304 316l chisungu chopanda chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chochepa chowoneka bwino

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Ilcoloy 800ht Asthewm B564 Milandu Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe ingagwirizane ndi zofunikira za makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Chitoliro chachitsulo & chubu
Cholumikizira chopondera chimapangidwa ndi zitatu zolekanitsidwa komanso kudziyimira pawokha ngakhale zigawo zikuluzikulu; Makoma, ma gaskets, ndi oboola; omwe amasonkhana ndi zikopa zina, zoyenera. Zowongolera zapadera zimafunikira pakusankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi cholumikizira, zomwe zili ndi zotayira zotayirira.

Super duplex S32760 yozungulira imakhala ndi katundu komanso katundu chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zilipo muzopangidwa ndi mankhwala. Chifukwa cha zinthuzi ndi katundu, izi zowoneka bwino izi sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozungulira pazinthu zambiri zama mafakitale.

Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.

Intelsel Of In n06601 lwn ma frenges ma nncleel 601 ndi a Neckel-Chromium Alloy omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka ndi kutentha. Alonje a Nickel iyi imayamba chifukwa cha kukana kwake kutentha kwa maxidation, kukhalabe ogwiritsa ntchito maxidation mpaka 2200¡

926 ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala ofanana 904l ndi 0,2% nayitrogeni ndi 6.5% molybdenum. Molybdenum ndi nitrogen zomwe zimachitika bwino kwambiri ndikulimbana ndi zopondera. Nthawi yomweyo, nickel ndi nayitrogeni sikuti amangotsimikizira kukhazikika kwa gawo la chitsulo, komanso kuchepetsa kutembenuka kwa nthawi yayitali mu matenthedwe kapena kukonzanso bwino kuposa nayitrogeni. Nickel aloy. 926 kutsutsana kwambiri ku chloride ion Ion Media chifukwa cha kukana kwabwino kwambiri ndi 25% Nickel anioy zomwe zili.

304 \ / 304l sikuti maginito muzovala ndipo sangathe kuwumitsidwa ndi kutentha kutentha. Kuuma komanso nyonga yayikulu_kutha kukulira ndi kuzizira komwe kumagwira ntchito, komwe kungayambitse maginito pang'ono. Pafupifupi 24 \ / 304l imagwirizana ndi ma 304 ndi 304l osapanga dzimbiri ndipo amasinthasintha komanso otetezeka kuti agwiritse ntchito mu kalasi iliyonse.

Ntchito za ASME SB408 Aloy 825 Round Serser imayenda mwa mankhwala, kuwongolera kuwonongeka, kuchira kwa mabotolo, ndi mafuta opangira mafuta. Asme Sb408 Aloy 825 Bar ili ndi kukana kwabwino kwambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi makokotala komanso kuchepetsa.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zopondaponda m'mafuta ndi mafuta a gasi \ / kupanga ndi kusinthidwa kwa kutentha mu petrochemical \ / mankhwala.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Nickel 200 Amalongosola Nickel 200 Malawi amakhala olimba, osasunthika, ndipo amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.
304 316L chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri chokwanira

ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.

Zitsulo zopangira zimapereka mwayi woyenera kuyeretsa, kuyeserera kapena kusintha. Nthawi zambiri amabwera motsatana koma amathanso kubwera m'magulu osiyanasiyana komanso amakona. Ma flanges amalumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake pobowola komanso wolumikizidwa ndi makina opukusa ndi kuwotcherera kapena kuluma ndipo amapangidwira kusokonekera kwamphamvu; 150lb, 300lb, 400lb, 600LB, 900LB, 1500LB ndi 2500Lb.

Super Duppox Alloy S32750 (F53 \ / 1.4410 \ /)

Nickel kutengera 800 inclooy chitoliro chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi kukana bwino kuwonongeka. Makamaka kuyankhula, chisumbulu 800 chitoliro chimapereka kukana mokwanira zotsutsana ndi ma carburization onse komanso oxidation kutukula.

Pomaliza, poyang'ana 304 vs 316 vs chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chogwiritsira ntchito zomwe zimafunanso kutsutsana kwambiri kapena kukana madzi, gwiritsani ntchito chitsulo 316. Pa mapulogalamu ena, chitsulo cha madzi 304 chimagwiranso ntchito.

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

Chromium yapamwamba, molybdenum ndi nayitrogeni imapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino kwambiri (zomwe zingachitike) zitsulo zokongoletsera ndi zotupa zosapanga dzimbiri, komanso kutentha kotsika kwambiri kuposa 50¡c.

 1 \ / 8 "nb mpaka 48" NB. (Zopanda nsapato & 100% x-ray welded, zopangidwa)
Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.
Osawoneka bwino

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

FSTEOLLOY C2000 ikupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtunduwu, mtundu uwu wa chromium-molybdenum aroyoy amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana.

ASMM A403 WP304 SS 45 °
Mipiringidzo yachitsulo & ndodo
Magawo athu onse a 310 310s chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe timapereka chimapangidwa mwaluso lazinthu zopangira, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosayenera komanso wosakhazikika m'mitundu yapadziko lonse komanso yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Kutalika: Malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna. "

304 Kodi Cholinga Chosakhazikika Chosakhazikika Chosapanga Chosakhazikika popanga zida ndi zigawo zomwe zimafunikira katundu wabwino kwambiri (kuponderezedwa). Pofuna kukhala ndi kukana kwa chipongwe cha chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chitsulo chimayenera kukhala ndi chromium yopitilira 18% komanso 8% nickel. 304 Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi kalasi yopanda dzimbiri yopangidwa molingana ndi muyezo wa America waku America.

Makina amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mawonekedwe a nomwenal mogwirizana ndi khoma makulidwe. Makina ochokera ku Sch20 mpaka XXS. Chitoliro kutalika mpaka 13500 mm. Pali mapaipi osawoneka bwino ndi mapaipi okhala ndi mawonekedwe amtunduwu. Astme A335 P5 chitoliro chimatha kukhala mozungulira, hydraulic, makona, lalikulu kapena hexagonal. Kutalika kwa chitoliro kumathanso kudula kutalika malinga ndi zomwe makasitomala amafuna.

304 Tee ndi zolimba zopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe a austetitic osapanga zitsulo zomwe zatulutsidwa. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potengera mapipu omwe amatha kulumikizana ndi mavuto ambiri. A403 wp304 tee ndiye kusankha kwabwino pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe kuwoloka kwamadzi kumasinthidwa ndipo kukakamizidwa kumayenera kuthandizidwa. Ma tee opanga osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makamizo otembenuka monga mafuta monga magetsi oyendetsa mibadwo, m'badwo wa nyukiliya ndi zina zambiri. Ma SS 304 ali ndi makilogalamu osiyanasiyana a chitsulo cha austetic omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana.

Kuwala kumatha kukhala mbale yophimba kapena kutseka kumapeto kwa chitoliro. Izi zimatchedwa Flange ya wakhungu. Chifukwa chake, zojambulazo zimawonedwa ngati zigawo zamkati zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira makina.

Mapaipi 254 amatha kupirira kupsinjika kwa makina opanga masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso aloy 254 osuma amagwira ntchito yopanikizika kwambiri komanso malo okhala.
Zitsulo zamtunduwu ndizosagwirizana ndi kubereka chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa mphamvu, kukwera kwambiri kwamphamvu komanso kuchuluka kokwanira.

Intellese 625 yozungulira ili ndi izi: kutopa kwambiri ndi kutopa kwambiri, kumva bwino kwambiri kukana kukana ndi kuthengo bwino. Kupsinjika kwa kupsinjika kwa chloride kumawononga kulolera.

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

Alloy K500 amatsutsidwa ndi ma elecroslag kuyeretsedwa (ESR), kuonetsetsa zomveka komanso zapamwamba kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa mawuwo kumathetsa kuthekera kwa zokopa zosalimba zomwe sizikukulitsa zovuta, nthawi yosintha ndipo pamapeto pake zimatsogolera pa gawo lolephera. Imakhalanso ndi chotsika chotsika ndipo sikuti mphamvu pamitundu yotsika ngati -150¡f (-101.c).
Astm A403 WP304 SS kulumikizana
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Incoloy 800h flange
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A105N Flange Class Class 150 Flange B16.5 Flange
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Astm A403 WP304 SS TOWord - Radius Yaifupi

Chingwe chimakhala chokwera, milomo kapena rim, kunja kwa zakunja kapena mkati, zomwe zimathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu (monga mtengo wamtambo kapena t-bat); Kuti mulumikizidwe mosavuta \ / kusamutsa kwa kulumikizana ndi chinthu china (monga chowala kumapeto kwa chitoliro, scal cylinder, etc., kapena pamunda wa mandala); kapena pokhazikitsa ndikuwongolera mayendedwe a makina kapena mbali zake (monga tambala mkati mwagalimoto kapena gudumu la tram, zomwe zimapangitsa mawilo kuti asamayendetse njanji). Mawu akuti "Flange" imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito chopanga ma flanges.

Kufunsira kuphatikiza kwamphamvu kwambiri komanso kukana mphamvu kungaganizire za eciloy 925 weld. Onse ayenera kuchitidwa kuti achepetse ntchito yolimba ya incoloy 925 zitsulo zowala, koma zimatha kuchepetsedwa pochepetsa kuthamanga kwamakina ndipo \ / kapena kuya kwa kudula.
Astm A403 WP304 SS kulumikizana
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Incoloy 800h flange
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A105N Flange Class Class 150 Flange B16.5 Flange
Mapaipe a ntchentche
Astm A403 WP304 SS TOWord - Radius Yaifupi

Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Mphamvu yakuwoneka ya 75 ksi yomwe imatsimikizira kuchotsera kwakukulu, ndikunyamula katundu wokwanira kugwira ntchito mokwanira, malingaliro athu 304 akugwiritsa ntchito zoipitsa mkati mwazosindikiza komanso zolembedwa bwino kwambiri. Tili ogulitsa ndi ogulitsa kunja kwa S30400 yofanana yomwe imapangidwa ndi yolumikizidwa yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi mapaipi ndi machubu osawuma, motero kudula mtengo. Timaperekanso chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri A403 WP304 Chipamba chitoliro monga SS WS304 SS, SS 304 Cross, SS 304 Stub.

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

A ASMEM A403 SS 304 SIWOM ALI NTHAWI YOSAVUTA KWA A 75 Ksi, imatsimikizira kuti ali ndi vuto lakumlengalenga, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kutchinga chindapusa, ndikuletsa madzi ambiri.
Astm A403 WP304 SS kulumikizana
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Incoloy 800h flange
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304 Tee, BW Nyeta, S30400 Tee, Chitsulo Chopanda Chitsulo 304 Tee
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Astm A403 WP304 SS TOWord - Radius Yaifupi

FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.

Chingwe chimakhala chachiwiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pambuyo potalika. Ma flanges amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolumikizira zolumikizira. Imapereka kusinthasintha kukonza. Flange imalumikiza chitoliro ndi zida ndi mavuvu osiyanasiyana. Kuledzera kumawonjezeredwa mu dongosolo lapaipi ngati kukonza pafupipafupi komwe kumafunikira pa ntchito yobzala.

Chitoliro cha HT sichikufunafuna kuthekera ndikupitiliza kukonzekera kasitomala, zomwe zimachitika munjira zathu, ntchito, kutumiza kunja kapena thandizo la makasitomala. Takuyenda pamavuto ndipo tapanga zinthu zomwe zimagwira. Ndife opanga

Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.

Njira yothandizira kutentha yomwe chitsulo chimatenthedwa kuti chizitenthetsedwa (pamwambapa kapena pansi pac 1)
Astm A403 WP304 SS kulumikizana
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Miyeso:
Incoloy 800h flange
https: \ / \ / www.htpipe.com \ / consuelpipe
304 Tee, BW Nyeta, S30400 Tee, Chitsulo Chopanda Chitsulo 304 Tee
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Astm A403 WP304 SS TOWord - Radius Yaifupi

Makatoni achitsulo othamanga amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizidwa mu mafuta ndi mafuta, mafupa ophatikizika, magalimoto omutumiza, ndi zina zambiri. Ht chitoliro chimapereka mzere wokwanira wa mphamvu ya mpweya wabwino, zomangira, ma studis, zingwe, mtedza, mtedza, masheya ndi misonkhano yapamwamba.

Illever 718 2.4668 Zithunzi Zojambula Zithunzi Zothandiza Kusiyanasiyana Mlengalenga

Zitsulo zachitsulo & ma sheets & coils
Ntchito za zitsulo za 310s zosapanga dzimbiri zimaphatikizapo kupanga zigawo za cragegenic contractic, makamaka pomanga owotcha, osinthana, zitseko, mafani, mafani. Popeza magawo a ziweto izi amalimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito makampani ogulitsa zakudya komanso m'mafakitale a mankhwala. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'matumba ogona, owotcha a malasha, amalima, ma ducts ndi mabokosi amphepo.

Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina

S32750 S32760 Super Duptux dambo wosapanga matope osakhazikika

Zithunzi zowoneka bwino za 718 zimapangidwa ndi nichrome. Zinthuzo zili ndi mawonekedwe a kachulukidwe kwambiri, kutentha kwambiri kwa asidi wokhazikika, mphamvu yayikulu ndi mtengo wokwera. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma flanges okhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, miyeso ndi mawonekedwe.

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).
Zopangidwa payipi
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Miyeso:
Incoloy 800h flange
https: \ / \ / www.htpipe.com \ / consuelpipe
Kuimbira 36: Opanda K93600, W.NR 1.3912
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Astm A403 WP304 SS TOWord - Radius Yaifupi
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri s31008 chopanda chipilala chopanda chipilala 1.4845
310s 24 "Dimean Wopanda Chitsulo Chosapanga Chipato

Ictives 600 yozungulira ndi intoy-valkel-brad-cenel carburrization ndi kukana bwino kuwonongedwa kwakukulu. Zingwe zozungulira 600 zozungulira zimagwira ntchito kuyanika cl2 ndi mipweya ina yambiri yofananira ndi kutentha kwambiri. Alloy 600 bar ndi a chromial-cromiyal-cromiyal-cromiyal-chloride bwino oxidation ndi kukana ku chloride kuwonongeka kwa chloride kugwa, ukhondo wamadzi acid kumatentha.

S32750 S32760 Super Duptux dambo wosakhazikika pamoto wokhudzana ndi Carbider

Nas NWE276 ndi Ni COROY omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu kuvunda m'makonzedwe onse ndi kuchepetsa mlengalenga. Mu chilocha ichi, kutenthedwa ndi mpweya mu kutentha kwa okhudzidwa (Haz) kumapanikizika ndikuzunzidwa kumayendetsedwa mwa kuchepetsa zomwe zili mu C ndi si.

 Izi zimapangidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kalembedwe kake, kasu ndi kukula, ndi chilichonse choyenera kugwirira ntchito yofunikira.

Zovala zosapanga chitsulo 304 Chipilala chodzaza ndi chitoliro, SS wp304 chitoliro choyenera, st 304 strew strele stoel 304 stack strive chitoliro cha sts whr stope, maswir osapanga dzimbiri 304.