I-Asme SA516-70 flange

I-A240 yohlobo lwe-A240 ye-2205 ipleyiti ipleyiti yentsimbi engenasitali esetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo anjengokuqhubela phambili kwemichiza, ioyile kunye negesi. Iphepha le-SA 240 Gr 2205 yenziwe kwiBanga lama-2205 lentsimbi engenasibala, elindibaniselwano yentsimbi ye-ferric kunye ne-austentitic.

I-UNOLL 718 yi-Nickel-Chromium-esekwe rhoqo kusetyenziswa izicelo zeqondo lobushushu ezinje nge-aerospace kunye neeturbines zegesi. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimveliso ye-ASTM B670 Iphepha le-718 yinkqubo yokuqengqeleka kweplate. Zimbini iintlobo eziphambili zeepleyiti ze-Indel ze-Polnel 718 ezikhoyo kwintengiso: ishushu eshushu kwaye ibanda ipleyiti.

I-316l 1.4401 S31601 i-Stainess yentsimbi yindlela yokhetho lombhobho kunye nomoya oqinileyo oqhelekileyo oqhele ukusetyenziswa kwoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ezivela kwimizi-mveliso nezorhwebo. Le phuli ye-SS3603 yenziwe kumgangatho ophezulu we-316l yentsimbi enyaweni ngokuchasene ne-oxidation kunye ne-staining yendawo enobunzima okanye iZicelo eziPhakamileyo.

I-UNOLL 625 COIC ibonakaliswa kukungaxhathisi ngokugqwesileyo kwi-oxidation, kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye nokudinwa. I-ASTM B443 ipleyiti ye-N06625 isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-Aerospace, ukuqhubekiswa kweekhemikhali kunye nemizi-mveliso yeoyile kunye negesi ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu, ukuqina kunye nokuqinana nakwimeko ezigqithisileyo.

I-Alloy 800 yi-nickel-chromium ye-chromium-chromium enamandla aphezulu kunye nokuxhathisa ngokugcoba kwi-oxidotion kunye ne-comrosion kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. I-ASTM B407 AN08800 I-Acloy 800 W. NR. I-1.4876 ye-Welding isetyenziselwa ngokubanzi ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo ezifuna ukumelana nobushushu, ukumelana nobushushu, amandla, kunye nokuzinza kwenkonzo ukuya kwi-1500 ° F (816 ° C).

Imibhobho yentsimbi engama-316 iye yaba zizixhobo ezinokubonakala kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso. Olu lwabiwo lwesinyithi kunye ne-chrome ibonwa ngokunyangeka kwayo phezulu ekucocekeni, kunye nokuqina kwayo. I-316 ityhubhu yentsimbi engenasitali inokuveliswa kuzo zombini iityhubhu ezingenamthungo kunye ne-weldied ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zabathengi.

I-Dotelloy C2000 Iityhubhu zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini kubandakanya ukuqhubekeka, izixhobo zokuqhubela kwemichiza, i-oyile kunye nezityalo zamandla.

I-Dotelloy C2000 ifumaneka kubungakanani beempawu kunye nobungqingili, olu hlobo lwe-nickel-chromium-molybdenum ludume ngamandla alo oluphangaleleyo kunye nokungaxhathisi.

I-al6xn yintsimbi ye-suprausitic ye-scainess engaqhelekanga ngokuchasene ne-chloride pide, i-crevice yosulelo kunye noxinzelelo lokungasebenzi. I-al6xn yi-6 ye-for moray eyaphuhliswa kwaye isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinomsindo. Ine-nickel ephezulu (i-24%), i-molybdenum (6.3%), iziqulatho ze-nitrogen kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chromium kunye ne-chiromium kunye ne-chloride publity, kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-chloride. I-al6xn isetyenziselwa ngokuyintloko iphuculwe i-wirvice yokungakhathali kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-cravice kwi-chlolor. Yintsimbi engenasimo sengqondo esisebenzayo neliyisinga.

An NT08367 kwakhona kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-alloy al6xn yikharbon ephantsi, ukucoceka okuphezulu, i-nitrogen-i-itrogen-molybdenum ye-pirden ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-piloride ye-chloride ye-chloride ye-piloride ye-chloride ye-chloride inkcitho kunye ne-cravice incade.

Iipayipi ezingama-254 zinokumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwendlela kunye ne-Alloty i-254 ye-pump ye-pump yoxinzelelo kwiqondo lobushushu kunye nezixhobo.

Oku kunika ukumelana nokuxhathisa kakhulu kwi-sulfuric acid. Ikwanomxholo ophezulu weChromium, ukukhulisa ukumelana kwayo ekuxhaseni iikhemikhasi kunye nemijelo yenkqubo engcoliseka nge-ferric ion kunye neoksijini echithileyo.

Kuyakwazi ukumelana nodidi olubanzi lweekhemikhali ze-oxiding kunye nokungabi nakuphathelele ukuchasana nokuchasana nokuhlaselwa kunye nokuhlaselwa kwe-ravice phambi kobukho be-chloride kunye nezinye iindlela zokuhamba.

Ibonisa ukunganyangeki okuhle kunye nokucutha iindawo ezinqabileyo. Eli babele le ladala itayitile yesidima, ifilimu yokukhusela engaphumi, kodwa igcina ukunganyangeki okukhulu kwe-oxidation Ekunyangeni ekuhlaleni.

Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-oyile yeoyile ye-oli

Ukuxinana kukaTitanium malunga ne-60% ye-Affel engenasitali kunye ne-neckel alloy, obu boyili bobunzima buyenza ukuba ifundwe kwizicelo ezizeleyo njengee-aerospace.

Iityhubhu ezingama-600 ezingenamthungo ezingenamthungo zingama-N06600 kunye ne-ASTM B167 zenzelwa ukuba zixhase uxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu kwaye zize newaranti enkulu.

I-SCH40 ye-SCH40 ye-SCHE4000 ichongwe njengenombolo ye-Werkstof 2.4360 kwaye ingabi-nye N04400. I-Allow Gipe eyaziwa ngokuba yimodeli ye-nol-500, imodeli engama-400 yemodeli kunye ne-nickel alloy 400.

Imibhobho yokuqwalaselwa engenamthungo inomthamo ophakamileyo wokuthwala umthwalo kunye namandla amanye amabakala.

I-chromium ephezulu, i-molybdenum kunye ne-nitrogen yeziphumo zokuchasana ne-pittiverance inombolo elinganayo (i-PREN) ye-40, ibonelela ngeqondo leendaba elingaphezulu kunye ne-durevice yokungaziphathi kakuhle kunye ne-durexice yokungaziphathi kakuhle, kwaye inobushushu obuqiqileyo ngaphezulu kwe-50¡c.

I-Dotelloy Affayili
I-Attelloy enganyangekiyo i-Corrosion isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngamashishini okuqhuba iikhemikhali. Isidingo sentsebenzo esinokuthenjwa sikhokelela ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kweenkalo zamandla, ezempilo kunye nokusingqongileyo, ioyile kunye negesi, amayeza kunye neflimu yegesi.

I-Intloy 800H Fonger Sinombala oqinileyo weshishini ngokuvelisa ukuqaqamba okusemgangathweni weentlobo ezahlukeneyo eziza kulungela iimfuno zabaxumi bethu. Senza i-flaves engathandekiyo engama-800 enokuthenjwa kwaye iphezulu kumgangatho. Sisebenzisa izixhobo zeprimiyamu kunye noomatshini abaphambili bokuvelisa i-ASTM B564 AN08800 I-Acloy 800 Fufxees.

I-Alloty 800 Intamo ye-Wool Shounges Sinodumo olunamandla sinemveliso yokuvelisa ukuqaqamba okusemgangathweni weentlobo ezahlukeneyo eziya kuhambelana neemfuno zabaxumi bethu. Senza i-flaves engathandekiyo engama-800 enokuthenjwa kwaye iphezulu kumgangatho. Sisebenzisa izixhobo zeprimiyamu kunye noomatshini abaphambili bokuvelisa i-ASTM B564 AN08800 I-Acloy 800 Fufxees.

I-Nickel 200 flanges i-Nickel Fuffes ezingama-200 iqine, izinzile, kwaye inesigqibo esihle. Ngaphezu koko, i-ASTM B564 i-N064 i-H02200 iflethi inganyangeki ukuba iyoliswa kwiindawo ezingathathi hlangothi, ezenza bagqibelele ukuze basebenzise izixhobo zokuphatha ukutya.

Elinye inqaku elibalulekileyo le-N08800 I-Altey Altey 800 eQequthiyo ngokuchasene ne-chlorine ion ehambelana ne-pherrosion ion ehambelana ne-throsion, apho intsimbi, njengabalingane bayo.
Chwetheza iplate, iphepha, uKhombo
Ubude 0 ~ 12m okanye ngokweemfuno zakho
Ububanzi 0 ~ 2500mm okanye ngokweemfuno zakho
Ubunzima 0.3 ~ 1200mm okanye ngokweemfuno zakho

I-internel 600 yi-nickel-chromium-iron-iron ye-iron yokunganyangeki, ukumelana ne-oxidation kunye namandla aphezulu kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo. Ngenxa yomxholo we-nickel ephezulu, i-internel i-600 ichasa kakhulu kwi-chloride ion yoxinzelelo lwe-ion yoxinzelelo. Ubudala obunzima abuqinisekanga njenge-Internel 600 yenziwe nzima kwaye yomelezwe ngumsebenzi obandayo kuphela. I-UNOLL 600 inokusebenza kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-700¡n (370¡c).
I-SUMS SUP, AII, Din
Ububanzi be-5 ~ 500mm
Ubude ¨Q12m okanye njengeemfuno zabathengi

Imivalo ejikelezayo ithwele kwaye ifakwe, ifumaneka kubude besitokhwe okanye ukusika ubukhulu. Imivalo yokujikeleza kwe-Alloty ibonelela ngamandla kunye nokunganyangeki kweemeko ezahlukeneyo kwaye kungasetyenziswa kwisakhelo, umtshini wecandelo lemveliso, inkonzo yokutya kunye nemizi-mveliso yesixhobo sonyango.
I-SUMS SUP, AII, Din
Ububanzi be-5 ~ 500mm
Ubude ¨Q12m okanye njengeemfuno zabathengi

Amashishini amaninzi akhetha into yokuba i-intel 600 ikwi-nowayo eliguquguqukayo. Ke ngoko i-Alloty isetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso emininzi ephambili ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kubandakanya i-pipe engama-600 yombhobho wama-600. Ukwakhiwa kwale mibhobho kunokuba kukwenziwe i-weldided okanye banokubangenamthungo. Kukho izibonelelo zokusebenzisa zombini. Ye-E.G. Ukhetho lombhobho we-nelfmed 600, kwizicelo apho i-Economics yayo idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Nangona iphantsi kakhulu kunophawu olungenangqondo, le mibhobho inomthungo omde, onokuba sisityholo sokukhutshelwa kwi-insosion yombulelo - ukuba ayisebenzi kakuhle. Kwimeko yemeko, apho umthengi efuna eyona ndlela iphakamileyo yokunganyangeki kunye nokukwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo oluphezulu, i-UNOLL 600 ye-Polly yeyona ndlela ilungileyo.
Chwetheza umbhobho wethupho
Ityhubhu yethumba
Umbhobho we-weldied
Ityhubhu ye-weldied
Wabona i-lsaw Efw Efw
Ukuphela kokuphela, Ukupheliswa ngokucacileyo "
Ubungakanani be-OD: 1 \ / 2 "" ~ 48 "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "
Ubukhulu: sch5 ~ schxxs
Ubude: Ngokwemfuno yakho. "
I-PREGETE I-PROFIICS ishushu \ / Umsebenzi oshushu, ukuqengqeleka okubandayo
Ukuvelisa i-Asme esemgangathweni B36.10 Asme B36.20

Ngeenjongo zemveliso, kwiinkqubo zemibhobho, sihlala sifuna ukutshintsha indlela yokuhambisa; ukulawula ukuhamba kweembiza (ioyile kunye negesi, amanzi, udaka); Vula okanye uvale imibhobho, njl njl. Njl.

I-Nickel esekwe kwi-800 ye-hexagonal yombhobho owaziwayo ukuba uxhathise kakuhle ukungangqinelani. Ngokukhethekileyo ukuthetha, umbhobho we-play 800 unika ukumelana ngokwaneleyo ngokuchasene ne-carbring kunye ne-corosion ye-oxivide.

I-Carbon Steel Flange luhlobo lwe-rim eyenziwe ekupheleni kombhobho xa ihleli kumbhobho. Isetyenziselwa ukutywina iziphelo zemibhobho, i-valves okanye olunye unxibelelwano. Inamandla aphezulu obunxunguphele kwaye iyafumaneka kwi-convex ephezulu kwaye ixhasa ukufakelwa ngokulula. Yi-albon ye-iron carbon equlethe ukuya kwi-2.1 WT.% Yekhabhoni. I-carbon stiel ayinawo amanqanaba amancinci athile ezinto zezinto ezikhoyo, kodwa ihlala iqulethe i-manganese.

Ayingasenzi i-S32205 i-Asmex Steel Asme SA182 I-Weld Weld Flanes ilungele izixhobo zolwandle kunye nezixhobo zokuvelisa amandla, nangona ikwanazo iimpawu ezihambahambayo.

I-Dotelloy C-276 yi-NI MO CR SUPULLOY yongezwa nge-tungsten, enomchasi obalaseleyo kuluhlu olubanzi lweendawo ezinzima. Umxholo ophezulu we-NI kunye ne-mo yenza i-noti steety alwil enganyangeki ekwimeko yokuhlala kunye ne-crevice yosulelo ekwenzeni indalo esingqongileyo, ngelixa i-cr idlulisela ukusebenza kwe-anti-oxido odidation ephakathi.

Nangona i-molybdenum yinto elungileyo, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwayo kunganciphisa i-furcity ye-cur f11 funges. I-PARAGRATIYA kunye nokubola kwe-iron carbide kungenzeka xa ubushushu obungaphezulu kwe-Gesius eyi-500. I-Chromium yongezwa kwi-SA182 F11 F11 ALTE STEE CL.2 I-FOEL DEADES SFEAD YOKUKHUSELEKA INDAWO YOKUHLAZIYWA KOMNYANGO KUNYE NOKUFUNDA. Ukongeza, i-chromium eyongeziweyo ikwabonelela ngokuchaseneyo kwe-okido.

I-Duelx Stonges isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-wobunjineli esetyenzisiweyo, oomatshini kunye nemizi-mveliso yemoto. I-Deplex ngentsimbi ye-S3180 yeeflengu ze-S3180 ye-facks ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwezicelo ezifuna ukumelana nokunganyangeki kunohlobo lwama-316 kunye namandla amaqondo obushushu aphezulu aphezulu. Sine-Deplex S31803 \ / s32205 flames esitokhweni. I-Depex Stonges isetyenziswa rhoqo kwikhemikhali, ipetrochemical, kunye nemizi mveliso yamandla.

I-Nickel 200 sisisombululo esiqinileyo someleza intsimbi. I-Nickel 200 ye-bar i-bar iqulethe i-99.6% ye-Nickel ngobunzima kwaye ithathelwa ingqalelo i-nickel emhlophe emzimbeni. I-DIN 2.4066 Ibar inezinto ezilungileyo ze-matshini kunye nezamzimba. Umzekelo, i-ASTM B160 N02200 ichasene nokuchasana okugqwesileyo kwiindlela ezininzi zoncedo kunye neemeko zoncedo. Ngeli xesha, i-Nickel 200 sisisombululo esiqinileyo somelezwa ukuba senziwe isabelo esinokudalwa njengemivalo kunye neentonga. Ezi zinto zimbini zisetyenziswa ngokukodwa kwaye zinokwahlulahlulwa kwimisebenzi ethile eziphambili.

I-Nickel-calper-esekwe kwimodeli engama-400 ye-400 ye-2.4360 ukubanda irhabaxa ingenalo i-chloride enxulumene nokubhloka kwe-chlorive yoxinzelelo xa ityhilwe kwimithombo yoxinzelelo. Imoral 400 i-copper kunye ne-nickel ye-nealy esule namhlanje ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo ephezulu. I-alloy ine-acid egqwesileyo kunye ne-alkali. Ukongeza, inamandla amanye amanye amanxuwa, ukuqhutywa kwengqondo okuphezulu, kwaye kunokuba nzima ngumsebenzi obandayo. Ukongeza, inokusetyenziswa kwizicelo ezinamaqondo obushushu asusela kwi-thamo ukuya kwi-538 degrees Celsius.

I-Nickel Alo Alloty engama-400 kunye nemoni engama-400, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-N04400, yi-gucy ye-huckile-olwe-olwe-of thecker-esekwe kwi-nicker-thewores. I-Nickel Alo Allo of 400 yaziwa ngokuba yixhathiso lwayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya i-Alkalis (okanye i-AIDS), amanzi ityuwa, i-SULDFUORIC Acid, kunye ne-sulfuoric acid. Ukususela kwimowango engama-400 okanye i-Alod 400 yintsimbi ebibandayo esetyenzisiweyo, eli alloy linobuqili obukhulu, ukuqina kunye namandla. Ngokubanda ukusebenza kwe-ASTM B164 I-N04400 i-Bar ye-N04400, i-alloy iphantsi kwamanqanaba aphezulu oxinzelelo loomatshini, onokuthi ubangela utshintsho kulwakhiwo luka-Abrey.

I-UNOLD 600 Ibar ye-UNCEL ye-nickel-esekwe kwi-begn ye-Bign ye-Bicen kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-corosion egqwesileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Imivalo ye-UNIRD engama-600 isebenza ngokuchasene nokomile CL2 kunye nezinye iigesi ezininzi ezahlukileyo kubushushu obuthambileyo kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. I-Allod 600 Bar ibar-chromium ye-neckel-chromium ye-Allomium-i-Allomion elungileyo kunye nokuxhathisa kwi-chloride yoxinzelelo lwe-chloride, i-ocid yosulelo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.

Nine \ / Alloty k w.nr .: 1.3981
Ayisi: K94610 i-Astm F15
Isabelo-lelaza-e-Iron-Counckel-Cobarty-Cobart, Yiba ne-Navar Alflic, ube nolwandiso lolwandiso lwe-thermar of thermar olinganayo neglasi yeglasi
Ukutywinwa kokutywinwa ngeglasi yeglasi

I-Nin Alloy 36, W.nr 1.3912, ugqirha we-36 ® yi-nickel-intsimbi enolwandiso olune-36% ye-nickel, i-chacelin enolwandiso olunama-36% kwaye inesitayile se-therble yentsimbi.
I-Preset 36 Ingcaciso: Ayikho K93600, W.nr 1.3912

Amagama orhwebo aqhelekileyo: i-nickel alloy 36, ungazama i-36 ®, nin 6®, i-peniffer 6®
I-Presemas 36 ® yi-nickel-iron, isabelo esisezantsi esine-36% uNickel, uGeser 36 unelungelo lobushushu baseSrygenic ukuya malunga ne + 500 ° F (i-260 ° C).
I-GARD 36 I-TUBE OD: 0.2-6mm, WT: 0.02-2mm

I-Flange ngamacandelo aqhagamshela ukuphela kwemibhobho emibini, uqhagamshelo lweflange luchazwa yiFlanger, i-gasket kunye ne-bolt ezintathu ziqhagamshelwe njengeqela lezinto ezihlanganisiweyo. I-gasket yongezwa phakathi kweeflethi ezimbini kwaye iboshwe zii-bolts. Uxinzelelo olwahlukileyo Impompo, ayisiyo-i-inseppossite ukubiza impompo yamanzi njengeenxalenye zohlobo lweFlange, kodwa ivalve encinci yeflethi, inokubizwa njengeenxalenye zohlobo lweFlange.

I-HT Pipe ibonelela nge-carbon yensimbi ye-carbon yensimbi ye-boiler kunye nemveliso yenqanawa yoxinzelelo.

I-A516 CS 70 I-FS 70 I-FOUNS isetyenziselwa inkonzo yobushushu ephakathi nenqanaba eliphantsi kwizicelo zenqanawa yoxinzelelo apho kufuneka khona ubunzima obugqwesileyo.

I-ASTM A516 CS 70 IBakala Flinges isetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo ezinjengeebhulorho, izakhiwo, izithuthi zoololiwe, izixhobo zokwakha, imibhobho yezakhiwo, imibhobho yezakhiwo, njl.

Ezi zi-ATTM A516 Carbon Steel IBakala 60 I-Adngees ifumaneka ngesiqinisekiso somzi-mveliso kwi-En10204 3.1 okanye i-En1204 3.2. Iiflethi zethu zinokulandela ngokupheleleyo, zihlala zityhafisa kakhulu, kwaye sikhuthaza nawuphi na umntu wesithathu okanye uhlolo lwabathengi.

I-ASTM 515 Gr 70 yi-albon yekhabhoni enamaxabiso athile eManganese, phosphorus, i-Sulfur kunye neSilicon.

Isetyenziselwa ikakhulu kwiinqanawa zoxinzelelo ze-weldided iinqanawa apho kufuneka amandla aphuculweyo.

I-A515 GR.70 isetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kweenqanawa ezenzelwe ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lweenqanawa zoxinzelelo, ababoleni kunye neevalve.

I-ASTM A515 Ibanga 70 I-Carbon Steel isetyenziswa kwizityalo zeekhemikhali kunye neshishini lepetrochemical. Kuyanyangezeleka nangaphezulu kubushushu obuphezulu kwicandelo lesicelo.

I-A515 iBakala 70 ye-carbon ye-70 inokudityaniswa ibe yinqanawa yoxinzelelo kwinkonzo yobushushu obungaphezulu. Umatshini wayo ulungile, ufanayo nentsimbi yekharbon eqhelekileyo.

Yintsimbi eqhelekileyo yekharbon kwaye ayinyangeki ekusuleni. Iya kurhabaxa ngaphandle kokuba ikhuselwe. Ingaziight okanye ukubanda kwenziwe njengensimbi yekharbon eqhelekileyo.

Ngenxa yomxholo omkhulu weChromium, ezi ze-carbon stils zinengxaki yokunganyangeki.

I-A515 iBakala 70 ye-carbon inesiphene samandla aphezulu ngenxa yoomatshini bayo bokwezima kunye neempawu zokwenza. Ngenxa yomxholo wabo omkhulu weChromium ophakamileyo, ezi ze-carbon stils ziye zaxhathisa kakhulu kwimithombo yeendaba ezininzi.

Ezi ntloko ze-ASTM ezihambelana ne-ASTM zinokuqwalaselwa ngezicelo ezifana neenqanawa zoxinzelelo kunye neenqanawa.

I-ASTM A516 i-A516 isetyenziselwa ukwenza iimfama zeFlanges, iFlenges ePhakamileyo ngaphandle kwe-hubs, iflethi yeplate, iflethi ye-Fibles), iflethi ye-8, kunye ngaphezulu. Ezi filets ziya kuhambelana nenkcazo yemigangatho ye-AST16.5, ASTE B16.48, en 1092-1, i-2129 ne-ASTE B16.47 njl.

I-carbon ye-carbon ri.70 ibonelela ngeempawu ezintle, ezenza ukhetho olufanelekileyo.

Eli nqanaba lensimbi yi-Allon yekhabhoni kwaye ikwanemali ethile ye-manganese, iphosphorus, isulfur kunye ne-silicon.

Kubandakanya uyilo oluqinileyo, ukunxiba ukunganyangeki, ukuqina okufanelekileyo, ukwakhiwa okuqinileyo, ukumelana nokunganyangeki, amandla agqwesileyo, umgangatho ogqwesileyo.

Ezi funges zilungele iimfuno eziphezulu ezibekiweyo yi-oyile, igesi kunye namashishini e-Petrochemical

Ezinye izicelo zayo zinamandla amandla, i-pulpha kunye nephepha, ishishini lokuqhuba ioyile engaphandle kweoli, iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo kunye namayeza. Ezinye izicelo apho zifunyanwa zisetyenzisiwe zizinto ezizimeleyo, ukuphatha ngegesi, izixhobo zekhemikhali, izixhobo zamanzi aselwandle, izixhobo zamayeza kunye nabatshintshi beyeza.