Umbukiso weZhengzhou Huitong Pipe Fittings 316 S31600 Weldolets

Ama-Flango ensimbi ahlinzeka ngokufinyelela okulula kokuhlanza, ukuhlola noma ukuguqulwa. Imvamisa ziza ngezimo eziyindilinga kepha nazo zingafika ngezindlela zesikwele nezinxantathu. Ama-flanges ahlanganiswe komunye nomunye ngokubopha futhi ajoyine ohlelweni lwamapayipi ngokushiswa noma ethangothini futhi aklanyelwe izilinganiso ezithile zengcindezelo; I-150LB, 300LB, 400LB, 600LB, 900LB, 1500LB no-2500lb.

Inqubo enikeziwe ye -316 I-Socket Socket Fittings engenasici I-NPT 1.4401 Elbow - Zhengzhou Huitong Pipeline Equipment Co, Ltd.

Ukuze udlulise ipayipi, kuyadingeka ukususa i-hose eqondile epayipini. Lapho usebenzisa amapayipi ahlukahlukene, kufanele kusetshenziswe amapayipi ahlukahlukene. Lapho kusetshenziswa ipayipi, i-elbow kumele isetshenziselwe ukushintsha usayizi wepayipi. Lapho u-bifurcating, ipayipi elinezindlela ezintathu i-Flange uxhumano olusetshenzisiwe lapho i-joint isetshenziswa ama-pipeline ahlukahlukene amahle, ukuze ifinyelele ekukhuliseni okuhlangene noma ukugcwaliswa okuhlangene okuhlangene noma ukukhishwa okusebenzayo okubandayo kanye nokuhlangana okubandayo okuhlanganisiwe kusetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwepayipi. , Ekuxhumaneni kwamathuluzi ahlukahlukene, kukhona nezixhumi nama-plugs esigaba sensimbi.

Okuqukethwe okuphansi kwekhabhoni ku-316l kunciphisa ukufudumala kwemvula okulimazayo kusuka ekushisweni (ikhabhoni kudonswa ngaphandle kwensimbi futhi kuphenduke nge-chromium lapho kufudumele, ukumelana nokugqwayiza). Ngakho-ke, i-316l isetshenziswa lapho i-welding iyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukumelana okukhulu kokugqwala.

RF FF RTJ ASME B16.47 Uchungechunge B Flings insimbi engagqwali ye-file flange flange

Inqubo yokuvuselela ye -316 Insimbi Engagqwali Yensimbi Ehlanganisiwe Fittings NPT 1.4401 Elbow

Amapayipi ensimbi angahlukaniswa ngesisekelo sohlelo lokusebenza lwayo. Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwamapayipi ensimbi kusendaweni yamapayipi amanzi, imigqa yamanzi ezimboni, umugqa wepayipi wezwe, amapayipi okunisela, izimboni zentuthu, izimboni zemoto, imboni yokwakha kanye nezinye izinhloso.

Ngemuva kokuhlolwa kwe-tesension kanye nokuhlolwa kokudlidliza okunezinhlangothi ezintathu, ukuqubuka kwepayipi lensimbi engagqwali kwenzeka kude nePhoyinti le-Welding noma indawo evuthayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukungcola okuncane kweWeld nokuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen kuphakeme kancane, ngakho-ke amandla e-weld angcono kunezinye izingxenye.

I-SMO 254 Amapayipi angamelana nengcindezi emishini ephezulu kanye ne-alloy 254 SMO Pipe TRESHERE TRESHERE PRESHERE EMATHELO EZIQHAWULEKILE KANYE NEMIPHUMELA EBONAKALAYO.

Insimbi engama-304 engenasici iyinsimbi evame kakhulu engenacala. Insimbi iqukethe zombili i-chromium (phakathi kuka-18% no-20%) kanye ne-nickel (phakathi kuka-8% kanye ne-10,5%) [1] izinsimbi njengezicini ezingezona zensimbi. Yinsimbi e-auntenitic engagqwali. Uma kwenzeka ukusetshenziswa, i-SS304 kungatholakala ekhishini emigceni kanye neminye imisebenzi efana nama-aposta kanye nama-microwave oveni. I-SS304 nayo isetshenziselwa ukwenza imithambo yengcindezi, izembozo zamasondo kanye nokwakha ama-facade.

I-TP 304L yensimbi engenasici angenasici
Enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziphambili ze-Anneling zibuyisela imiphumela yokuqina komsebenzi. Ngesikhathi sokukhaza, ukudweba, ukugoba njll. Izinto ezibonakalayo zingenziwa lukhuni kuze kube seqophelweni lapho ukusebenza okunye kungenzeki noma kuholele ekuqhekekeni. Ukusebenza okukhona okuvela kulesi sigaba kuzokwenza lokho okubonakalayo kukhululeke, kuvunyelwe ukwakheka okwengeziwe. Ngendlela efanayo, ukunxusa kusetshenziselwa ukususa izingcindezi zangaphakathi ezenzeka lapho ama-welds eqinisa.

Enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziphambili ze-Anneling zibuyisela imiphumela yokuqina komsebenzi. Ngesikhathi sokukhaza, ukudweba, ukugoba njll. Izinto ezibonakalayo zingenziwa lukhuni kuze kube seqophelweni lapho ukusebenza okunye kungenzeki noma kuholele ekuqhekekeni. Ukusebenza okukhona okuvela kulesi sigaba kuzokwenza lokho okubonakalayo kukhululeke, kuvunyelwe ukwakheka okwengeziwe. Ngendlela efanayo, ukunxusa kusetshenziselwa ukususa izingcindezi zangaphakathi ezenzeka lapho ama-welds eqinisa.

I-ASME B36.19M ingukucaciswa okujwayelekile kwamapayipi ensimbi angenasici, acacisa ubukhulu, ukubekezelelana kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza amapayipi afakwe emthungo.

Ibanga 310s I-Stickless Butt Weld Witle Fitting liqukethe i-carbon ephansi, enesilinganiso esiphakeme se-nickel kanye ne-chromium yokuhlanza i-hydrogen suldrogen suldrogen, izingxenye zokwelashwa, amabhasikidi okushisa, ama-offenser, phesheya kwezilwandle njll.
Insimbi engagqwali
Insimbi ye-alloy
IsiVietnam
IBelarusian
www.oepipe.com
Imigoqo yensimbi ye-alloy & izinduku
Ukukhiqiza i-ASME B36.10 ASME B36.20
Ama-flanges ensimbi ekhanni
Imigoqo yensimbi engagqwali & izinduku
I-Hex Bolt Hex Bolt 1.4529 Hex Bolt
Ukunciphisa ama-tee sch40

Amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali anokumelana okuhle kokugqwala kokuqina, ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala kanye nokusebenza okubandayo kanye nokunyathela izitembu, futhi kungasetshenziswa njengensimbi engamelana nesici. Ngasikhathi sinye, izakhiwo zemishini zensimbi zisekuhle ku -180¡). Esimweni esiqinile solusuku, ipulasitiki, ubulukhuni kanye nokusebenza okubandayo kwensimbi kunokumelana nokugqwala ku-acid, umkhathi, amanzi kanye neminye imithombo yezindaba. Ngakho-ke, insimbi engagqwali engama-304 insimbi enomphumela omkhulu kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kanye nensimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu.
Alloy 310s, njengama-309s, kwaziwa ngezicelo eziphezulu zokushisa. Womabili la ma-alloys asebenza kahle emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku-2000¡ãf, ikakhulukazi lapho ukumelana khona oxidation kuyadingeka khona. I-310 insimbi engagqwali yinsimbi ye-auntenitic-nickel yensimbi engenacala nge-oxidation enhle nokumelana nokugqwala ngenxa yesilinganiso esiphakeme se-chromium ku-nickel.

Izinto ze-UNS31600 zithathwa njengepayipi lebanga lasolwandle futhi zenzelwe ngaphandle kwama-welds noma umthungo. Ibanga lenza kahle kwimidiya ehlukene enamanzi futhi libonisa ukumelana nokugqwala okukhonkotha ngama-chlorides kanye nanoma yikuphi ukungcola. Ikhemikhali eliphakeme laleli banga livimba amapayipi wesikhathi eside emizimbeni yamanzi. Kodwa-ke, amapayipi ebanga lasolwandle athambekele emanzini afudumele.
Insimbi engagqwali
Insimbi ye-alloy
IsiVietnam
IBelarusian
www.oepipe.com
Imigoqo yensimbi ye-alloy & izinduku
Ukukhiqiza i-ASME B36.10 ASME B36.20
Ama-flanges ensimbi ekhanni
Imigoqo yensimbi engagqwali & izinduku
I-Hex Bolt Hex Bolt 1.4529 Hex Bolt
ASTM A182 347 FLANLINE Steel Flanges

Insimbi engenasici i-alloy yensimbi engamelana nokugunda. Inama-chromium okungenani ayi-11% futhi ingaqukatha izinto ezifana nekhabhoni, ezinye izinsimbi nezinsimbi ukuthola ezinye izakhiwo ezifiselekayo. Ukuphikiswa kwensimbi engenasici emiphumeleni yokugqwala kusuka ku-chromium, eyakha ifilimu nje engavikela lokho okubonakalayo nokuzenzela ukuziphilisa phambi komoya-mpilo.
I-310s emnyama imvelo engagqwali yensimbi ye-hexagon sockegon Head ASTM 310s Hexagon Socket Head Bolt
321H uthola ukumelana okuhle kakhulu ekugxumeni kokuhlangana okulandela ukuvezwa kumazinga okushisa e-Chromium Carbide Preipitature Precipal kusuka ku-800 kuye ku-1500 f (427 c kuya ku-816 c).
Ama-N083367 futhi abizwa futhi njengoba i-alroy al6xn iyikhabhoni ephansi, ubumsulwa obuphezulu, ubumsulwa be-nitrogen-auntenitic "ama-nickel-molybdenum alloy ane-chloride pittipt kanye ne-crevice corrision.
I-ASTM A312 I-IPP316 iyincazelo ejwayelekile ye-seamless engenamthungo, i-suuntenicled auntenitic esetshenzisiwe amapayipi wensimbi angenamikhawulo asetshenziswa ezisetshenzisweni ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokushisa kanye nezinsizakalo ezijwayelekile. Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 le-seamless lensimbi lenziwa ngenhlanganisela ye-chromium, i-nickel, kanye ne-molybdenum, enikeza i-SS 316 i-seamless tube ukumelana kahle nokugqwala.

I-N08925 I-Filanless Filange engenasici inama-welchimall amahle ngazo zonke izinqubo ezijwayelekile

I-Annelung iyinqubo yokwelashwa ekushiseni eguqula i-misftructure yento yokusebenzisa izakhiwo zayo zemishini noma zikagesi. Imvamisa, ku-Steel, kusetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ubulukhuni, ukukhulisa i-decticity futhi kusize ukuqeda izingcindezi zangaphakathi.
Ama-Fasteners e-Duplex
Insimbi ye-alloy
IsiVietnam
IBelarusian
www.oepipe.com
Imigoqo yensimbi ye-alloy & izinduku
Alloy 800 NCF 800 izinsimbi ezikhethekile zensimbi
Ama-flanges ensimbi ekhanni
Imigoqo yensimbi engagqwali & izinduku

Ifaka insimbi engama-304 engenasici ukuze imelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, le llainger evunyiwe ye-weldi tek flange ingafakwa ohlelweni nge-clurceferance ye-wald entanyeni. Indawo ye-welded ingahlolwa kalula yi-radiography. Ipayipi elifanisiwe ne-Flange Brore inciphisa isiyaluyalu nokuguguleka ngaphakathi kwepayipi. I-Flange ihle kakhulu ukuze isetshenziswe kuzinhlelo zakho ezibucayi futhi ilungele ukusetshenziswa ngomoya, amanzi, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo kanye nomusi.

I-ASTM A403 iyindinganiso yezinto ezisetshenziswayo zepayipi, kukhombisa izinto zokwakha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zensimbi engenasici, iWPSP004 ingenye yebanga lensimbi kuleli Zinga. 304 Uhlobo lwensimbi evamile engenacala, lusetshenziselwa kabanzi ukwenza ukwenziwa kwemishini nezingxenye ezidinga ukusebenza okuhle okuphelele, ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokwakheka.

Uhlobo lwensimbi engu-316L olungenacala lukhuphuke ukuvikelwa kokugqwala ngenxa yokungezwa kwe-molybdenum.

Amapayipi angama-304 enziwe ngensimbi engama-304 engagqwali, impahla ejwayelekile futhi ethandwayo kuzinhlelo eziningi zezimboni ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala kanye noximation. Lawa mapayipi amapayipi e-S30400 ahlanganiswe asebenzisa imishini ekhethekile nezinqubo, eziqinisekisa ukuthi zinembe kakhulu futhi zithembekile.
Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 elingagqwali liye laba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezimboni. Le alloy yensimbi ne-chrome yamukelwa ngokumelana kwayo okuphezulu ekugqwaneni, kanye nokuqina kwawo. 316 I-tubing yensimbi engagqwali ingakhiqizwa kumashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zamakhasimende athile.
I-Finanless yensimbi Flange ayisho nje kuphela ohlotsheni lwensimbi engenasici, kepha futhi imele izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-100 zezimboni zensimbi engagqwali. Uhlobo ngalunye lwensimbi engenacala lusebenza kahle enkambini yalo ethile yesicelo. Okokuqala, injongo kaFlange iyocaciswa, bese kuba nebanga lensimbi elingenacala lizonqunywa. Izinsimbi ezijwayelekile ezingenasici zingama-304, 304l, 316, 316l, njll zonke ziqukethe i-chromium, nickel nezinye izingxenye zamakhemikhali. Isibonelo, ukungezwa kwe-molybdenum kungathuthukisa ukuthuthuka komkhathi, ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokugqwala emkhathini oqukethe i-chloride.

I-Al6XN iyinsimbi e-superAustonitic engenacala ngokumelana okuvelele kokuphamba kwe-chloride, ukugqwala kwe-crevice kanye nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezelo. I-Al6xn ingu-Aloy ayi-6 olwenzelwe futhi asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinolaka kakhulu. Ine-nickel ephezulu (24%), i-molybdenum (6.3%), i-nitrogen kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okunikeza ukumelana kahle nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwe-chloride, i-chloride ukumelana, kanye nokuphikiswa okujwayelekile kokugqwala. I-Al6xn isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo okuthuthukile kanye ne-crevice in clorides. Kuyinsimbi enobunzima futhi engakhathali.

I-ASTM A403 iyindinganiso yezinto ezisetshenziswayo zepayipi, kukhombisa izinto zokwakha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zensimbi engenasici, iWPSP004 ingenye yebanga lensimbi kuleli Zinga. 304 Uhlobo lwensimbi evamile engenacala, lusetshenziselwa kabanzi ukwenza ukwenziwa kwemishini nezingxenye ezidinga ukusebenza okuhle okuphelele, ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokwakheka.

Uhlobo lwensimbi engu-316L olungenacala lukhuphuke ukuvikelwa kokugqwala ngenxa yokungezwa kwe-molybdenum.

Insimbi engenasici 1.4529 Hcr ibonakala ngokumelana okuphezulu kwezehlakalo zokugqwala zasendaweni ezifana nokugqwala kwama-crevice, ukugqwala okukhonkotha noma ukungqubuzana kwe-chlorine-okubangelwa ukungqubuzana kwengcindezelo. Iphinde ikhombise izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini futhi ingasetshenziswa ngaphezu kobubanzi bokushisa obubanzi. Inobuhlakani obuhle kakhulu kanye nokumelana ne-abrasion ekuxhumaneni ne-sulfuric noma i-phosphoric acid, noma ama-chlorides nosawoti.

I-ASTM A403 WPP304 Pipe BELNEB yenziwa ukuze ilawulwe izimo zokugwema ukuqeqeshwa, ukuhumusha kanye nokulinganisa. Izindlela zokwelashwa okushisa ziyingcindezi yokucindezela, okuqinisayo kanye nokukhulisa okunamandla okumelana nempahla yokuphikiswa nokugqwala.
Ukufakwa kwakhiwe kwakhiwa bese kufudunyezwa ekushiseni okuphezulu kulandela ukupholisa okusheshayo eduze kokupholisa kusemoyeni okusesandleni. Lokhu kupholisa okusheshayo kunezela emandleni ensimbi engenasici angama-310 amapayipi futhi kubenza baqine kakhulu. Ama-SS 310 afanelekile asetshenziswa ezimbonini ezinjengezinhlelo zamanzi olwandle, izitshalo zamandla okuphehla amandla okushisa kanye namapayipi afuywayo amaningi nawo. Ukufakwa kwezilwandle ezingama-310s SS kusetshenziswa emakilasini wokucindezela ahlukene ukubhekana nesidingo sokuqukethwe kwesicelo sengcindezelo.

I-Seamless Pipe ayisweli le fihla yesakhiwo ebonakalayo futhi yathathwa iphephe. Ngenkathi kucaca ukuthi ipayipi elishayekile libandakanya umthungo elenza ukuba buthaka, amasu okukhiqiza kanye namahlorimu wokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ngalinye athuthukile lapho kudlula khona lapho ukubekezelela kwaso.

I-Incoloy 925 Flange ihlinzeka ukumelana okuhle kakhulu ekugqwaneni okukhohlisayo kanye ne-crevice.

I-Alloy Steel Pepe ne-Tube
Enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziphambili ze-Anneling zibuyisela imiphumela yokuqina komsebenzi. Ngesikhathi sokukhaza, ukudweba, ukugoba njll. Izinto ezibonakalayo zingenziwa lukhuni kuze kube seqophelweni lapho ukusebenza okunye kungenzeki noma kuholele ekuqhekekeni. Ukusebenza okukhona okuvela kulesi sigaba kuzokwenza lokho okubonakalayo kukhululeke, kuvunyelwe ukwakheka okwengeziwe. Ngendlela efanayo, ukunxusa kusetshenziselwa ukususa izingcindezi zangaphakathi ezenzeka lapho ama-welds eqinisa.

I-304 S30400 1.4301 Piping Piping Spools 304 Insimbi Engagqwali Kwangaphambi Kwendwangu

I-904L (N08904, 14539) Insimbi ye-Supe Austenitic Engagqwali iqukethe i-14.0-18.0% Chromium, 24.0-26.0% nickel, 4.5% molybdenum. Insimbi engu-904l supen auntenitic stainless esingenacala, i-carbon ephansi, ephezulu, i-molybdenum auntenitic acid acid acid acid, okuyinto ephathelene nenkampani engenisiwe evela enkampanini yaseFrance H¡¤s. Inamandla amahle okusebenza-wokuphambuka, ukumelana kahle nokuphikiswa okunamandla kuma-acid angenangqondo afana ne-sulfuric acid, i-phosphoric acid ngokumelana kahle nokugqwala kwe-crevice ukumelana nokuphikiswa kwengcindezelo. Ilungele ukugxila okuhlukahlukene kwe-sulfuric acid ngezansi kwe-70 ¡Ãc, futhi inokuphikiswa okuhle kokugqwala ku-acetic acid yanoma yikuphi ukugxila kanye nokushisa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ejwayelekile, kanye nase-acid exubile ye-formic acid ne-acetic acid.

Ama-flanges angama-SS 347 asetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa ama-cryogenic kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokugqoka okuphezulu kanye nezicelo zokugqoka eziphezulu
Insimbi engagqwali
Insimbi ye-alloy
IsiVietnam
IBelarusian
www.oepipe.com
Imigoqo yensimbi ye-alloy & izinduku
Ukukhiqiza i-ASME B36.10 ASME B36.20
Ama-flanges ensimbi ekhanni
Imigoqo yensimbi engagqwali & izinduku
I-Hex Bolt Hex Bolt 1.4529 Hex Bolt
I-316 IBANDLA LE-STARINLLELE Steel PIPE 50mm

I-316l 1.4401 S31603 I-STIANCLEENT I-PIPE I-PIRELLELEKILE KAKHULU KAKHULU KAKHULU KANYE NOKUQHAWULA KAKHULU KWAMAHHALA OKUSHINTSHA KULULA KWEZINHLOBO ZOKUXHUMANA NOKUthengisa. Le SS EX C31603 Pipe yenziwa ngekhwalithi ephezulu 316l insimbi engagqwali engenacala ngokumelana kahle nokugqwala, i-oxidation kanye nokubala, okwenza kube kuhle ngezindawo ezinokhahlo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu.
Insimbi engagqwali
Insimbi ye-alloy
IsiVietnam
IBelarusian
www.oepipe.com
Imigoqo yensimbi ye-alloy & izinduku
Ukukhiqiza i-ASME B36.10 ASME B36.20
Ama-flanges ensimbi ekhanni
Imigoqo yensimbi engagqwali & izinduku
I-Hex Bolt Hex Bolt 1.4529 Hex Bolt
\ 5 ^ kususelwa ku-

I-347 Insimbi Engagqwali Ukumelana Kahle Kokugqwala, Le Grainger evunyelwe i-Weld Fight Flange ifakwe ohlelweni nge-Beldferial Weld entanyeni. Indawo ye-welded ingahlolwa kalula yi-radiography. Ipayipi elifanisiwe ne-Flange Brore inciphisa isiyaluyalu nokuguguleka ngaphakathi kwepayipi. I-Flange ihle kakhulu ukuze isetshenziswe kuzinhlelo zakho ezibucayi futhi ilungele ukusetshenziswa ngomoya, amanzi, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo kanye nomusi.

Insimbi engu-304l engenasici ayinakuqina ngokwelashwa kokushisa. Ukwelashwa kwesixazululo noma ukunxusa kungapholiwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokushisa ku-1010-1120¡Ãc.

Ama-Fasteners e-Carbon
Enye yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziphambili ze-Anneling zibuyisela imiphumela yokuqina komsebenzi. Ngesikhathi sokukhaza, ukudweba, ukugoba njll. Izinto ezibonakalayo zingenziwa lukhuni kuze kube seqophelweni lapho ukusebenza okunye kungenzeki noma kuholele ekuqhekekeni. Ukusebenza okukhona okuvela kulesi sigaba kuzokwenza lokho okubonakalayo kukhululeke, kuvunyelwe ukwakheka okwengeziwe. Ngendlela efanayo, ukunxusa kusetshenziselwa ukususa izingcindezi zangaphakathi ezenzeka lapho ama-welds eqinisa.

Onke amabanga ethu angama-310 310 ama-flangeni angenasici anikela ngensimbi aklanywe ngempumelelo usebenzisa ikhwalithi ecwebezelayo, esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obucwebezelayo futhi ungakhohlwa ngokwezinga lekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe.

Ngoba insimbi engagqwali ibuye futhi igcizelele phansi, i-oxidation amelana ne-onimation, futhi i-assn¡¯t ithinta ezinye izinsimbi ezihlangana nayo, isetshenziswa kaningi kwi-arch of application, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi emapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi, ikakhulukazi epayipi, ama-tubing, kanye nokufakelwa kokukhiqiza. Kususelwa ekusetshenzisweni kokuphela kwepayipi, amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali aphulwe ezansi kwezigaba eziningana.