Insimbi ephezulu ichazwa ngamaphesenti aphezulu ezinto ezenziwayo.

I-ASME B36.19M ingukucaciswa okujwayelekile kwamapayipi ensimbi angenasici, acacisa ubukhulu, ukubekezelelana kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza amapayipi afakwe emthungo.

I-Incons 718 yi-alloy esekelwe e-nickel-chromium evame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlalweni eziphakeme zokushisa ezinjenge-aerospace negesi turbines. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-ASTM B670 Incontel 718 Ishidi le-Plate Rolling. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziphambili zamapuleti we-Incon 718 atholakala emakethe: Amapuleti ashisayo asongwe namakhaza.

Lezi ze-alloys zama-flanges zimelana ngokuhlukile ekucindezelekeni kokugqwala kokuqhekeka kwezicelo ze-petrochemical. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe kwe-molybdenum kuphumela emandleni avelele ku-solide solution aloy ebheka izimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu zokwenziwa kwezimpawu.

I-SUS316L Pipe inezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu nezimpawu zokushisa. Kumakiwe kalula noma kugingqika ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene ukuze zisetshenziswe embonini, ekwakheni nasezokuhamba.

Lapho okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kwe-A333 GR 6 I-PipED Chemistry kuphansi, ithuba lokuqhekeka endaweni enomdlandla futhi liphansi. Kodwa-ke, abanye abakhiqizi bakhetha amapayipi angenamthungo phezu kwamapayipi we-welded. Isizathu ngemuva kwalokhu ukuthi ukusebenza kwe-A333 GR 6 Emthungle Douse engenamthungo kucishe kube ngu-20% ngaphezulu kwe-welded endaweni ephezulu yokucindezela.

Inhlanganisela yesigaba se-Ferritic ne-Aututenitic ihlinzeka ngamandla aphezulu kanye nokuphikiswa okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala.

I-Stainless Din Din 1.4539 I-Fastethers ingukuhlonzwa okuyisisekelo kwe-fasteners yensimbi engenasisekelo, engeza inani elikhulu le-selenium nethusi kwikhambi le-phosphorus ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwe-phosphorus ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kokumelana.

I-INTRR 36® iyinsimbi ye-nickel-i-iron, i-alloy ephansi ephansi equkethe ama-nickel angama-36%, i-invar 36 ine-coeffied ephansi yokunwebeka kusuka kumazinga okushisa angu-500 ° F (260 ° C).

Yize amapuleti e-S31803 angeke aqiniswe ukwelashwa okushisayo, kepha amandla awo nobulukhuni angakhuphuka kakhulu ngenqubo yokusebenza ebandayo, ngokuncipha okwalandela ezakhiweni zawo ze-ructile. I-2205 futhi inokumelana okujwayelekile kokugqwala kunezinhlobo ezingama-316l ezindaweni eziningi. Ipuleti le-S31803 liyinto elungele kakhulu insizakalo ezindaweni eziqukethe ama-chlorides kanye ne-hydrogen sulphide njengezindawo zasolwandle kanye nokukhishwa kwamafutha kanye nokukhishwa kwezimboni.

I-Nickel 200 Flinges the nickel 200 Flanges ayahlala isikhathi eside, aqinile, futhi abe nokuqeda okuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ASTM B564 ANS N02200 Flanges Blind

I-Alloy 925 iyi-alloy esekwe ku-nickel enokungezwa okukhulu kwe-iron ne-chromium, kodwa futhi ne-molybdenum, ithusi, i-titanium ne-aluminium. Inhlanganisela yamandla aphezulu nokuphikiswa kokugqwala yenza ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinjengama-valves, ama-hanger, amaphakethe namapayipi ezindaweni ezihlonishwayo zegesi. Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ama-fasteners kanye nemisele yepompo ezindaweni zasolwandle.

Ama-N083367 futhi abizwa futhi njengoba i-alroy al6xn iyikhabhoni ephansi, ubumsulwa obuphezulu, ubumsulwa be-nitrogen-auntenitic "ama-nickel-molybdenum alloy ane-chloride pittipt kanye ne-crevice corrision.

Ukwakha imisebenzi efana nokugoba nokuvusana, kanye nokufakwa kwe-fusion welding, kufaneleka kahle nge-ASTM A335 P11 P11 P4 ALLOY STEB PIPE. Ukuhlolwa okucacisiwe kwamapayipi angenamthungo angenamkhumbi afaka isivivinyo sokuvuselela, ukuhlolwa kokugoba, ukuhlolwa kobulukhuni kanye nokuhlolwa okude noma okuguquguqukayo.

I-nickel based 800 incoloy hexagonal Pipe yaziwa ukuthi imelana nokugqwala okuhle. Ngokukhuluma ngokuqondile, ipayipi le-Incoloy 800 linikeza ukumelana okwanele ngokumelene nobabili ukuthuthuka kanye nokugqwala koxidation.

Amapuleti we-S31803 azosetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukumelana okungcono kokugqwala, njengezindawo eziqukethe ama-chlorides kanye nezindawo zasolwandle ezingcolile, izitshalo zokucinga, njll.

I-A789 EXS S31803 ne-UNS S32205 amamaki amabili wensimbi engenacala esetshenziswa kabanzi kwizicelo ezahlukahlukene zezimboni. Lawa mapayipi we-Duplex S31803 ayaziwa ngokumelana kwawo okuhle kakhulu, amandla aphezulu, nokushiswa okuhle. I-A789 ingukucaciswa okuhlanganisa amashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded enziwe ngensimbi engenacala.

Incoloy 926 (ANX N08926 \ W.NR. 1.4529) yi-aloy yensimbi engenasici enesici esifanayo esinokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okufanayo nge-904l alloy. Okuqukethwe kwayo kwe-nitrogen kungu-0.2%, okuqukethwe molybdenum kungu-6.5%.
Usayizi "OD: 1 \ 2" "~ 48"

Amashubhu we-Hastelloy C2000 asetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezibanzi zezimboni ezifaka ukucubungula kwe-petrochemical, ukukhiqiza imishini yamakhemikhali, ama-oyela wokuhlanza kanye nezitshalo zamandla.

Umsuka we-Duplex Steel ungalandelelwa emuva kweminyaka yama-1920, ngowokuqala wenziwa eSweden ngo-1930. Kodwa-ke, ukuthandwa kokusebenzisa i-Dumplex Kuqala ukukhuphuka eminyakeni eyi-30 eyedlule lapho kuthuthukiswa kakhulu. Izinhlobo ezimbili zezinsimbi ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza i-Duplex ¨c Auntenitic ne-Ferritic ¨c zilungele inhloso ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezimo kodwa bobabili abavimbela ukuba basebenzise kabanzi.

I-ASTM A240 Type 2205 Plate ipuleti yensimbi engenacala esetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezinjengezimboni zamakhemikhali, i-oyela negesi ehloliwe. ISA 240 GR 2205 Sheet yenziwa ngeBanga 2205 Insimbi Engagqwali, okuyinhlanganisela yensimbi ye-ferrititic ne-auntenitic.

Incoloy 800h Flange Sinedumela eliqinile embonini ngokukhiqiza ama-flanges asezingeni eliphakeme lezinhlobo ezahlukene ezizohambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu. Sikhiqiza incoloy 800 Flanges ethembekile futhi ephezulu ngekhwalithi. Sisebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ze-premium kanye nemishini ethuthukile yokukhiqiza i-ASTM B564 ANC N08800 Incoloy 800 Flangetes.

I-Alloy 800 iyi-nickel-iron-chromium alloy enamandla aphezulu kanye nokumelana okuhle ne-oxidation kanye nokugqwala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. I-ASTM B407 EX N08800 Incoloy 800 W. NR. 1.4876 Ipayipi eline-welded lisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwemishini edinga ukumelana nokuvutha, ukumelana nokushisa, amandla, nokuqina kwenkonzo kuze kube ngu-1500 ° F (816 ° C).

I-SCH40 Monel 400 ipayipi iqokwa njenge-Werkstoff Inombolo engu-2.4360 futhi ayinasi-n04400. I-Alloy 400 Ipayipi elibuye laziwa ngokuthi yi-Monel Alloy 400 ipayipi, i-monel 400 ipayipi & nickel alloy 400 Pipe.

Imigoqo yensimbi ye-alloy & izinduku
Ama-flain angenasici anezakhiwo ezinhle zensimbi kanye nokuphikiswa kokugqwala, futhi ajwayele ukufakwa ekufakweni nasekuxhumeni kwamapayipi amanzi angenasici, amapayipi acindezelayo aphezulu kanye namapayipi alwa nokugqwala.

Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-316L, i-317l yensimbi inokumelana kahle kwamanzi olwandle kanye nokumelana kwe-SCC, futhi isetshenziswa emikhunjini yamakhemikhali, imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali kanye neminye imishini yamakhemikhali edinga ukumelana nokuqina kwamakhemikhali.

I-ASTM A240 F51 S31803 2205 2205 Plate 2b 1.00mm Duplex Steel Ishidi Lensimbi - Zhengzhou Huitong Pipeline Equipment Co, Ltd.

I-Monel K500 ipayipi bend kanye ne-elbow imelana nemvelo enomuncu
Izakhiwo zemishini ze-ASTM A182 F9 FRANCE zifaka amandla alo aphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle, ubulukhuni obukhulayo kanye nezakhiwo ezinzima kanye nezakhiwo ezinzima.
Ubude: Ngokwesidingo sakho. "

ube nesihlengo sezingxenye ezicishe zilingane ze-Autenite neFerrite. Le succucture iqinisekisa ukuthi imelana kakhulu nokuqhekeka kokugqwayiza kwengcindezelo (i-SCC) kunensimbi evamile engenacala.

I-HT PIPE ingenye yenkampani enkulu kunazo zonke futhi edume kakhulu yenkampani yenkampani ye-India, ehlinzeka ngensimbi engenasici 316l tuber kanye nama-trun acterm 316l Tube Fittings.

I-ASTM A182 Dumplex Insimbi engenalutho ye-Wn Flinges enamandla aphezulu emishini kanye nokushiswa okuhle

I-B2 iyehlise kakhulu ikhabhoni, i-silicon nensimbi uma kuqhathaniswa nokwandulela kwayo, i-alloy b (uns n10001), okwenza i-alloy ibe lula ukuncipha kokuphikiswa kokugqwala endaweni yezempi, esimweni se-aslded.
Ama-fastener wensimbi engagqwali
I-Luxembourgish
Azerbaijani
Ipayipi elinqunyelwe
Ukubuyekezwa Kwamakhasimende
Imigoqo yensimbi engagqwali & izinduku
HT 6 INCHSP 10S A403 WPP31L B16.9 90 DERGEELEE ELBEE
Insimbi Engagqwali
I-Monel 400 Ipayipi lamafreyimu wezinto zamehlo

Iyakwazi ukubekezelela uhla olubanzi lwamakhemikhali we-oxidizing kanye nama-non-oxidizing, futhi kukhombisa ukumelana okuvelele ekuhlaselweni okukhonkotha nokukhohlisa phambi kwama-chlorides namanye ama-halide.

I-ASTM A182 F304H yensimbi Flainses Products yakhelwe futhi yathuthukiswa ngokuya ngamazinga wekhwalithi yamazwe omhlaba kanye namazinga wekhwalithi kazwelonke.

Ama-Flango ensimbi ahlinzeka ngokufinyelela okulula kokuhlanza, ukuhlola noma ukuguqulwa. Imvamisa ziza ngezimo eziyindilinga kepha nazo zingafika ngezindlela zesikwele nezinxantathu. Ama-flanges ahlanganiswe komunye nomunye ngokubopha futhi ajoyine ohlelweni lwamapayipi ngokushiswa noma ethangothini futhi aklanyelwe izilinganiso ezithile zengcindezelo; I-150LB, 300LB, 400LB, 600LB, 900LB, 1500LB no-2500lb.

Ngaphandle kwekhabhoni, lokhu kuqukethe inani elikhulu le-nickel, i-manganese, chromium, i-silicon, eTungstern, i-vagadium, molybdenum.

Ukupakisha ifreyimu yensimbi, iphepha elingangeni manzi, ipallet yokhuni, icala lokhuni noma ngokwesicelo samakhasimende.

Ama-Druplex Ama-stainless ane-mistructure angu-50% Ferritic no-50% Autenitic. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kubanikeza amandla angcono kunama-Ferritic noma ama-autenitic steel. Imininingwane engaphezulu ngalesi sihloko inikezwe ngezansi (bona amapayipi we-ASTM A790).
Ama-fastener wensimbi engagqwali
I-Luxembourgish
Azerbaijani
Ipayipi elinqunyelwe
Ukubuyekezwa Kwamakhasimende
Imigoqo yensimbi engagqwali & izinduku
HT 6 INCHSP 10S A403 WPP31L B16.9 90 DERGEELEE ELBEE
Insimbi Engagqwali
I-Monel 400 Ipayipi lamafreyimu wezinto zamehlo

I-Incoloy 925 Ama-Flango ayaziwa ukuthi amelana nokugqwala okuvelele, okukhonkotha, ukugqwala kwe-crevice, kanye nokuqhekeka kwengcindezi ezindaweni eziningi ezinamanzi kufaka phakathi lawo aqukethe ama-sulfides nama-chloride.

I-316l 1.4401 S31603 I-STIANCLEENT I-PIPE I-PIRELLELEKILE KAKHULU KAKHULU KAKHULU KANYE NOKUQHAWULA KAKHULU KWAMAHHALA OKUSHINTSHA KULULA KWEZINHLOBO ZOKUXHUMANA NOKUthengisa. Le SS EX C31603 Pipe yenziwa ngekhwalithi ephezulu 316l insimbi engagqwali engenacala ngokumelana kahle nokugqwala, i-oxidation kanye nokubala, okwenza kube kuhle ngezindawo ezinokhahlo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu.

I-Alloy 904L ihluphuke ezinye izinsimbi ze-autenitic ezingenasici ngenxa yezinga eliphakeme lokwabiwa kwe-nickel ne-molybdenum.

I-ASTM A312 I-IPP316 iyincazelo ejwayelekile ye-seamless engenamthungo, i-suuntenicled auntenitic esetshenzisiwe amapayipi wensimbi angenamikhawulo asetshenziswa ezisetshenzisweni ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokushisa kanye nezinsizakalo ezijwayelekile. Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 le-seamless lensimbi lenziwa ngenhlanganisela ye-chromium, i-nickel, kanye ne-molybdenum, enikeza i-SS 316 i-seamless tube ukumelana kahle nokugqwala.

I-Coil 625 Coil ibonakala ngokumelana kwayo okuhle kwi-oxidation, ukugqwala okushisa kakhulu nokukhathala. I-ASTM B443 EX N06625 INCONEM PLATTE isetshenziswa kabanzi e-Aerospace, ukucubungula amakhemikhali kanye namafutha kanye negesi ngenxa yamandla ayo aphakeme, izinkambiso nokuqina okuphezulu.

Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile ze-Dumplex Ibanga le-2205 ziyi-Amafutha ne-gesi, imishini yokusebenza, ukuthutha, izindawo zamakhemikhali, imishini yamaphepha, amathangi okugaya amaphepha, ama-pulp okugaya amaphepha.

I-Gloentsers yensimbi engama-316 yenzelwe izicelo ezimweni ezingemuva kwezemvelo. Ngakho-ke, lezi zimboni zidinga uchungechunge lwensimbi engagqwali yensimbi ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okuthuthukile kanye nokuphikiswa okuphezulu kokugqwala. Ama-SS 316 ama-bolts namantongomane akhiwe nge-ni-cr-mo alloy auntenitic insimbi engagqwali yamandla amahle nokuphikiswa okuhle kakhulu.
Ukufakwa kwamapayipi wensimbi
I-Luxembourgish
Azerbaijani
Ipayipi elinqunyelwe
Ukubuyekezwa Kwamakhasimende
Imigoqo yensimbi engagqwali & izinduku
Surface No.1 No.2D No.2B BA No.3 No.4 No.6 No.7
Insimbi Engagqwali
I-Monel 400 Ipayipi lamafreyimu wezinto zamehlo
I-ASTM A240 TYPE 2205 Plate Stockholder SA 240 GR 2205 Sheet
Amapuleti ensimbi Dupplex & Amashidi namakhoyili

I-Alkel-Cont-based Alloy 400 Monel 2.4360 Indukulela ebandayo ebandayo engu-400 I-Monel 400 iyi-alloy yethusi ne-nickel esekelwe ethandwa namuhla ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu. I-alloy ine-acid enhle kakhulu ne-alkali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inamandla amahle ashubile, i-decticity, ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu okushisayo, futhi kungaqiniswa ngokusebenza kubanda. Ngokwengeziwe, ingasetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamazinga okushisa asukela ku-minus kuya kuma-538 degrees Celsius.

Monel nickel-Copper alloy K-500 ipayipi bend kanye ne-elbow hlanganisa isici sokuphika okuhle kakhulu kwe-monel alloy 400 ngezinzuzo ezingezwe zamandla amakhulu nobulukhuni.

Senza insimbi engenasici 304 \ 304l ukufakwa kwamapayipi kwamapayipi ama-End nomkhumbi emhlabeni wonke.

I-Chromium ephakeme, okuqukethwe kwe-molybdenum kanye ne-nitrogen kuphumela ekumelaneni kwe-pipling okulinganiselayo (pren)> 40, ukuhlinzeka ngamakhono wokugqwala okuphezulu kanye nama-creplex ama-stainles cishe kuyo yonke imithombo yezindaba eqinile, kanye nokushisa okubucayi okuphezulu ngenhla kwe-50¡ngÃc ngaphezulu kwe-50¡ngÃc.
Ukufakwa kwamapayipi wensimbi
I-Luxembourgish
Azerbaijani
Ipayipi elinqunyelwe
Ukubuyekezwa Kwamakhasimende
Imigoqo yensimbi engagqwali & izinduku
Surface No.1 No.2D No.2B BA No.3 No.4 No.6 No.7
Insimbi Engagqwali
I-Monel 400 Ipayipi lamafreyimu wezinto zamehlo
I-ASTM A240 TYPE 2205 Plate Stockholder SA 240 GR 2205 Sheet
amanani amnandi super duplex stackengless ipayipi elingenacala

I-SMO 254 Amapayipi angamelana nengcindezi emishini ephezulu kanye ne-alloy 254 SMO Pipe TRESHERE TRESHERE PRESHERE EMATHELO EZIQHAWULEKILE KANYE NEMIPHUMELA EBONAKALAYO.

Ama-monel alloys yiqembu lama-alloys aqukethe ikakhulu ama-nickel nethusi elinamanani alandelwayo e-iron, amanganezi ama-mongen kanye ne-silicon. I-ASTM B865-04 K500 K500 Monel Fastener iyinhlangano ye-nickel-Copper alloy. Enye yezinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-Alloy Ex n05500 Bolts ukuthi i-alloy ihlanganisa ukumelana kahle kokugqwala kwe-monel 400 alloy nezakhiwo ezengeziwe zokwanda kwamandla nobulukhuni obungeziwe.

Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlolweni kwamafutha okuphuma olwandle kanye negesi \ Prokhiqiteleni kanye nakushintshile ekushiseni ku-petrochemical \ ukucubungula kwamakhemikhali.

Amashubhu angenamthungo angama-600 angenamthungo we-Ex Enc N06600 ne-ASTM B167 yibo abakhiqizwayo ukuze bagxile ekucindezelweni okukhulu ngokweqile futhi beze newaranti enkulu.

Lokhu kuhlinzeka ngokumelana okuthuthukiswe kakhulu ku-sulfuric acid. Futhi inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chromium, ukukhulisa ukumelana kwayo kumakhemikhali oxidizing kanye nemifudlana yenqubo engcoliswe ngama-forric ion kanye ne-oksijini encibilikisiwe.

Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 elingagqwali liye laba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezimboni. Le alloy yensimbi ne-chrome yamukelwa ngokumelana kwayo okuphezulu ekugqwaneni, kanye nokuqina kwawo. 316 I-tubing yensimbi engagqwali ingakhiqizwa kumashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zamakhasimende athile.

Izinto ezisetshenziswe ekukhiqizweni kwama-Duplex Steel S31800 amashidi ahlanganisiwe kufanele futhi ahambisane nezakhiwo ezishiwo zemishini ezishiwo lapha. Imvamisa, amapuleti we-Duplex SWICEL S31803 angasetshenziswa njengenye indlela ebizayo yensimbi engenacala ye-alloy ye-alloy ye-alloy ebizayo ngenxa yepuleti engu-2205 ye-SS enezici ezifanayo kodwa nezithako ezishibhile.

I-S32750 S32760 Super Dumplex Amapayipi Ensimbi Engagqwali ngokumelana kahle kwe-Pitling Pipling yasendaweni

Ukunwetshwa okulungiselelwe i-iron-nickel-cobalt alloys, ama-kovar alloys, ube nokwanda okunezinwele okuqondile okufana nalokho kwengilazi enzima ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokushisa obuthile

Amapayipi angama-304 enziwe ngensimbi engama-304 engagqwali, impahla ejwayelekile futhi ethandwayo kuzinhlelo eziningi zezimboni ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala kanye noximation. Lawa mapayipi amapayipi e-S30400 ahlanganiswe asebenzisa imishini ekhethekile nezinqubo, eziqinisekisa ukuthi zinembe kakhulu futhi zithembekile.
I-ABTM A479 Dumplex Steel engenacala 1.4462 Ama-punched gaskets avinjelwe i-SCC engavikeleki okuvelele kwizicelo eziningi ezifana namathangi amanzi ashisayo, amathangi okususa, izitshalo zokucibishela. Ngakho-ke, i-ASTM A479 Dumplex Insimbi Engagqwali ama-Uns S31803 ukukhiya ama-Washers akhombisa izakhiwo ze-Ferritic ne-Autenitic Alloys.
I-317L (00cr19ni13mo3, ama-S31726) Alloy asuselwa ku-auntenitic asungula Kumelana kakhulu nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali kune-chromium-nickel auntenitic insimbi engagqwali efana ne-304 alloy. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi evamile engenacala, i-317l alloy inokuphumula okuphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala kwengcindezelo, amandla acindezelayo kanye nokuphikiswa okuphezulu. Ibanga eliphansi lekhabhoni noma ibanga, elimelana nokuzwela ngesikhathi se-welding kanye nokwelashwa okushisa.

Ubuningi be-titanium bungama-60% e-60% yensimbi engenasici kanye ne-nickel alloys, lokhu kulondolozwa kwesisindo kwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho lokhu kubalulekile njenge-aerospace.

I-Incons 600 Round Bar iyi-alloy esekwe ku-nickel nge-benign carburulization kanye nokuphikiswa okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Imigoqo eyindilinga engama-600 eyindilinga iyasebenza ngokumelene nokomisa ama-CL2 namanye amagesi amaningi ahlukene emazingeni okushisa aphakeme aphezulu. I-Alloy 600 Bar iyi-nickel-chromium alloy ene-oxidation enhle nokumelana nokuqhekeka kwengcindezi yokuwohloka kwe-chloride, ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kokugqwayiza kwamanzi kanye ne-acid oxidation emazingeni okushisa aphakeme.