yakakundwa Pipe
Seamless Tube
Yakatemwa Pombi
Welded Tube
Saw lSAw erw efw
ASTM B564 Incoloy 825 Flanges
Wn lwn saka bofu pamakumbojoinha stain isina simbi flange
Duplex Simbi Fasteners
A105 N Carbon Steel Socket-Welding Flange
Kurumidza C2000 Pipes Asme SB626 Kurumidza C2000 Welded Tubing
Alloy Simbi Mahwendefa & Masheets & Coils

Inconel mazana matanhatu emasaini emasumbo extucum yetube of standard unt n06600 uye ASTM

Iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muBegshore mafuta uye gasi kuongorora \ / / kugadzirwa uye mune yekushambadzira kuchinjanisa muPetrochemical \ /Memical kugadziriswa.
Izvi zvakakodzera zvinobva zvave chikamu chehurongwa hwekutakura mvura (Oiri, gasi, steam, makemikari, ...) nenzira yakachengeteka uye inoshanda, kupfuura marefu mapfupi kana mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu mapfupi kana marefu.

Mapuro 254 mapepa anogona kutsungirira kushushikana kwakakwirira uye alloy 254 sm

Alloy 800 is a Nickel-simbi-Chromium Alloy ine simba rakanyanya uye rakanyanya kupokana ne oxidation uye corrosion pakupisa kwakanyanya. ASTM b407 uns n08800 incoloy 800 W. nr. 1.4876 Yakatemwa Pombi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya zvekuvakwa kwemidziyo inoda kuramba kupokana, kupisa kupesana, simba, uye kugadzikana kwebasa kusvika 1500 ° F (816 ° C).

Mapepa ePepa reApple ane yepamusoro-yepamusoro-kubereka kugona uye simba pamusoro pemamwe mamakisi.

2205 ine zvakanakisa zvekushora zvivakwa, uye zvakanyatsogadzirirwa nzvimbo dzine nzvimbo dzine chlorides uye hydrogen sulphide, yekushandisa mumafuta uye gasi yekubvisa matsime anowoneka, mumamiriro ekugadzirisa akasvibiswa nehuku.

Inconel 6 00 ROPT Bar ndeye Nickel-yakavakirwa Alloy ine benign carburization uye yakanakisa corroson kuramba pane yakanyanya kupisa tembiricha. Inconel 600 matende ezvipfuyo zvinoshanda kupesana nekuomesa cl2 uye mamwe mamwe matsime akasiyana pakupisa uye kwakanyanya kupisa. Alloy 600 bar is a nickel-chromium acloy ine zvakanaka oxidation kupokana uye kuramba kuChroride yekudzvinyirira yekushambadzira, yakanyanya kuchena kwemvura corroson uye acid oxidation pakudziya kwakasimudzwa.

Nickel Alloy 400 uye Monil 400, inozivikanwawo seMunyuti N04400, iri DUCTICE ANICEL-BEPHER AllEY INYKEL NYKEL uye yechitatu-yechitatu yengozi. Nickel Alloy 400 inozivikanwa nekudzivirira kwayo kune akasiyana mamiriro ezvinhu akaora, kusanganisira Alkalis (kana acids), mvura yemunyu, hydrofluor acid, uye sulfuric acid. Sezvo Monil 400 kana Alloy 400 isimbi inotonhora yakashanda, uyu mutero ane kuomarara kwakanyanya, kuomarara nesimba. Nekutonhora

Stainless Simbi Fasteners
Iyo Hex musoro dhizaini yeMonal Bolt zvakare inobvumira iyo wrench yekuzvibata nyore nyore, ichivandudza chiitiko chinosimbisa uye chinosunungura. Malel K500 ASTM zvinyorwa zvinopa Uptrancal Earth Dziviriro kubva kuHydrofluoric Acid, Salts, Alkalinity uye zvimwe. Monil NICU K500 Hex Bolts iri zvakare inodzivirira kumvura yegungwa uye steam, saka sarudzo yakasimba yemasumbu emarine.

Flange inguva yekuputika, muromo kana rim, ingave yekunze kana yemukati, iyo inoshandira kuwedzera simba (sekupisa kweiyo danda resimbi senge i-danda kana t-danda); Zvekubatanidza zviri nyore \ / kuendesa kwekusangana kwesimba nechimwe chinhu (sekupenya pakupera kwepombi, steam cylinder, etc., kana pane lens gomo rekamera); Kana kuti zvokutsvedza uye kutungamira mafambiro emuchina kana zvikamu zvaro (sekusiyana-siyana kwemukati wemuchina wemuchina kana tram vhiri, inochengeta mavhiri kubva pamapundu kubva pamapundu). Izwi rekuti "Flange" rinoshandiswawo kune rudzi rwezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa kuumba malanges.

Kurumidza kuC2000 kunowanikwa mune dzakasiyana-siyana saizi uye gobvu, rudzi urwu rwechromini-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum

Yakatemerwa Magumo, Kupera Kwemugumo "
316L 1.4401 S31603 Stainless Steel pombi inzvimbo inoverengeka uye yekubhadhara pombi inowanzo shandiswa mune dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa maindasitiri uye dzekutengesa. Iyi SS uns s31603 pombi inogadzirwa kubva kune yakakwirira mhando 316l simbi simbi ine simba rakanakisa kuCorrosion, oxidation uye yakaita kuti ive yakakodzera nharaunda dzakaoma kana dzakanyanya kushushikana.

304 Kupwanya mahwendefa kunoitwa makumi matatu nemashanu simbi, zvinhu zvakajairika uye zvakakurumbira muzvinyorwa zvakawanda zveindasitiri izvo zvinoda kuramba kupokana neoxdion uye oxidation. Aya maS30400 kupaza mahwende ekupaza anogadzirira uchishandisa hunyanzvi hwemachina uye maitiro, ayo anoona kuti vakanyatsojeka uye vakavimbika.

Nickel Alloy 400 uye Monil 400, inozivikanwawo seMunyuti N04400, iri DUCTICE ANICEL-BEPHER AllEY INYKEL NYKEL uye yechitatu-yechitatu yengozi. Nickel Alloy 400 inozivikanwa nekudzivirira kwayo kune akasiyana mamiriro ezvinhu akaora, kusanganisira Alkalis (kana acids), mvura yemunyu, hydrofluor acid, uye sulfuric acid. Sezvo Monil 400 kana Alloy 400 isimbi inotonhora yakashanda, uyu mutero ane kuomarara kwakanyanya, kuomarara nesimba. Nekutonhora

Inconel 6 00 ROPT Bar ndeye Nickel-yakavakirwa Alloy ine benign carburization uye yakanakisa corroson kuramba pane yakanyanya kupisa tembiricha. Inconel 600 matende ezvipfuyo zvinoshanda kupesana nekuomesa cl2 uye mamwe mamwe matsime akasiyana pakupisa uye kwakanyanya kupisa. Alloy 600 bar is a nickel-chromium acloy ine zvakanaka oxidation kupokana uye kuramba kuChroride yekudzvinyirira yekushambadzira, yakanyanya kuchena kwemvura corroson uye acid oxidation pakudziya kwakasimudzwa.

Yakakwira Chromium, Molybdenum uye nitrogen yezvinyorwa zvinopa mukudzikisira kwakaenzana nhamba (40, kupa zvakakwirira kudzikisira kugona kuAustenitic uye duplex stainly media, uye tembiriro rakadzora kupfuura 50¡¡¡.
316 Yakakundwa Pipe
Seamless Tube
Yakatemwa Pombi
Welded Tube
Saw lSAw erw efw
ASTM B564 Incoloy 825 Flanges
Wn lwn saka bofu pamakumbojoinha stain isina simbi flange
Duplex Simbi Fasteners
A105 N Carbon Steel Socket-Welding Flange
Kurumidza C2000 Pipes Asme SB626 Kurumidza C2000 Welded Tubing
Kugadzira Standard ASME B36.10 ASME B36.54
Zvinhu Alloy Steel Astm A333 Giredhi 3, Giredhi 6, Giredhi 8, Giredhi 9
ASTM A335 P5, P9, P9, P11, P12, P22, P91, P91, P91, P91, P91, P91, P91

Iko kusanganisa kweChromium kunopa yakanaka kurwisa kuAustenitic Giredhi 304. Nekudaro, kuwedzera chrromium yezvikamu makumi maviri neshanu

El titanio del Grado 316ti hapana solo Reacciona con ecaridod car limite de carno, sino Es es es que que que que

304 Simbi isina tsvina ndiyo yakajairika simbi isina tsvina. Simbi ine ese chrromium (pakati pegumi neshanu kusvika makumi maviri neshanu muzana) uye nickel (pakati pe8% uye 10.5%) [1] simbi simbi isiri-simbi. Iyo inzvimbo yeAustenitic yesimbi.Akashandisa, SS304 inoshandiswawo kugadzira midziyo yekumanikidza, vhiri inovhara pamwe nekuvaka maficha.

Unt n08367 zvinowanzoitika seyakajairika al6xn is a lowl kabhoni, yekunyora "

Kurumidza c2000 machubhu anoshandiswa mune yakawedzera huwandu hweshanduru yekusanganisira petrochemical kugadziriswa, makemikari ekugadzirisa michina kugadzira, mafuta enyeredzi uye zvidyarwa zvemafuta.

Al6xn is SuperAdyaTic STOLLess STOL isina simba rekupokana ku chloride pomber, crevic corrosion uye kusagadzikana corrosion kupaza. Al6xn ndeye 6 moly Alloy iyo yakagadziriswa uye inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzinotyisa kwazvo. Iyo ine yakakwira nickel (24%), molybdenamu (6.3%), nitrogen uye zvirimo zvirimo zvinopa kupokana kushamisira, Al6xn inonyanya kushandiswa kune yayo yakavandudzwa pombi uye crevice corrosion kuramba mu chlorides. Iyo inzvimbo inoyevedza uye inotyisa isina simba.

Chromium oxides yakagadzirwa apo Chromium uye simbi ikaita, iyo inopa iyo corrosion inodzivirira nzvimbo yesimbi isina tsvina. Ichi chimwe chezvikonzero zvesimbi simbi haina kunaka kune hutsanana mavhavha uye zvimwe zvinhu zvehutsanana, nekuti haina kuora.

Iyo 316 isina mbiya yesimbi yave iri chinhu chakakosha chekereke yeindasitiri. Uku kuwanda kwesimbi uye chrome kunozivikanwa nekukanganisika kwakakura kuonga, pamwe nekuimba kwaro. "

Chemistry yeiyi simbi inovimbisa kuita zviri nani neyakanyanya manhamba ekuenzanisa kuAustenitic Stainless Simbi Simbi PIP PIP PIP PIP PGES

Iyo inoratidza kupokana kwakanaka kune vasina kwavakarerekera uye kuderedza nharaunda. Aya maitiro aya anogadzira iyo ine mhuru, yefirimu rinodzivirira risingabvumirwe, asi rinochengetedza oxidation kupokana nekunyanyisa kupisa.