Zhengzhou Huitotong Pipeline Equipment CO., LTD.

En1092-1: 2002 Plate Flange yeWelding \ / Yakavharwa Plate Flange neAlate Collar kana Pepa rakarukwa.

Unt n08367 zvinowanzoitika seyakajairika al6xn is a lowl kabhoni, yekunyora "

A NYLOC NUT, zvakare inotaurwa seNylon-Insert Lock nati
Saizi OD: 1 \ / 2 "" ~ 48 ""

Sch40 Monil 400 Pipe yakasarudzwa seWerkstoff Nhamba 2.4360 uye uns n04400. Alloy 400 pombi inozivikanwa seMameni Alloy 400 Pipe, Mhel 400 pombi & Nickel Alloy 400 pombi.

Invar 36® is the nickel-iron, yakaderera yekuwedzera maitiro ayo ine 36% Nickel, Invar

Nickel 200 inodonha iyo Nickel 200 malipi anokwenenzverwa, akaiswa pasi, uye iva nekupera kwakanaka. Zvakare, iyo ASTM B564 UNONS N02200 Flanges inopesana neCollan yekuita Corrosion mukurerekera uye exidiing nharaunda, kuita kuti vave vakakwana pakubata kwemidziyo yekubata.

Monil K500 Flat Washers Inoratidza Aluminium uye Titanium Zvinhu Zvakanakisa Corrosion Kudzivisa Alloy 400; Kuvandudza simba, kuomarara, kupokana kupesana uye oxidation kuneta kuramba. Isu tinogadzira marudzi ese eMazwi K500 Machine ANS IS ANOGONESESA ZVESE ZVESE NEZVINOGONA.

Incoloy 800h isimbi-nickel-chromium alloy yekuumbwa yakafanana neisinganyanye kujairika 800, ine zvakanyanya kukwirisa kusimba-kuputika simba.

ASTM A694 ndeyekutaura kweCarbon Carbon uye Alloy Simbi Kukanganwirwa Pipi Flanges, Fittings, macves, uye zvimwe zvikamu zvekumanikidza kumanikidza masevhisi ekutumira. Simbi inosangana nemakemikari yakaongororwa yakaenzana yemakemikari emakemikari zvinodiwa uye inosangana yakazara yekukanda uye yakajeka simba rekuita basa rekuita.

Kurumidza c2000 machubhu anoshandiswa mune yakawedzera huwandu hweshanduru yekusanganisira petrochemical kugadziriswa, makemikari ekugadzirisa michina kugadzira, mafuta enyeredzi uye zvidyarwa zvemafuta.

Nyora "seamless pombi
Invar 36 und k93600
Kurumidza kuC2000 kunowanikwa mune dzakasiyana-siyana saizi uye gobvu, rudzi urwu rwechromini-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum-molybdenum
Yakatemerwa Magumo, Kupera Kwemugumo "

Yakakwira mhando yakarongedzwa Flangesastm a350 lf3 2 bofu 150 saka rf flange
Alloy 2205 Duplex Stainless Simbi ndeyekuti Alloy yakagadzirwa kubva kune yekutanga Super Dupplex Stainless Simbi. Iyo inopiwa mukugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu.
\ / 5 zvichienderana

304 Kupwanya mahwendefa kunoitwa makumi matatu nemashanu simbi, zvinhu zvakajairika uye zvakakurumbira muzvinyorwa zvakawanda zveindasitiri izvo zvinoda kuramba kupokana neoxdion uye oxidation. Aya maS30400 kupaza mahwende ekupaza anogadzirira uchishandisa hunyanzvi hwemachina uye maitiro, ayo anoona kuti vakanyatsojeka uye vakavimbika.

6000psi 9000psi 4sh 4Sp Flanges Monel 400 Flanges - Zhengzhou Huitotong Pipeline Equipment Comice Co, Ltd.

Iyo Corrosion inodzivirira nekukurumidza Alloys inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nemaindasitiri emakemikari ekugadzirisa kwemakemikari. Kudikanwa kwekuita kwakavimbika kunotungamira mukugamuchirwa kwavo uye kukura munzvimbo dzesimba, hutano uye nemafuta uye gasi uye firmace fashformation maindasitiri.

Iyo MELE 400 Alloy ine akawanda akanaka mechenical midziyo, ichiita kuti ive yakakurumbira mumapipi fitting. Iyo Monel 400 Pipe Fittings inogona kupa zvakanyanya kushanda. Icho chibvumirano cheNickerl uye mhangura, chine simbi simbi, manganese, kabhoni, uye silicon zvemukati. Kuumbwa kwemakemikari eiyo Alloy Pipe Fittings inouya nesimba rayo rakanyanya. Specialized MELEL FITTINGER muIndia inoisawo kugadzirwa kwemhando yepamusoro yeiyi pombi yakakodzera nekuda kwekushungurudzika kwemaindasitiri- kupokana kwaakarwisa Acids uye alkalis ndiyo chikonzero chikuru chekurarama kumashure icho. Iyo Alloy 400 buttweld elbow inewo zvakanaka zvinofarira, kuyananisa kubatana, uye kunogona chete kuomeswa nekutonhora-kutonhora.

A182 321 STATLULTER STEL FLANT ndeyemhando yeFlange yakagadzirwa kubva kune yakakwirira-mhando yetsvina isina tsvina iyo inowanzo shandiswa mune maindasitiri ekushandisa maindasitiri. ASTM a182 341 flange inozivikanwa seSimbi 321 Flange uye yakagadzirirwa kubatanidza mapipi maviri pamwechete mune yakachengetedzeka uye inokweretwa-nzira.

Al6xn is SuperAdyaTic STOLLess STOL isina simba rekupokana ku chloride pomber, crevic corrosion uye kusagadzikana corrosion kupaza. Al6xn ndeye 6 moly Alloy iyo yakagadziriswa uye inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzinotyisa kwazvo. Iyo ine yakakwira nickel (24%), molybdenamu (6.3%), nitrogen uye zvirimo zvirimo zvinopa kupokana kushamisira, Al6xn inonyanya kushandiswa kune yayo yakavandudzwa pombi uye crevice corrosion kuramba mu chlorides. Iyo inzvimbo inoyevedza uye inotyisa isina simba.

Iyo 316 isina mbiya yesimbi yave iri chinhu chakakosha chekereke yeindasitiri. Uku kuwanda kwesimbi uye chrome kunozivikanwa nekukanganisika kwakakura kuonga, pamwe nekuimba kwaro. "

Inconel mazana matanhatu emasaini emasumbo extucum yetube of standard unt n06600 uye ASTM

PIPE Vapambi Kubata
Denga resimbi risina simba rinowedzera kushata kupfuura masimbi esimbi uye anenge akasimba. 18 - 8 na 17 - 7 Ph Spainless Simbi Masheya inogona kushandiswa mumvura yakanyorova, yakanyorova uye ichave yakafumurwa nemvura yemunyu kana makemikari.

A789 unt s31803 uye unt S.2205205 ​​makumi maviri emakiredhi eDuplex Spainless Simbi iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mune dzakasiyana siyana maindasitiri. Idzi duplex s3118803 mapepa asina masevedza anozivikanwa nekukora kwavo kwakanyanya kupesana, simba rakanyanya, uye rakanaka kwazvo. A789 ndeyekutaura iyo inovhara masapu uye yakavezwa mabhebhu yakagadzirwa kubva kuDuplex Spainless Simbi.

Iyo inoratidza kupokana kwakanaka kune vasina kwavakarerekera uye kuderedza nharaunda. Aya maitiro aya anogadzira iyo ine mhuru, yefirimu rinodzivirira risingabvumirwe, asi rinochengetedza oxidation kupokana nekunyanyisa kupisa.

316L Stalless Simbi Irol-yakaderera kabhoni vhezheni ye131 Simbi isina simba iyo inobatsira kudzivisa kuputika kwemukati kubva kuWelding. Giredhi 316 Stainless Simbi ine yakadzika chrromium yezvinyorwa zvakapetwa 16% ¡ª asi inowedzera iyo nickel yezvinyorwa uye inowedzera molybdenum kune musanganiswa.

Nezvinyorwa zvaro zvemukati, maindasitiri ekuita anogara achitsvaga zvinhu zvakavimbika. Dupplex Stainless Steel PIPing inogoneswa zvakanyanya neZvirimwa Zvekushandisa Management uye nyanzvi yekugadzirisa inokoshesa kuomarara kwavo uye kugona kutsungirira kwehunhu hwehutsinye mune maitiro.

Inconel 625 Coil inoonekwa nekukanganisika kwaro kurwisa oxidation, yakakwira-tembiricha corroson uye kupera simba. ASTM B443 Uns n0662 incangen Plate inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muAerospace, maindasitiri emakemikari uye maaini uye kuoma uye kuomarara uye kusimba kunyange munzvimbo dzakanyanyisa.

Nickel Alloy 400 uye Monil 400, inozivikanwawo seMunyuti N04400, iri DUCTICE ANICEL-BEPHER AllEY INYKEL NYKEL uye yechitatu-yechitatu yengozi. Nickel Alloy 400 inozivikanwa nekudzivirira kwayo kune akasiyana mamiriro ezvinhu akaora, kusanganisira Alkalis (kana acids), mvura yemunyu, hydrofluor acid, uye sulfuric acid. Sezvo Monil 400 kana Alloy 400 isimbi inotonhora yakashanda, uyu mutero ane kuomarara kwakanyanya, kuomarara nesimba. Nekutonhora

Nilo Alloy 36, WMR 1.3912, Invar 36® is a nickel-iron

Iko ukobvu uye iyo yomukati medhinha yeflange ichave yakaita seyakaenzana neipi yeiyo pombi iyo iyo inodaira mutsipa uyu flange iri kugadzirwa.

Malel K500 Forner inotonhora yakashanda isati yasimudzwa. Simba rezvimhanje rakasimba kusvika pamadhigirii gumi nemaviri. Pano, pakudziya uku, kunova zvakanyanya kuoma, kusvika pakuomesera makiromita mazana mana emadhigirii Fahrenheit. Simba rakakwirira uye kuomarara mushure mekunakidzwa kwekunyepedzera kana zvichienzaniswa ne400

Nickel-Conver-based Alloy 400 Mazoni 2.4360 Cold Dy Dhizaina Immuney Immuney Hurlis-Corros Interness yekunetseka painenge ichisimbisa midhiya mune yakajairana nenhamba. Monil 400 is a copper uye nickel yakavakirwa alloy iyo inozivikanwa nhasi nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwakanyanya. Iyo Alloy ine yakanaka acid uye alkali kuramba. Mukuwedzera, ine simba rakanaka rakafanana, ductility, dhiziri rakanaka, uye rinogona kuomeswa nebasa rinotonhora. Pamusoro pezvo, inogona kushandiswa mune zvekushandisa nekupisa kubva kuIns kusvika ku533 degrees Celsius.
Myanmar (Burmese)
Monel Flange
ChiIndonesian
Ritunia
Scottish Gaelic
Alloy Steel Pipe & Tube
ASTM B366 N04400 Concentric kuderedza Fittings
Yakagadzirirwa Pipe Fittings
316 isina tsvina simbi steel sk 80 yelded pombi
Invha 36 Nilo Alloy 36 W.nr 1.3912 unt k93600 astm f1684
titanium pipe fittings elbow ductile simbi

Chikanda chirwere chesimbi (chakarongedzwa, chicheka kubva mundiro, kana kutenderera) chakagadzirirwa kubatana kwepombi, kana kujoina chombo chemudziyo, vhara, pombi kana imwe gungano rakabatanidzwa. Mahara akabatanidzwa kune mumwe nemumwe neBolts, uye kune iyo pombi yekuputika neWelding kana kuti tambo (kana kusimuka kana stub yapera). Simbi isina simba rakarerutswa seSS Flange, rinoreva malipi akagadzirwa nesimbi isina tsvina. Maitiro ezvekunyama anozivikanwa uye mamakisi aAntm a182 giredhi F304 \ / / l uye F316 \ / /200. Yakasvika Simbi Inyasha

254 SUM ndeye yakakwira autenitic isina simbi yakagadziridzwa yekushandiswa mune ane hutsinye chloride-kutakura midhiya kana yegungwa mafashama. Iyo 254 sm inozivikanwa neyakakwira chromium yezviri zvemukati, izvi zvinowedzeredzwa neye molybdenum uye yeNitrogen yezvinyorwa izvo zvinopa 254 sputa yakanakira kudzikisira uye crevico corrosion. Sezvo aya matangi ekuchengetedza mafuta ari muArabia Gulf (Saline mamiriro) kushandiswa kwezvinhu izvi yaive mhinduro yakakwana yenzvimbo. Kuwedzera kune izvi, kubhururuka kwemafirenda ainyatso kusarudzwa zvakaringana nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hunodzivirira.

A333 P92 ISSEL ISTEMBEL STEEL GREED ASTM A335 P92, inova iine martensitic kupisa-inopesana nesimbi. Mumakore achangopfuura, rakashandiswa zvakanyanya muzvirimwa zveimba dzekunze, kunyanya emapipi makuru echipfuva uye reheat steam pipelines. Izvo Zvikuru Zvikamu Zvikamu zviri Cr: 9%, MO: 1%, nezvimwe.

SW FLAND 150 # -1500 # 1 \ / 2 "-3" (kunze kwe15 # 1 \ / 2 "-2 1 \ / 2")

316 Simbi isingazivikanwe ishedhi yakajairwa Molybdenum-Beybdenum-inobereka giredhi, yechipiri kazhinji inotsvakwa giredhi rinotevera kusvika pagiredhi 304 pakati peAustenitic Starless STELS.

ASTM A240 Type 2205 Plate is a duplex stainless simbi simbi iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri emakemikari akadai sekuongorora kwemakemikari, kuongorora kwegasi, uye muinjiniya ekumaini. SA 240 GR 2205 pepa rinogadzirwa kubva kuGrade 2205 Simbi isina simbi, iyo iri musanganiswa wesimbi uye autenitic simbi.

Simbi tsvimbo inotengeswa 2507 Super Duplex bar nyoro nyoro Simbi Stuffliers ST32750 Bar

Simbi isimbi 316 \ /36l flanges inogona kuitwa nekupisa kukambaira kana kukanda. Bofu kana kutsvedza mapuranga emapuranga pasina hubs inogona kugadzirwa zvakananga kubva mundiro. Mahara anofanirwa kuve akagadziriswa asina kubatwa zvisingasviki 1900¡¡¡ [1040¡¡¡] uye akabva adzima mumvura inotonhora kana imwe inokurumidza kutonhora nzira.

Izvo zvinokwanisa kutsungirira huwandu hwakawanda hwekuita oxidizing uye zvisiri-oxidizing makemikari, uye zvinoratidzira kuramba kwakanyanya kudzikisira uye kurwiswa kwechikepe pamberi pehuku uye kumwe kudziya.

Yakakwira Chromium, Molybdenum uye nitrogen yezvinyorwa zvinopa mukudzikisira kwakaenzana nhamba (40, kupa zvakakwirira kudzikisira kugona kuAustenitic uye duplex stainly media, uye tembiriro rakadzora kupfuura 50¡¡¡.

Semutungamiri wenyika yepasi rose mukugoverwa uye kugoverwa kweDuplex 2205 renje renje ruva, renyama, hydropower, pulp uye matangi emakemikari, matangi emakemikari uye mamwe maindasitiri akawanda.

Alloy 800 Weld mitsipa inovhenekera isu tine mukurumbira wakasimba mune indasitiri yekugadzira yakakwira-mhando mafirita emhando dzakasiyana dzaigona kukodzera zvinodiwa nevatengi vedu. Isu tinogadzira incoloy 800 flanges iyo yakavimbika uye yakakwira mumhando. Isu tinoshandisa mari dzekutanga uye temberi yemachina ekugadzira ASTM B564 uns n08800 incoloy 800 flanges.

Yakagadziriswa-Kuwedzera Girazi-Yakacheneswa Iron-Nickel-Cobalt Alloys, gadzira mutsara wekuwedzera anowedzera kufanana neiyo yegirazi rakaoma mukati meimwe tembiricha yekupisa

Inoratidzira 304 STOLLU TESEL yeakanyanya kurwisa, iyi grainter yakatenderwa neLD mutsipa inogona kubatanidzwa kune system kuburikidza neicho tirtferial weld pamutsipa. Iyo nzvimbo yakashongedzwa inogona kuongororwa nyore nyore nerodhiyo. Dend pombi uye flange yakazvitakura inoderedza turbulence uye kugura mukati mePombi. Flange yakanaka kwazvo yekushandisa mune yako yakaoma mashandisirwo uye yakakodzera kushandiswa nemhepo, mvura, mafuta, gasi rechisikigo, uye steam.
Myanmar (Burmese)
Monel Flange
ChiIndonesian
Ritunia
Scottish Gaelic
Alloy Steel Pipe & Tube
ASTM B366 N04400 Concentric kuderedza Fittings
Yakagadzirirwa Pipe Fittings
316 isina tsvina simbi steel sk 80 yelded pombi
Invha 36 Nilo Alloy 36 W.nr 1.3912 unt k93600 astm f1684
Incoloy 800h pombi ine yakakwira temp aunel

304L inosarudzwa. Uye iyo inoshaya chidiki chidiki carbon zvemukati, izvo zvisina kunaka zvekunyorera tembiricha uko kusimba kwakasimba kunodiwa, saka 304h ndiyo yekutanga sarudzo. Nekudaro, 304 inowanzogumira pamatanda kana mashizha anofanirwa kuve anokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvisingadiwe, kana masheya akaumbwa muzvinyorwa, zvakadai sekicheni inonyura kana kubheka, izvo zvakare zvisina kunyorwa.
Myanmar (Burmese)
Monel Flange
ChiIndonesian
Ritunia
Scottish Gaelic
Alloy Steel Pipe & Tube
ASTM B366 N04400 Concentric kuderedza Fittings
Yakagadzirirwa Pipe Fittings
316 isina tsvina simbi steel sk 80 yelded pombi
Invha 36 Nilo Alloy 36 W.nr 1.3912 unt k93600 astm f1684
125-250 Aar (inonzi yakatsetseka yekupedzisa)

Simba rayo rekuimba kana kuomarara kunogarwa nhaka kubva kuimba yemhepo inogadzira 2507 Stainless Simbi inotenderera bara yakakodzera kune zvigadzirwa zvekushanda uye zvimwe.

Nekuda kwekukonzeresa kupesana kwakanyanya uye kukosha, 304 Stainless Simbi pombi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mhando yeiyo pombi munyika. Simbi isingazive 304 yekupomba inogona kutsungirira kuparadzanisa kubva kune yakawanda oxidizing acids. Nekuda kwekusimba kwayo, iyo 304 iri nyore kusimbisa uye yakakodzera kicheni uye zvekudya zvekudya.
SS 304 Fordings Fittings inoshandiswa mune dzakasiyana-siyana zvikumbiro zvinoda kujoina maviri anorema-syds esimbi zvikamu. Simbi isimbi 304 yakagadzirirwa socket fittings inogona kushandiswa mukurarama, mafuta uye fetiraiza, uye maindasitiri emakemikari.

Alloy 800 is a Nickel-simbi-Chromium Alloy ine simba rakanyanya uye rakanyanya kupokana ne oxidation uye corrosion pakupisa kwakanyanya. ASTM b407 uns n08800 incoloy 800 W. nr. 1.4876 Yakatemwa Pombi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya zvekuvakwa kwemidziyo inoda kuramba kupokana, kupisa kupesana, simba, uye kugadzikana kwebasa kusvika 1500 ° F (816 ° C).

Iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muBegshore mafuta uye gasi kuongorora \ / / kugadzirwa uye mune yekushambadzira kuchinjanisa muPetrochemical \ /Memical kugadziriswa.

Iko kune kuderedza elbows, refu radius elbows uye pfupi radius elbows mune ino giredhi.

ASTM A316 TP316 chiitiko chakajairika chechisema, seam yakakwira, uye inotonhora yakashanda yakashanda muAustenitic isina mapaipi ebundu uye general corrorive. Pombi 316 isina kugadzirwa yeindasitiri yakagadzirwa kubva musanganiswa weChromium, Nickel, uye Molbdenum, iyo inopa SS 316 seamless tube yakanakisa kuramba uye ngura.
Myanmar (Burmese)
Monel Flange
ChiIndonesian
Ritunia
Scottish Gaelic
Alloy Steel Pipe & Tube
ASTM B366 N04400 Concentric kuderedza Fittings
Yakagadzirirwa Pipe Fittings
316 isina tsvina simbi steel sk 80 yelded pombi
Invha 36 Nilo Alloy 36 W.nr 1.3912 unt k93600 astm f1684
Monel 400 pombi yemapuranga emapuranga emaziso

N04400 Butt weld Pipe Fitttings ane kuramba ku chloride yakakurudzirwa kushushikana kukanganisa kukanganisa. Zvakare inonzi Wnr 2.4360 butt weld Pipe Fittings, inokotama, yakaenzana (yekudzora) kuyambuka, Eccentric kuderedza, Eccentric kuderedza. Seamless butt weld Pipe Fittings, Weld butt weld Pipi Fittings, uye zvimwe.

Nickel Alloy Din 2.4066 inotsvedza pane inobhururuka maNickel mazana maviri emapendekiri akasimba Zvakare, iyo ASTM B564 UNONS N02200 Flanges inopesana neCollan yekuita Corrosion mukurerekera uye exidiing nharaunda, kuita kuti vave vakakwana pakubata kwemidziyo yekubata.

Izvi zvinopa zvakanyatsosimbiswa kuramba kuSulfutic acid. Iyo ine zvakare yakakwira zvemukati, kuti uwedzere kupokana ne oxidizing makemikari uye maitiro ehova dzakasvibiswa neFerric ion uye yakanyungudika oksijeni.

Isu tinopa huwandu hwakawanda hwekunyorwa kwezvinonyatsoita ASTM a 105 Carbon Steel Weld Mick Flanges yakagadzirwa mukuteerera neInternational EMPLY NEMAHARA.

304 s30400 1.4301 pombi inoparara makumi matatu neshanu simbi preel pre-yakagadzirirwa pre-fungidziro

Kurumidza C22 Flanges ane huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa mune dzakasiyana maindasitiri. Kurumidza kuC22 Alloys inonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yemishonga yemaitiro uye tubing, uye inobatsirawo kudzivirira kusvibiswa, izvo zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekuora.

Titanium yeTitanium inenge 60% iyo yeStusless Simbi uye Nickel Alloys, uremu uhu hunoita kuti ive sarudzo yakakurumbira mukushandisa kwakadai sekusarongeka.

316L 1.4401 S31603 Stainless Steel pombi inzvimbo inoverengeka uye yekubhadhara pombi inowanzo shandiswa mune dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa maindasitiri uye dzekutengesa. Iyi SS uns s31603 pombi inogadzirwa kubva kune yakakwirira mhando 316l simbi simbi ine simba rakanakisa kuCorrosion, oxidation uye yakaita kuti ive yakakodzera nharaunda dzakaoma kana dzakanyanya kushushikana.
Myanmar (Burmese)
Monel Flange
ChiIndonesian
Ritunia
Scottish Gaelic
Alloy Steel Pipe & Tube
ASTM B366 N04400 Concentric kuderedza Fittings
Yakagadzirirwa Pipe Fittings
316 isina tsvina simbi steel sk 80 yelded pombi
Invha 36 Nilo Alloy 36 W.nr 1.3912 unt k93600 astm f1684
Yakatemwa 150 # -900 # 1 \ / 2 "-24"
Special Nickel Alloy Monel K500 uns N055500 2.4375 Nylon Lock Nut
Stainless Steel pombi & Tube

Incoloy 800h Flange isu tine mukurumbira akasimba muindasitiri yekugadzira yakakwirira-mhando mafirita emhando dzakasiyana dzaigona kukodzera zvinodiwa nevatengi vedu. Isu tinogadzira incoloy 800 flanges iyo yakavimbika uye yakakwira mumhando. Isu tinoshandisa mari dzekutanga uye temberi yemachina ekugadzira ASTM B564 uns n08800 incoloy 800 flanges.