I-Incons 600 Preabrucation

I-ASTM A240 Type 2205 Plate ipuleti yensimbi engenacala esetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezinjengezimboni zamakhemikhali, i-oyela negesi ehloliwe. ISA 240 GR 2205 Sheet yenziwa ngeBanga 2205 Insimbi Engagqwali, okuyinhlanganisela yensimbi ye-ferrititic ne-auntenitic.

I-Incons 718 yi-alloy esekelwe e-nickel-chromium evame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlalweni eziphakeme zokushisa ezinjenge-aerospace negesi turbines. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-ASTM B670 Incontel 718 Ishidi le-Plate Rolling. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziphambili zamapuleti we-Incon 718 atholakala emakethe: Amapuleti ashisayo asongwe namakhaza.

I-316l 1.4401 S31603 I-STIANCLEENT I-PIPE I-PIRELLELEKILE KAKHULU KAKHULU KAKHULU KANYE NOKUQHAWULA KAKHULU KWAMAHHALA OKUSHINTSHA KULULA KWEZINHLOBO ZOKUXHUMANA NOKUthengisa. Le SS EX C31603 Pipe yenziwa ngekhwalithi ephezulu 316l insimbi engagqwali engenacala ngokumelana kahle nokugqwala, i-oxidation kanye nokubala, okwenza kube kuhle ngezindawo ezinokhahlo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu.

I-Coil 625 Coil ibonakala ngokumelana kwayo okuhle kwi-oxidation, ukugqwala okushisa kakhulu nokukhathala. I-ASTM B443 EX N06625 INCONEM PLATTE isetshenziswa kabanzi e-Aerospace, ukucubungula amakhemikhali kanye namafutha kanye negesi ngenxa yamandla ayo aphakeme, izinkambiso nokuqina okuphezulu.

I-Alloy 800 iyi-nickel-iron-chromium alloy enamandla aphezulu kanye nokumelana okuhle ne-oxidation kanye nokugqwala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. I-ASTM B407 EX N08800 Incoloy 800 W. NR. 1.4876 Ipayipi eline-welded lisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwemishini edinga ukumelana nokuvutha, ukumelana nokushisa, amandla, nokuqina kwenkonzo kuze kube ngu-1500 ° F (816 ° C).

Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 elingagqwali liye laba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezimboni. Le alloy yensimbi ne-chrome yamukelwa ngokumelana kwayo okuphezulu ekugqwaneni, kanye nokuqina kwayo. 316 I-tubing yensimbi engagqwali ingakhiqizwa kumashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zamakhasimende athile.

Amashubhu we-Hastelloy C2000 asetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezibanzi zezimboni ezifaka ukucubungula kwe-petrochemical, ukukhiqiza imishini yamakhemikhali, ama-oyela wokuhlanza kanye nezitshalo zamandla.

I-Hastelloy C2000 iyatholakala ngosayizi nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, lolu hlobo lwe-nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy ludume ngamandla alo aphakeme nokuphikiswa kokugqwala.

I-Al6XN iyinsimbi e-superAustonitic engenacala ngokumelana okuvelele kokuphamba kwe-chloride, ukugqwala kwe-crevice kanye nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezelo. I-Al6xn ingu-Aloy ayi-6 olwenzelwe futhi asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinolaka kakhulu. Ine-nickel ephezulu (24%), i-molybdenum (6.3%), i-nitrogen kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okunikeza ukumelana kahle nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwe-chloride, i-chloride ukumelana, kanye nokuphikiswa okujwayelekile kokugqwala. I-Al6xn isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo okuthuthukile kanye ne-crevice in clorides. Kuyinsimbi enobunzima futhi engakhathali.

Ama-N083367 futhi abizwa futhi njengoba i-alroy al6xn iyikhabhoni ephansi, ubumsulwa obuphezulu, ubumsulwa be-nitrogen-auntenitic "ama-nickel-molybdenum alloy ane-chloride pittipt kanye ne-crevice corrision.

I-SMO 254 Amapayipi angamelana nengcindezi emishini ephezulu kanye ne-alloy 254 SMO Pipe TRESHERE TRESHERE PRESHERE EMATHELO EZIQHAWULEKILE KANYE NEMIPHUMELA EBONAKALAYO.

Lokhu kuhlinzeka ngokumelana okuthuthukiswe kakhulu ku-sulfuric acid. Futhi inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chromium, ukukhulisa ukumelana kwayo kumakhemikhali oxidizing kanye nemifudlana yenqubo engcoliswe ngama-forric ion kanye ne-oksijini encibilikisiwe.

Iyakwazi ukubekezelela uhla olubanzi lwamakhemikhali we-oxidizing kanye nama-non-oxidizing, futhi kukhombisa ukumelana okuvelele ekuhlaselweni okukhonkotha nokukhohlisa phambi kwama-chlorides namanye ama-halide.

Kukhombisa ukumelana okuhle ezindaweni ezingathathi hlangothi nezinciphisa. Le alloy yakha i-oxide enobuhlakani, ifilimu evikelayo engahambisani, kepha igcina ukumelana ne-opidation ephakeme emazingeni okushisa anyukayo.

Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlolweni kwamafutha okuphuma olwandle kanye negesi \ Prokhiqiteleni kanye nakushintshile ekushiseni ku-petrochemical \ ukucubungula kwamakhemikhali.

Ubuningi be-titanium bungama-60% e-60% yensimbi engenasici kanye ne-nickel alloys, lokhu kulondolozwa kwesisindo kwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho lokhu kubalulekile njenge-aerospace.

Amashubhu angenamthungo angama-600 angenamthungo we-Ex Enc N06600 ne-ASTM B167 yibo abakhiqizwayo ukuze bagxile ekucindezelweni okukhulu ngokweqile futhi beze newaranti enkulu.

I-SCH40 Monel 400 ipayipi iqokwa njenge-Werkstoff Inombolo engu-2.4360 futhi ayinasi-n04400. I-Alloy 400 Ipayipi elibuye laziwa ngokuthi yi-Monel Alloy 400 ipayipi, i-monel 400 ipayipi & nickel alloy 400 Pipe.

Amapayipi okucushwa komthungo anamandla aphezulu athwala umthwalo namandla ngaphezu kwamanye amamaki.

I-Chromium ephakeme, okuqukethwe kwe-molybdenum kanye ne-nitrogen kuphumela ekumelaneni kwe-pipling okulinganiselayo (pren)> 40, ukuhlinzeka ngamakhono wokugqwala okuphezulu kanye nama-creplex ama-stainles cishe kuyo yonke imithombo yezindaba eqinile, kanye nokushisa okubucayi okuphezulu ngenhla kwe-50¡ngÃc ngaphezulu kwe-50¡ngÃc.

I-Hastelloy Alloys Directory
Ama-alloys amelana nawo aphikisayo asetshenziswa kabanzi yizimboni zokucubungula amakhemikhali. Isidingo sokusebenza okuthembekile siholela ekwamukelweni nasekukhuleni kwazo ezindaweni zamandla, ezempilo kanye nezemvelo, uwoyela kanye negesi, amakhemikhali kanye negesi yokuhlanza igesi.

Incoloy 800h Flange Sinedumela eliqinile embonini ngokukhiqiza ama-flanges asezingeni eliphakeme lezinhlobo ezahlukene ezizohambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu. Sikhiqiza incoloy 800 Flanges ethembekile futhi ephezulu ngekhwalithi. Sisebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ze-premium kanye nemishini ethuthukile yokukhiqiza i-ASTM B564 ANC N08800 Incoloy 800 Flangetes.

I-Alloy 800 Weld Teld Flanges Sinedumela eliqinile embonini ngokukhiqiza ama-flanges asezingeni eliphakeme lezinhlobo ezahlukene ezizohambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu. Sikhiqiza incoloy 800 Flanges ethembekile futhi ephezulu ngekhwalithi. Sisebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ze-premium kanye nemishini ethuthukile yokukhiqiza i-ASTM B564 ANC N08800 Incoloy 800 Flangetes.

I-Nickel 200 Flinges the nickel 200 Flanges ayahlala isikhathi eside, aqinile, futhi abe nokuqeda okuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ASTM B564 ANS N02200 Flanges Blind

Enye into ebalulekile ye-N08800 Incoloy Alloy Alloy Plate Colled Plate iyamelana ne-chlorine ion ukuqhekeka okuhlobene nokuqhekeka kokuqhekeka kwe-chlorine, lapho abanye abalingani bayo, njengakwabanye abalingani bayo abangaphazamisi khona.
Thayipha ipuleti, ishidi, ikhoyili ye-strip
Ubude 0 ~ 12m noma ngokwezidingo zakho
Ububanzi 0 ~ 2500mm noma ngokwezidingo zakho
Ubukhulu 0.3 ~ 1200mm noma ngokwezidingo zakho

I-Incons 600 iyi-alloy ye-nickel-chromium-iron alloy enokumelana kahle nokugqwala okuhle, ukumelana oxidation namandla aphezulu emazingeni okushisa aphakeme. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-nickel, i-Incontel 600 imelana kakhulu neChloride Ion Stress Croring Creating. Ukuqina kobudala akudingeki njengoba i-Incon 600 ilukhuni futhi iqiniswa ngumsebenzi obandayo kuphela. I-Incontol 600 ingasebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi njenge-700¡ VÃf (370¡Ãc).
I-Standard Sus, Aisi, Din
Ububanzi 5 ~ 500mm
Ubude ¨q12m noma njengezidingo zamakhasimende

Imigoqo eyindilinga iyadonswa kubanda futhi i-annealed, iyatholakala ngobude besitoko noma ukusikwa ngosayizi. I-Alloy Round Bar inikeza amandla nokuphikiswa kokugqwala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene futhi ingasetshenziswa kufreyimu, ukukhiqiza ingxenye yomshini, insiza yokudla kanye nezimboni zedivayisi yezokwelapha.
I-Standard Sus, Aisi, Din
Ububanzi 5 ~ 500mm
Ubude ¨q12m noma njengezidingo zamakhasimende

Amabhizinisi amaningi akhetha iqiniso lokuthi i-Incons 600 iyi-alloy eguquguqukayo. Ngakho-ke i-alloy isetshenziswa kwizimboni ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene kufaka phakathi ipayipi le-Informel elidumile. Ukwakhiwa kwalawa mapayipi kungahle kufakwe noma kungahle kube nomthungo. Kunezinzuzo zokusebenzisa zombili. Nge-e.g. Ukuthandwa kwepayipi elinezinkinga ezingama-600, ku-Izicelo lapho ezomnotho zayo zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Yize eshibhile kunaleyo eyakhiwe ngaphandle komthungo, la mapayipi anomthungo omude, ongathambekela ekugculiseni phakathi kwabantu - uma kucutshungulwa ngokungafanele. Esimweni esithile, lapho umthengi edinga indlela ephakeme kakhulu yokumelana nokugqwala kanye nekhono lokumelana nengcindezi ephezulu, i-Incontel 600 Seamless Pibane iyindlela engcono kakhulu.
Thayipha ipayipi elingenamthungo
Ishubhu elingenamthungo
Ipayipi elinqunyelwe
I-welded tube
Saw lsaw erw efw
Ukuphela Okumisiwe, Ukuphela Okusobala "
Usayizi Od: 1 \ 2 "" ~ 48 "
Ubukhulu: SCH5 ~ Schxxs
Ubude: Ngokwesidingo sakho. "
Inqubo Yokukhiqiza I-Rolling \ Umsebenzi oshisayo, ukugoqa okubandayo
Ukukhiqiza i-ASME B36.10 ASME B36.20

Ngezinhloso zezimboni, ezinhlelweni zamapayipi, sivame ukudinga ukuqondisa indlela yokuhambisa; lawula ukugeleza koketshezi (uwoyela negesi, amanzi, udaka); Vula noma uvale amapayipi, njll. Ngakho-ke, ukufeza le misebenzi, kuzosetshenziswa amapayipi ensimbi.

I-nickel based 800 incoloy hexagonal Pipe yaziwa ukuthi imelana nokugqwala okuhle. Ngokukhuluma ngokuqondile, ipayipi le-Incoloy 800 linikeza ukumelana okwanele ngokumelene nobabili ukuthuthuka kanye nokugqwala koxidation.

I-Carbon Steel Flange uhlobo lwe-rim eyakhiwa ekugcineni kwepayipi lapho ihlelwe ngepayipi. Kusetshenziselwa ukuvala iziphetho zamapayipi, ama-valve noma okunye ukuxhumana. Inamandla aphezulu ashubile futhi iyatholakala ngezindawo ze-convex kanye nokusekelwa kokufakwa okulula. Kuyi-alloy ye-iron-carbon equkethe u-2.1 wt.% Carbon. I-Carbon yensimbi ayinawo amazinga athile athile acacisiwe wezinye izinto ezenziwayo, kepha imvamisa iqukethe i-manganese.

I-S32205 Duplex Steel Asme SA182 Butt Weld Flanges ilungele amanzi olwandle nemishini yokukhiqiza amandla ngoba izindawo zabo ezibushelelezi zingamelana namazinga okushisa aze afike ku-600¡ãf, ngenkathi enezimpawu ezinhle kakhulu zokugeleza.

I-Hastelloy C-276 iyi-ni mo superlloy yengezwe ngeTungsten, enokuphikisana okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala ezindaweni eziningi ezinokhahlo. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-NI no-Mo kwenza i-NI Steel Alloy imelana ikakhulukazi nokugqwala okukhohlisayo kanye nokugqwala kwe-crevice ekunciphiseni imvelo, ngenkathi u-cr edlulisela ukusebenza kwe-anti-oxidation medium.

Yize i-molybdenum iyinto enhle, ukuyisebenzisa ngokweqile kunganciphisa i-flity ye-creemp ye-gr f11 amafulekisi epuleti. I-graphitization kanye nokubola kwe-carbide yensimbi kungenzeka lapho izinga lokushisa lidlula ama-degree angama-500 Celsius. I-Chromium ingeziwe ku-SA A182 F11 F11 Alloy Steel Cl.2 Flangele amapayipi okuvimbela ukuncishiswa kwe-freep decticity kanye ne-graphitization. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chromium engezekile ihlinzeka ngokumelana ne-oxifation.

Ama-Flanges e-Druplex asetshenziswa kabanzi ebunjiniyela obusetshenzisiwe, imishini kanye nezimboni zezimoto. I-Duplex Steel S31803 Lap Flanges ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukumelana okungcono kokugqwala kunohlobo lwama-316 kanye namandla amahle okushisa aphezulu. Sine-Duplex Steel S31803 \ S32205 FLANES E-STOCK. Ama-Flanges e-Druplex ajwayele ukusetshenziswa kumakhemikhali, ama-petrochemical, nasezimbonini zamandla.

I-Nickel 200 isisombululo esiqinile saqinisa insimbi. I-Nickel 200 Bar Stock iqukethe ama-99.6% enza i-nickel ngesisindo futhi abhekwe njenge-nickel emsulwa kwezentengiselwano. I-DIN 2.4066 Bar inezakhiwo ezinhle zemishini nezomzimba. Isibonelo, i-ASTM B160 N02200 inokumelana kahle namakhompiyutha amaningi awonakele kanye nezindawo ezilimazayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-nickel 200 isisombululo esiqinile saqinisa i-alloy esele esenziwe njengemigoqo eyindilinga nezinduku. Lezi zinto ezimbili zisetshenziswa ngokushintshana futhi zingahlukaniswa emisebenzini ethile ebalulekile.

I-Alkel-Cont-based Alloy 400 Monel 2.4360 Indukulela ebandayo ebandayo engu-400 I-Monel 400 iyi-alloy yethusi ne-nickel esekelwe ethandwa namuhla ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu. I-alloy ine-acid enhle kakhulu ne-alkali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inamandla amahle ashubile, i-decticity, ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu okushisayo, futhi kungaqiniswa ngokusebenza kubanda. Ngokwengeziwe, ingasetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamazinga okushisa asukela ku-minus kuya kuma-538 degrees Celsius.

I-Nickel Alloy 400 no-Monel 400, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-UNS N04400, i-alloy esuselwa ku-nickel-copper eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-nickel yesibili ne-lickel yesithathu neyodwa. I-Nickel Alloy 400 yaziwa ngokumelana kwayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezimo ezilimazayo, kufaka phakathi i-alkalis (noma ama-acid), amanzi anosawoti, i-hydrofluoric acid, ne-sulfuric acid. Njengoba i-monel 400 noma i-alloy 400 iyinsimbi ebandayo esetshenzisiwe, le alloy inobulukhuni obuphezulu, ukuqina namandla. Ngokusebenza okubandayo kwe-ASTM B164 ANS N04400 Bar stock, i-alloy ifakwa emazingeni aphezulu wengcindezi yemishini, yona ebangela izinguquko kwi-miscruccucture ye-alloy.

I-Incons 600 Round Bar iyi-alloy esekwe ku-nickel nge-benign carburulization kanye nokuphikiswa okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Imigoqo eyindilinga engama-600 eyindilinga iyasebenza ngokumelene nokomisa ama-CL2 namanye amagesi amaningi ahlukene emazingeni okushisa aphakeme aphezulu. I-Alloy 600 Bar iyi-nickel-chromium alloy ene-oxidation enhle nokumelana nokuqhekeka kwengcindezi yokuwohloka kwe-chloride, ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kokugqwayiza kwamanzi kanye ne-acid oxidation emazingeni okushisa aphakeme.

Nilo \ alloy k w.nr.: 1.3981
ANS: K94610 ASTM F15
Ukunwetshwa okulungiselelwe i-iron-nickel-cobalt alloys, ama-kovar alloys, ube nokwanda okunezinwele okuqondile okufana nalokho kwengilazi enzima ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokushisa obuthile
Ngokuzama ukubopha uphawu ngengilazi enzima

INilo Alloy 36, w.nr 1.3912, i-Invar 36® iyi-nickel-iron, i-alloy elawulwa okuphansi equkethe ama-nickel angama-36% futhi anezinga lokunwetshwa kwensimbi ecishe ibe yishumi lensimbi ye-carbon.
Ukucaciswa kwe-Invar 36: Ama-K93600, W.NR 1.3912

Amagama Wokuhweba Ejwayelekile: I-Nickel Alloy 36, I-INTR 36®, NILO 6®, Pernifer 6®
I-INTRR 36® iyinsimbi ye-nickel-i-iron, i-alloy ephansi ephansi equkethe ama-nickel angama-36%, i-invar 36 ine-coeffied ephansi yokunwebeka kusuka kumazinga okushisa angu-500 ° F (260 ° C).
Invar 36 tube od: 0.2-6mm, WT: 0.02-2mm

I-Flange yizingxenye ezixhumanise amaphayipha amabili, ukuxhumana kwe-flange kuchazwa yi-flange, i-gasket kanye ne-bolt ezintathu zixhumeke njengeqembu lesakhiwo esihlanganisiwe sokwenza uphawu okuhlangene. I-gasket yengezwa phakathi kwama-flanges amabili bese iboshwe ngama-bolts. I-Flange ye-Flange ehlukile, ubukhulu bahlukile, futhi ama-bolts abawahlukile ahlukile, lapho i-pump ne-valve xhuma ngepayipi le-flange, lolu hlobo lwezinto ezivuthiwe nalo lungenziwa nge-flange ne-flange pay, njengokuxhumana phakathi kwe-flange nephampu yamanzi, akunjalo I-Inapposite ukubiza ipompo yamanzi njengezingxenye zohlobo lwe-flange, kepha isihlobo esincane esincane, ingabizwa njengezingxenye zohlobo lwe-flange.

Ama-reactior verels kanye nokushisa kwe-Exchanger tubing esetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kweVinyl Chloride.

Imishini yokucubungula esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwama-hydrocarbons ahlanganisiwe futhi anamanzi.

Kusetshenziswa ama-Nuclear reactors ngezakhi ezinjengobushubhu wokulawula induku i-inlet tub, izingxenye zemikhumbi ye-reactor kanye nezimpawu zokotshani, owomisa umusi kanye nabahlukanisi be-D babilayo ama-reactors amanzi abilayo.

Kumanzi acindezelwe amanzi asetshenziselwa ukulawula amashubhu wokuqondisa amashubhu kanye nama-steam generator axander amapuleti njll. Isigqila sokuphinda siphindise, abalandeli kanye nokulungiswa.

I-Alloy 600 ayizibuthe, inezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini kanye nenhlanganisela yamandla aphezulu kanye nokusebenza okuhle futhi kuyabonakala kalula.

Izinzwa ze-Roller namashubhu aqhakazile, ezinqumweni ze-carbon nitriding ikakhulukazi.

I-Incontel 600 Ekhombisa izici ezibandayo ezazihlangene zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nama-chromium-nickel ama-stainless agwini.

Izicelo ezijwayelekile zokugqwala zifaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kwe-titanium dioxide (indlela ye-chloride), ukuguqulwa kwe-perchlorethylene, i-vinyl chloride moner (VCM), kanye ne-magnesium chloride.

I-Alloy 600 isetshenziswa ekusebenzeni kwamakhemikhali nokudla, ukwelashwa kokushisa, ama-phenol condensers, ukwenziwa kwensipho, imikhumbi yemifino kanye nokuningi okunamafutha acid acid nokunye okuningi.

Ukumelana nohlobo oluthile lwemidiya elonakalisayo. Okuqukethwe kwe-chromium kunikeza ukumelana okungcono kune-alloy 200 nango-201 ngaphansi kwezimo ezi-oxidizing, ngasikhathi sinye, isikhathi esiphakeme i-nickel inikeza ukumelana kahle nokunciphisa izimo.

Cishe ukungavikeki ku-chlorine ion ingcindezi yokugqwayiza ukuqhekeka. Ibonisa ukumelana okwanele kuma-organic acid afana ne-acetic, enobuntu ne-stearic. Ukumelana okuhle kakhulu emanzini ahlanzekile ahlanzekile asetshenziswa emasekeni asemqoka nasekokondari ezindabeni zenuzi ezicindezelwe.

Ukuhlaselwa okuncane noma okungekho kwenzeka egumbini futhi kuphakame amazinga okushisa kumagesi owomile, njenge-chlorine noma i-hydrogen chloride. Emazingeni okushisa aze afike ku-550c kule mithombo yezindaba, le alloy ikhonjiswe ukuthi ingenye ye-alloys ejwayelekile.

Emazingeni okushisa aphakeme anvenue futhi ane-alloy ane-alloy abonisa ukumelana okuhle nokugqwala futhi anamandla aphezulu.

I-alloy ibuye imelane ne-ammonia enezimo zakwa-ammonia, kanye ne-nitrogen kanye nokuzikhandla kwamagesi.

Ngaphansi kokushintshana ngo-oxidizing kanye nokunciphisa izimo i-allioy ingahle ihlupheke nge-Sechiento Xidation.

Thermocouple sheaths. I-Ethylene Dichloride (EDC) amashubhu wokuqhekeza.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-caustic alkalis ikakhulukazi phambi kwamakhompiyutha esibabule.