S31803 yalembedwa ndi S32205 yomwe ili ndi chotsika kwambiri n, cr ndi mo.

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

Aloy 825 ma bolts ali ndi zida zabwino zopangira makina otentha otsika mpaka kutentha kwambiri mpaka pafupifupi 1000¡f. Microstrucructirami ya microprucluction yomwe imachepetsa kwambiri kutsikira komanso kumachitika mphamvu za kuchitika potentha kwambiri pamwambapa 1000¡f.

Kwa mapulogalamu ogwiritsa ntchito pepala amafuna magiredi a Anoy omwe alibe zokwanira kuwonongeka. Kutengera ndi zikhalidwe 22%, ali ndi austetitic: microptuction microstructuctunce yomwe imapereka mphamvu zazikulu, kukana ndi kuchuluka kwa mtengo wake.

Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.

Duplex 2205 S31803 1.44622 Osapanga Chitsulo Hex Nut Byme B18.2.2
Asme B36.19M ndiye wofanana ndendende ndi mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwake, kulolerana, ndi zomwe amapanga maenda owala komanso osaka.
Kupanga que b36.10 asme B36.19

S31803 ndiye njira yolumikizirana yolumikizidwa (yopanda tanthauzo) ya chitsulo choyambirira. Dongosolo la Unili lidapangidwa ndi magulu ambiri amalonda m'ma 1970 kuti muchepetse chisokonezo pomwe alloyo yemwe yemweyo adatchedwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, komanso mosemphanitsa. Chitsulo chilichonse chimayimiridwa ndi kalata yotsatiridwa ndi manambala asanu, pomwe kalatayo ikuyimira zitsulo, i.I. s ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Mapaipi awa akupezeka mosiyanasiyana, makeke ndi kukula kwake. Ndili ndi zaka zambiri zomwe zimachitika pakupanga sing'anga 800, imapereka mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri, wotsika mtengo komanso ntchito yoyenera. Incluoy 800 \ / 800h \ / 800ht Pipring ndikugonjetsedwanso komanso kugonjetsedwanso m'malo omwazika. Mphamvu zolimbitsa thupi komanso kukana bwino kwa oxida pamatenthedwe kwambiri.

Mphamvu yake komanso kukana kwake kuwonongeka ndi kupsinjika zimapangitsa kuti inforseel 625 ilobor ikuluikulu ya nyukiliya, makamaka mu rod ndi riyakitala.

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 304 ndi mndandanda wa T 300 osapanga chitsulo chosapanga chitsulo chosapanga chitsulo. Ili ndi osachepera 18% chromium ndi 8% nickel, kuphatikiza ndi ma 0,08%. Amadziwika kuti ndi chromium-nickel austetic aloy.304 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso zida zogwirizira, zingwe 3], ziwiya, ndi zozizwitsa. 304 Chitsulo chopanda dzimbiri chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu zomangamanga kuti kunja kwa maboti olima monga madzi ndi mawonekedwe amoto. Komanso ndi zinthu wamba zodziwika bwino kwa ovota.

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.

Ma tubeni ang'onoang'ono achitsulo ku Abele A333, anasinthana ndi kutentha kwa kutentha kwa mashopu ogwirira ntchito ndi kutentha kotsiriza kwa 845 mpaka 945f-ndulu] Kulamulidwa kwamlengalenga kuchokera kutentha koyambirira kwa 845¡. Kwa Astm A333 Maphunziro 1, 6, ndi 10 chitoliro chachitsulo chosawoneka bwino, chithandizo chamatenthedwe chimakhala chotentha kwambiri, kenako njira yomwe ingasinthidwe.

Duptux Steal & ndodo
304 Nphwemba zopondapondazikulu zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zinthu wamba komanso zodziwika bwino muzogwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri zamakampani zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka ndi oxidation. Nyansiweli iyi ya S30400 imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera ndi njira, zomwe zikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi olondola komanso odalirika.

Incree1601 aloy-chromium-chromium-chitsulo chokhazikika cholimbikitsidwa, chomwe chimakhala ndi maxidation ozizira komanso ozizira kwambiri

Ndizowonjezera zinthu zina zomwe zimapangitsa alloy chitsulo champhamvu. Zinthu zopangidwa ndi kutentha monga silika ndi manganese kupereka zitsulo zowonjezera komanso zopindulitsa zina, monga kuchuluka kowonjezereka kapena kuthwa kwamphamvu.
316 s31600 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri sch 80

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri, wopanga zitoliro ndi zosapanga, chitoliro cha masamba 3166l, SS Gost 03CH14M Th34N14M3 Chipatuli.

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Al-6xn ndi kaboni wotsika, nayitrogeni wokhala ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. The alloy idapangidwa kuti ikhale zinthu zosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madzi ndipo zapezeka kuti zikukana malo osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha kukana kwa Aloy ndikulimba kwambiri, al-6xn ndi chisankho chabwino kuposa chokhalitsa chopanda kanthu kambiri ndi zowononga zotsika mtengo.

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.

Chizindikiro ichi cha nickel chimakhala ndi kukana bwino kutentha kwamphamvu ndi mzere wa mpeni. Inoy iyi imabalanso zochulukirapo zamitundu, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic acid ndi osiyanasiyana osasinthasintha.

304 \ /54L ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zida ndi zigawo zomwe zimafunikira kuphatikiza koyenera kwa katundu (kuponderezedwa). Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimapangidwa mogwirizana ndi American Astm Vertive Osakhazikika osapanga. 304 Muli ndi 6% chromium ndi 9% nickel. 304 Ndiye chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chogwiritsidwa ntchito chosapanga dzimbiri, chogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosanja, komanso makampani achitsulo. Zogwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida zopangira chakudya, zida za mankhwala a mankhwala, mphamvu za nyukiliya, ndi zina zambiri kuti zithetse kuwonongeka kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zitsulo ziyenera kukhala ndi chromium yoposa 12%.

316 Chitsulo chopanda kapangidwe ndi mtundu wa ndodo yosapanga dzimbiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapulogalamu osiyanasiyana. Ili ndi vuto lalikulu kuwonongedwa komanso kuchuluka kwa kulemera. Kuphatikiza pa zabwino zake zambiri pamiyala ina yachitsulo, 316 zosapanga dzimbiri zozungulira Bar zimatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri popanda kutaya mawonekedwe kapena katundu wake.

Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.

Ictives 600 yozungulira ndi intoy-valkel-brad-cenel carburrization ndi kukana bwino kuwonongedwa kwakukulu. Zingwe zozungulira 600 zozungulira zimagwira ntchito kuyanika cl2 ndi mipweya ina yambiri yofananira ndi kutentha kwambiri. Alloy 600 bar ndi a chromial-cromiyal-cromiyal-cromiyal-chloride bwino oxidation ndi kukana ku chloride kuwonongeka kwa chloride kugwa, ukhondo wamadzi acid kumatentha.

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Kusavuta kugwira ntchito ndi kumalola chitoliro cha chitsulo cha 316L chimapangidwa mosavuta m'mitundu yovuta ndi zipsinjo. Kuphatikiza apo, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndizofunikira kwambiri popewa kutukuka, kupanga

Mukamasankha chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chiyenera kupirira malo okhala, austetic osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kukhala ndi katundu wabwino kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa nickel ndi chromium mu zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimaperekanso kukana kwachilengedwe.

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.

Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.

The S31803 (ASTM F51) imathamangitsidwa kwambiri ndi S32205 (1.4462, Astm F60). Izi zikuwonetsa chikhumbo chawo chokulitsa zachilengedwe za Aloy Kuphatikiza apo, zimalola kukopa gawo la nayitrogeni osati kungokhala ngati chinthu choyambira. Therefore, the highest performing duplex grades seek to maximize the content of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo) and nitrogen (N).

Dupx220205 maheliri ndi gawo lapadera la auste auste auste auste asplex opangidwa kuchokera ku althor omwe ali ndi ma chromium, nickel overtain ndi othamanga a Pren3505 amalimbana ndi mphamvu zambiri.

Astme A105 Flange ndi mtundu wa mtundu womwe umakutidwa ndi muyezo womwe umakwirira chitoliro ndi zolimbitsa zomwe zimatha kugwira ntchito kutentha kwa kutentha kwambiri

Nickel 200 Amalongosola Nickel 200 Malawi amakhala olimba, osasunthika, ndipo amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

ASME A182 Duplex Dambo Wopanda Chitsulo chimapereka nyonga yayikulu komanso yolimba kwambiri

Chromium yapamwamba, molybdenum ndi nayitrogeni imapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino kwambiri (zomwe zingachitike) zitsulo zokongoletsera ndi zotupa zosapanga dzimbiri, komanso kutentha kotsika kwambiri kuposa 50¡c.

Izi zitsulo zolumikizira F12 zolumikizira zolumikizira zimapangidwa ndi magawo osiyanasiyana osagwirizana ndi miyeso ndikukwaniritsa mawu ake kudzera mwa mayiko ndi mayiko. Alloy Steel Ayim A182 F12 Amakhala ogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuwononga zachilengedwe mwachilengedwe. Panthawi yomweyo, nsalu zimadula chitoliro kuti chikhale kutalika popanda zovuta za astme A182 F12 Zithunzi Zithunzi Zithunzi.

Monga pali mapanga ambiri a mbale osapanga dzimbiri koma ena mwa omwe amakambidwa, monga kuchuluka, mphamvu zosungunuka, mphamvu zokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.

ndi mtundu wokhazikika komanso wolimba kwambiri womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zamakampani ogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale komanso malonda. Ichi

Astm A213 TP316L Chuma Chopanda Chitsulo Chopanga Mankhwala

Chitoliro chachitsulo chosawoneka bwino (sms) chimapangidwa ndikujambula billet wolimba pa ndodo yoboola kuti apange chipolopolo, osatentha kapena msoko. Ndioyenera kugwada ndikusintha. Ubwino kwambiri ndikuwonjezera luso la kupanikizika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa boiler komanso sitimayo, malo opangira mafuta, mafuta abwino, ndi zida zopangira zida.

ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.

Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.

3166Lachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chitsulo cha austetic nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa "chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri" chifukwa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi 90% ya magwiridwe antchito - kuphatikizapo kusefedwa. Kuphatikiza pazitsulo monga chitsulo ndi nickel, 316l muli chromium ndi 2-3% molybdenum. Zinthu izi ndizofunikira chifukwa zimawongolera chipolopolo cha Aloy; Chromium imalumikizana ndi mpweya m'madzi am'madzi kuti apange balamium ya chromium oxide, pomwe molybdenum amasintha kukana kwa chitsulo. Kuphatikiza apo, 316LL ali ndi zotsalira za kaboni

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri 304 408 409 410 mbale
FSTELOLLOY C276 ma sheet & mbale ndizozizira zopangidwa ndikukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zolimbikitsira. Zigawo zopangidwa kuchokera ku F276 ma sheet & mbale ndizabwino kwa zowonjezera zapamwamba, ntchito yolemetsa, kukonza mafuta, chakudya pokonza ndi zina.

Zokhala ndi chitsulo chosapanga chosapanga chosapanga chokhacho chomwe chinkaponderezedwa kwambiri, graider iyi yovomerezedwa ndi khosi latleck imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi dongosolo kudzera munthawi ya khosi. Dera lowonera limatha kuwunikiridwa mosavuta ndi radiography. Chitoliro chofanana ndi kuchepetsa chipwirikiti kumachepetsa mtima mkati mwa mapaipi. Flanger ndibwino kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zanu komanso ndi yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito ndi mpweya, madzi, mafuta, mpweya wachilengedwe, ndi nthunzi.

Montel K500 Zitsulo Zitsulo ndizoyenera makamaka kwa mapampu a centrifugal mu malonda a Marine. Izi ndichifukwa cha katundu wa Monl N05500 Hot bar, ndiye kuti mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri komanso muyeso wotsika kwambiri m'madzi am'madzi okwera.

Al-6xn Alloy (SRIST K08367) ndi mpweya wotsika, woyera, wokhala ndi nayitrogeni ¡° Al-6xn Alloy idapangidwa kuti ikhale zinthu zosagwira madzi am'madzi ndipo zawonetsedwa kuti zigwirizane ndi malo osiyanasiyana okhala.
Nickel Anoy Fronges
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Chitsulo cha kaboni
Chitsulo
Kurdish (Kurmanji)
S31603 PIPA yamakina
Kuimbira 36: Opanda K93600, W.NR 1.3912
Matumba a Pika Matumbo
Kupanga que b36.10 asme B36.54
Astm ASME SB 164 Monil 400 Round Bar Office N04400 Nickel Anoy Bar
DN150 SS chipika ASTM A312 GR.TP304 ASme-B36.19M

Zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zomwe zimafunikira kuwonekera kwa chlorides, ma acid, kapena mankhwala ena.

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

Kuphatikiza zinthu zambiri zopindulitsa za chilengedwe ndi austetic zitsulo za Austetic, 2205 ndiye kalasi yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Chromium yake yokwera ndi molybdenum corotenut imapangitsa kusefukira kosapanga chipongwe.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zopondaponda m'mafuta ndi mafuta a gasi \ / kupanga ndi kusinthidwa kwa kutentha mu petrochemical \ / mankhwala.

amapangidwa kuchokera kudera lalikulu la 316l limapangidwa mwapangidwe kwambiri kutchinga, oxidation ndi ma bangation, ndikupanga kukhala yabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

Imatha kupirira mankhwala osiyanasiyana osakhazikika komanso osasinthasintha, ndikuwonetsa kukana kwakukulu ndikumenya ndi Crevice pamaso pa chlorides ndi ma halides ena.

Nickel kutengera 800 inclooy chitoliro chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi kukana bwino kuwonongeka. Makamaka kuyankhula, chisumbulu 800 chitoliro chimapereka kukana mokwanira zotsutsana ndi ma carburization onse komanso oxidation kutukula.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Asme B16.5 Inctives 600 Flange ikuwonetsa bwino kuthana ndi mitundu yambiri yamiyala. Chromium zomwe zili mu Alloy ma flanges 600 zimawapatsa iwo kukana kwabwinoko poyerekeza ndi ziwonetsero za Alloy 200 komanso ziwonetsero mu 201. Komanso, zowongoka za Monthwezi za Monthwezi za K500 ndi zamaukadaulo kwambiri motsogozedwa ndi akatswiri aluso pogwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira zida.

Zokhala ndi chitsulo chosapanga chosapanga chosapanga chokhacho chomwe chinkaponderezedwa kwambiri, graider iyi yovomerezedwa ndi khosi latleck imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi dongosolo kudzera munthawi ya khosi. Dera lowonera limatha kuwunikiridwa mosavuta ndi radiography. Chitoliro chofanana ndi kuchepetsa chipwirikiti kumachepetsa mtima mkati mwa mapaipi. Flanger ndibwino kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zanu komanso ndi yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito ndi mpweya, madzi, mafuta, mpweya wachilengedwe, ndi nthunzi.

Montel K500 Zitsulo Zitsulo ndizoyenera makamaka kwa mapampu a centrifugal mu malonda a Marine. Izi ndichifukwa cha katundu wa Monl N05500 Hot bar, ndiye kuti mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri komanso muyeso wotsika kwambiri m'madzi am'madzi okwera.

Mapaipi 254 amatha kupirira kupsinjika kwa makina opanga masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso aloy 254 osuma amagwira ntchito yopanikizika kwambiri komanso malo okhala.