Chitetezo, zolemetsa za dziko lapansi zoyenda kapena Aerospace.

Chitoliro chowoneka bwino chimapangidwa kuti chijambulidwe patsamba kumapeto kwake ndikulumikizani mapaipe (s) ndikulola kusintha njira kapena kuthirira kapena kutha.

Pofuna kufafanizira mapaipi, ndikofunikira kuchotsa payipi yolunjika pa mapaipi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma piipelines osiyanasiyana, mapaipi osiyanasiyana ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene mapaipiwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito, chikopa chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha kukula kwa mapaipi. Mukamacheza, chipika chanjira zitatu chowonekacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira cholumikizira, kuti chikhazikitse chipani cholumikizirana kapena kukula kwa nthawi yayitali komanso cholumikizira cholumikizira cha mapaipi. , Pakulumikizana ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, palinso zolumikizira ndi mapulagini a gawo la chida.

Alon 400 alloy ali ndi zida zabwino kwambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti otchuka mu zoumba za chito. Zovala za Morel 400 zimatha kugwira ntchito kwambiri. Ndilo cholocha cha nickel ndi mkuwa, ndi chitsulo chochepa, manganese, kaboni, ndi silicon. Kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala kwa Aloy 400 chitoliro chimabweretsa mphamvu zake zazikulu. Wopanga zolimbitsa thupi mwapadera ku India zimangoyang'ana kwambiri zopanga chitoliro choterechi chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana - kukana kwake kwa asidi ndi alkalis ndiye chifukwa chachikulu pambuyo pake. The Aloy 400 Budweld Elleborn nawonso ali ndi maubwino abwino, kutentha, ndipo amatha kuumitsidwa ndi kuzizira.

2,5 IMCH IMIEN Dongosolo Lachitsulo 316 - Zhengzhou Huitong Mapaipe Matiline

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

Zovala zosapanga dzimbiri zosapanga dzimbiri zimawonedwa ngati zolimbana ndi mavuto chifukwa sizikugwirizana ndi mawonekedwe amtunduwu ngati zitsulo zosapanga zinthu zopanda madzi.

Zipilala zozungulira 625 zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu za nyukiliya, zophatikiza, rocket zimagwiritsidwa ntchito machubu ambale, oimira manema, Zisindikizo za Masamba, Turbine Zisindikizo, ndi zina zambiri. Ili ndi vuto labwino kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kwa Nickel. 625 Yozungulira ya 625 ili ndi kukana kwabwino kwa malo osiyanasiyana monga nitric, sulufuric, hydrochloric ndi phosphororic malo. Kuphatikiza apo, amapereka zoteteza, zozunguliridwa ndi zitsulo za alkali.

904L ndi chinthu chosapanga chipewa chosapanga dzimbiri. Kuphatikiza kwa Molybdenum kumapangitsa kuti muchepetse kumenyedwa komwe monga crevice kuturuka ndi kupindika ndi chlorides.
F52 Flange to Flange Clay 150 Flange B16.5 Flange

Mapepala osapanga dzimbiri ndi chisankho chabwino kwa General General osapanga masitepe monga kukhitchini ndi ma tayi osungirako, mitanda yomanga, mapulani ena ophatikizika ndi malo atsopano a madzi. Timapereka zingwe zosiyanasiyana za pepala lowala kwambiri la Aisi 304.

Ictives 600 yozungulira ndi intoy-valkel-brad-cenel carburrization ndi kukana bwino kuwonongedwa kwakukulu. Zingwe zozungulira 600 zozungulira zimagwira ntchito kuyanika cl2 ndi mipweya ina yambiri yofananira ndi kutentha kwambiri. Alloy 600 bar ndi a chromial-cromiyal-cromiyal-cromiyal-chloride bwino oxidation ndi kukana ku chloride kuwonongeka kwa chloride kugwa, ukhondo wamadzi acid kumatentha.

Kuchulukitsa kwa nickel mu 316 ss kumathandizira kukonza kwake kutukuka kwa 304. Chifukwa chake, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito mchere wambiri, kapena madera okhala ndi mankhwala, makamaka chlorides.

Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.

Duptux Shareel
Chingwe chimakhala chachiwiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pambuyo potalika. Ma flanges amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolumikizira zolumikizira. Imapereka kusinthasintha kukonza. Flange imalumikiza chitoliro ndi zida ndi mavuvu osiyanasiyana. Kuledzera kumawonjezeredwa mu dongosolo lapaipi ngati kukonza pafupipafupi komwe kumafunikira pa ntchito yobzala.

Kuchulukitsa Nickel mu 316 SS kumathandizira kukonza kwake kutukuka ndi 304. Chifukwa chake, 0- Erw Efw Ovekedwa Mapeto, Kumapeto Komveka

Asme B16.5 Zovala Zosapanga dzimbiri zopanda banga ndi eccentric

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

Alloy flangec (chromium Molbdenum) ili ndi chromium ndi molbdenum zomwe zilipo kuposa chitsulo cha kaboni. Zida zachitsulo zitsulo ndizoyenera kutentha kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi chipolopolo chokwera kwambiri kuposa momwe zimakhalira ndi kaboni pang'ono kaboni. ASME A182 Alloy Mphepo ndiomata, olimba komanso ovuta, osavuta kutchetcha, osalimbana ndi oxidation ndi oxidation. Maphunzirowa amagwirizana ndi Astm A335 Anoy chitoliro chachitsulo.

Ma frolooy 925 ma flanges amapangidwa ndi mpweya wowuma nickel aloy. Imakhala yofanana ndi kukana kwa mphuno ija.

Chingwe chimakhala chokwera, milomo kapena rim, kunja kwa zakunja kapena mkati, zomwe zimathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu (monga mtengo wamtambo kapena t-bat); Kuti mulumikizidwe mosavuta \ / kusamutsa kwa kulumikizana ndi chinthu china (monga chowala kumapeto kwa chitoliro, scal cylinder, etc., kapena pamunda wa mandala); kapena pokhazikitsa ndikuwongolera mayendedwe a makina kapena mbali zake (monga tambala mkati mwagalimoto kapena gudumu la tram, zomwe zimapangitsa mawilo kuti asamayendetse njanji). Mawu akuti "Flange" imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito chopanga ma flanges.

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri
Lembani chitoliro chopanda pake
Sch40 Monol 400 chitoliro chimasankhidwa kukhala nambala ya Werkstoff 2.4360 ndi N04400. Chipika 400 chimadziwikanso kuti Monil Anoy chitoliro cha 400, Monl 400 Pipe & Nickel Chitoliro 400.
Asme asmm duplex s3180 br flange

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Asme B36.19M ndiye wofanana ndendende ndi mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwake, kulolerana, ndi zomwe amapanga maenda owala komanso osaka.

ASMM A269TP304, TP304L, TP316, TP316, TP3277, S3826

Cholumikizira chopondera chimapangidwa ndi zitatu zolekanitsidwa komanso kudziyimira pawokha ngakhale zigawo zikuluzikulu; Makoma, ma gaskets, ndi oboola; omwe amasonkhana ndi zikopa zina, zoyenera. Zowongolera zapadera zimafunikira pakusankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi cholumikizira, zomwe zili ndi zotayira zotayirira.

The Astm A182 F51 imatengera zojambula zoyambira kapena zosafunikira mogwirizana ndi Astherm A182 Short F51, omwe amasankhidwa ndi nambala ya ST31803.

Zitsulo zopangira zimapereka mwayi woyenera kuyeretsa, kuyeserera kapena kusintha. Nthawi zambiri amabwera motsatana koma amathanso kubwera m'magulu osiyanasiyana komanso amakona. Ma flanges amalumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake pobowola komanso wolumikizidwa ndi makina opukusa ndi kuwotcherera kapena kuluma ndipo amapangidwira kusokonekera kwamphamvu; 150lb, 300lb, 400lb, 600LB, 900LB, 1500LB ndi 2500Lb.

S32750 S32760 Super Duptux dambo wosapanga matope osakhazikika

Alloy iyi ya Nickel ili ndi kukana kwabwino kwa hydrochloric acid kudera lonse komanso kutentha.

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.

lalikulu ndi njira komanso nthawi zambiri, ndiye mawonekedwe
Masamba amodzi ndi mtundu umodzi wa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimakhala ndi magawo amphamvu komanso austetic m'matchature.
Masamba achitsulo & ma sheet & coils

Kuwala kumatha kukhala mbale yophimba kapena kutseka kumapeto kwa chitoliro. Izi zimatchedwa Flange ya wakhungu. Chifukwa chake, zojambulazo zimawonedwa ngati zigawo zamkati zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira makina.

Nickel 200 Amalongosola Nickel 200 Malawi amakhala olimba, osasunthika, ndipo amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.
N08367 al-6xn 316Ti mtengo wopukutidwa 304
Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri sizing'ambika, chosemedwa, kukhazikika kapena kuvala mosavuta, ndipo ili ndi ntchito zambiri.
Kusindikiza mating ndi magalasi olimba
FSTEOLLOY C2000 ikupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtunduwu, mtundu uwu wa chromium-molybdenum aroyoy amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana.
Mapaipi 254 amatha kupirira kupsinjika kwa makina opanga masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso aloy 254 osuma amagwira ntchito yopanikizika kwambiri komanso malo okhala.
Kwa zoumba za chitoliro zazing'onoting'ono, monga tee, tee ndi chizungulire cha utoto ndi ulusi, mawonekedwe ake ndi ovuta, kotero njira zokhululukirira ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mapaipi a kusokonekera kosasaka kumakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi katundu wapamwamba kwambiri komanso mphamvu zambiri.
Mapangidwe a austetic amathandizanso kwambiri zovuta kwambiri, mpaka pansi mpaka kutentha kwa crygenic.
FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.
Kukula OD: 1 \ / 2 "~ 48" "
Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.
Lao

Copyright © Zhengzhou Huitong Mapaipel co., ltd. Maumwini Onse Ndi Otetezedwa

Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.

Tili ndi mndandanda waukulu kwambiri wa bar ya Al6xn yozungulira. Mitengo ya Al6xn, ogulitsa a Al6xn Bar, Astm B691 Al6xn Al6xn Barger, Al6xn Wogulitsa, Al6xn Roor Stears, ndipo alxn state state.

Monl 400 ndi a chitsulo cha Nickel (pafupifupi 67% NI ¨C 23% cuations) Duckisity wabwino ndi matenthedwe abwino ogwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu am'madzi am'madzi.

Chromium yapamwamba, molybdenum ndi nayitrogeni imapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino kwambiri (zomwe zingachitike) zitsulo zokongoletsera ndi zotupa zosapanga dzimbiri, komanso kutentha kotsika kwambiri kuposa 50¡c.
Nickel Smooy Wicoloy wosayang'ana pipe mtengo 800 800h 800800 N08810 N08811

ASMM A213 TP304, TP304L, TP316, TP316L, TP327, TP3427, TP3425, TP3425, S3125, S3126, NO8904

Amakhala ndi kapangidwe kakuti mapaipi oti adutse mudziyanu ndikupeza mfundo yolondola yolumikizirana. Anyezi a182 Giress F53 wnrf flange ili ndi nkhope yam'manja.

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
Chitoliro chachitsulo & chubu
Azerbaijani
Vietnamese
A belaruulian
Zipangizo Zambiri
Duptux Steal & ndodo
2.5 Inchi wosapanga dzimbiri pa 316 1.4401 \ / 1.4436 chitoliro
Duptux Steel
Monl 400 chitoliro cha mafelemu a magalasi magalasi

304 s30400 1.430 Pippols 304 Chitsulo Chosapanga Chitsulo Chotsogola Chisanachitike

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.

A182 f5 zinthu ndizabwino kwambiri zomwe zimawumitsidwa pokhapokha pochita kuzizira. Nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mphamvu ya nyukiliya, zida zamankhwala, mphamvu zamankhwala, ndi zina zowonjezera.

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.
Chitoliro chachitsulo & chubu
Azerbaijani
Vietnamese
A belaruulian
Zipangizo Zambiri
Duptux Steal & ndodo
2.5 Inchi wosapanga dzimbiri pa 316 1.4401 \ / 1.4436 chitoliro
Duptux Steel
Monl 400 chitoliro cha mafelemu a magalasi magalasi

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

Ndili ndi mndandanda wotsogolera wa chrome molyroy wotsogolera otsogolera kuphatikiza njira zingapo zantchito zogwirira ntchito, gulu lathu limatha kupereka zomangira zomwe zingakhalepo kapena kupitirira polojekiti yanu yotsutsa \ /
Ndemanga za Makasitomala
Azerbaijani
Vietnamese
A belaruulian
Zipangizo Zambiri
Duptux Steal & ndodo
Interseel 625 yozungulira ya CRARK
Duptux Steel
Monl 400 chitoliro cha mafelemu a magalasi magalasi
TP317, TP327L, TP310S, TP347, S31254, NOS8926
a bar omwe amatanthauzira malo ake ofunsira

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zopondaponda m'mafuta ndi mafuta a gasi \ / kupanga ndi kusinthidwa kwa kutentha mu petrochemical \ / mankhwala.

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.
Imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mtundu wa fulufu la mafuta chifukwa cha kukana kwabwino kwa sulufule mankhwala ndi sloride masitima omwe adakumana nawo omwe amakumana kwambiri. C 276 Althor ali ndi kuthetsa kwabwino kwambiri ndikulimbana ndi kuwononga. Ilinso limodzi mwazinthu zochepa zomwe zimatha kuwononga mpweya wonyowa chlorine mpweya, hypochlorite, ndi chlorine dioxide.
Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

Chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri choyenera 316L chimadziwika kuti ntchito zomanga ndi ma projekiti am'madzi

Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.

Epinzonter wa ambiri a mafakitale, khalani ogwiritsa ntchito, osakhazikika,

Nickel kutengera 800 inclooy chitoliro chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi kukana bwino kuwonongeka. Makamaka kuyankhula, chisumbulu 800 chitoliro chimapereka kukana mokwanira zotsutsana ndi ma carburization onse komanso oxidation kutukula.
Ndemanga za Makasitomala
Azerbaijani
Vietnamese
A belaruulian
Zipangizo Zambiri
Duptux Steal & ndodo
Interseel 625 yozungulira ya CRARK
Duptux Steel
Monl 400 chitoliro cha mafelemu a magalasi magalasi
TP317, TP327L, TP310S, TP347, S31254, NOS8926
6 inchi Alloy chitoliro chopanga A182 F5

2205 ndi gawo lokhazikika ndipo ndizachuma kwambiri kuposa ma gressx ambiri.

Chipilala chosapanga dzimbiri cha 316l chimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chromium, nickel ndi molybdenum pakupanga kwa kaboni 316.

ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.
Zopanga zosapanga dzimbiri zopanga 316L 1.4401 s31603 chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga chitsulo
Ndemanga za Makasitomala
Azerbaijani
Vietnamese
A belaruulian
Zipangizo Zambiri
Duptux Steal & ndodo
Interseel 625 yozungulira ya CRARK
Duptux Steel
Monl 400 chitoliro cha mafelemu a magalasi magalasi
TP317, TP327L, TP310S, TP347, S31254, NOS8926
Zitsulo zachitsulo & ma sheets & coils

N04400 But But Repettings ali kukana ku chloride itayatsidwa kusokonekera. Amatchedwanso kuti wnr 2,466 Stuogends, osawoneka bwino owoneka bwino pachifuwa, fumbi la weldded stald chitoliro, ndi zina zambiri.

Amakhalanso ndi kukana kwabwino kwambiri kuvunda komwe kumaseka ndi kutukuka kotereku ngati kupindika, kusanza ndi Crevice. Mosiyana ndi zitsulo zina za Austetitic, kapena s31803 zitsulo zabwino kwambiri zamatsenga.

Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina