Mtengo Wopikisana pang'ono UN N05500 Monil K500 Square Mutu Bolt

Opanga amatha kukhala ndi mwayi wochepetsa khoma la ma duplex 2205 wowala, chifukwa champhamvu yake. Mphamvu zokolola za nkhaniyi ndi pafupifupi kawiri kanthawi kosinthana kosapanga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Mosiyana ndi chitoliro chachitsulo cha austetitic, chubu 2205 nthawi zina nthawi zina amawonetsa maginito chifukwa alloy alloy ali ndi Ferrite pafupifupi 50%.

Komabe, titaniyamu atha kutaya mphamvu kutentha kwambiri kuposa 430?

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Ma tubeni ang'onoang'ono achitsulo ku Abele A333, anasinthana ndi kutentha kwa kutentha kwa mashopu ogwirira ntchito ndi kutentha kotsiriza kwa 845 mpaka 945f-ndulu] Kulamulidwa kwamlengalenga kuchokera kutentha koyambirira kwa 845¡. Kwa Astm A333 Maphunziro 1, 6, ndi 10 chitoliro chachitsulo chosawoneka bwino, chithandizo chamatenthedwe chimakhala chotentha kwambiri, kenako njira yomwe ingasinthidwe.

Zitsulo zopangira zimapereka mwayi woyenera kuyeretsa, kuyeserera kapena kusintha. Nthawi zambiri amabwera motsatana koma amathanso kubwera m'magulu osiyanasiyana komanso amakona. Ma flanges amalumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake pobowola komanso wolumikizidwa ndi makina opukusa ndi kuwotcherera kapena kuluma ndipo amapangidwira kusokonekera kwamphamvu; 150lb, 300lb, 400lb, 600LB, 900LB, 1500LB ndi 2500Lb.

Mapaipi achitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kapangidwe, mayendedwe, ndi kupanga. Amakhala ndi pakati malinga ndi mainchesi awo akunja, ndi m'mimba mwa m'mimba osiyanasiyana malinga ndi khoma makulidwe. Mapulogalamu ena amafunikira makoma owundapo kuposa ena, kutengera mphamvu chitolirocho chimayenera kusamalira.

Kuwala ndi mphete ya chitsulo (kupangidwa kuchokera ku mbale, kapena yolumikizidwa) kupangidwira zigawo za chitoliro, kapena kuti mulowetse chitoliro cha sitimayo, misonkhano ina kapena pamsonkhano wina wophatikizika. Zowawa zimaphatikizidwa wina ndi mnzake, ndipo kumapazi polowera kapena kupukusa (kapena kumasula pomwe madotolo amagwiritsidwa ntchito). Chitani chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimasankhidwa kukhala SS nyambo, amatanthauza ma mbengo omwe adapanga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Miyezo yodziwika bwino ndi Stadem ndi Asso A182 REPE F304 \ / l ndi 300

Kuwala kumatha kukhala mbale yophimba kapena kutseka kumapeto kwa chitoliro. Izi zimatchedwa Flange ya wakhungu. Chifukwa chake, zojambulazo zimawonedwa ngati zigawo zamkati zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira makina.

Zithunzi za Intellel 718 ndizosagwirizana kwambiri ndi kutukudwa kwamadzi ndipo zitha kuumitsidwa ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi ozizira. Zithunzi zowoneka bwino za 718 zimagwirizananso kwambiri ndi kupsinjika kwa chloride kuwonongeka.

Chitoliro chopangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimakonzedwa mwachindunji kuti zina mwa zoopsa zomwe zimapezeka pakupanga. Ngakhale poyerekeza ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, Spayfer ali ndi kulolera modabwitsa kuti kutentha kwambiri, ndipo sikutaya mphamvu kwambiri ku 2,000¡f monga chitsulo.

Chingwe chimakhala chokwera, milomo kapena rim, kunja kwa zakunja kapena mkati, zomwe zimathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu (monga mtengo wamtambo kapena t-bat); Kuti mulumikizidwe mosavuta \ / kusamutsa kwa kulumikizana ndi chinthu china (monga chowala kumapeto kwa chitoliro, scal cylinder, etc., kapena pamunda wa mandala); kapena pokhazikitsa ndikuwongolera mayendedwe a makina kapena mbali zake (monga tambala mkati mwagalimoto kapena gudumu la tram, zomwe zimapangitsa mawilo kuti asamayendetse njanji). Mawu akuti "Flange" imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito chopanga ma flanges.

Ntchito za Copper-Nickel-nickel-nickel-nickel zimaphatikizapo kutsimikiza, ozizira ndi njira zina zosungunulira, magetsi, mafuta ofunda ndi akuda, magetsi a hydraulic komanso kutentha kwa tank.

Mayina Ogulitsa: Nickel Anoy 36, Inter 36®, Nilo 6®, Pernifar 6 ®
Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina
Itar 36 Tubed OD: 0.2-6mm, WT: 0.02-2mm

Morel K500 Bolts ndi mtedza umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kutentha kwawo kwakukulu kukana, kukana kwakukulu komanso kulimba. Ndiwonso wa Nickel-Copper ndi kapangidwe ka 63% Nickel ndi 27% mkuwa, pakati pa zinthu zina.

Chingwe chimakhala chachiwiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pambuyo potalika. Ma flanges amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolumikizira zolumikizira. Imapereka kusinthasintha kukonza. Flange imalumikiza chitoliro ndi zida ndi mavuvu osiyanasiyana. Kuledzera kumawonjezeredwa mu dongosolo lapaipi ngati kukonza pafupipafupi komwe kumafunikira pa ntchito yobzala.

304 Nphwemba zopondapondazikulu zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zinthu wamba komanso zodziwika bwino muzogwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri zamakampani zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka ndi oxidation. Nyansiweli iyi ya S30400 imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera ndi njira, zomwe zikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi olondola komanso odalirika.

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

Nickel 200 Amalongosola Nickel 200 Malawi amakhala olimba, osasunthika, ndipo amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

Zokhala ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 304 cha kukana kosankhidwa kwambiri, graider iyi kuvomerezedwa ndi makhosi a screck itha kuphatikizidwa ndi kachitidwe ka musidi wodula khosi. Dera lowonera limatha kuwunikiridwa mosavuta ndi radiography. Chitoliro chofanana ndi kuchepetsa chipwirikiti kumachepetsa mtima mkati mwa mapaipi. Flanger ndibwino kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zanu komanso ndi yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito ndi mpweya, madzi, mafuta, mpweya wachilengedwe, ndi nthunzi.

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.
900 A182 F316L ASME B16.5 chitoliro chimangopanga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri

Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.

ASTM B472 SINE N08020 Mawonekedwe a Salfure 20 amapereka magwiridwe antchito a Sulfuric acid, kutengera kuchuluka kwa ma sulfuric acid pamtundu wa 20%, komanso ma sulfuric acid.

Astm B472 SINE N08020
Din127 Spring Syher
Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.
Asme B36.19M Chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri

Illever 718 imatha kufotokozedwa ngati chiwonetsero cha chiviniro chokhala ndi Molybdenum, Niobium, chitsulo komanso kuchuluka kochepa kwa titanium ndi aluminiyamu. Zipilala zozungulira 718 ndizolimba ndipo zimasonyezanso zokolola zabwino.

ASMM B564 SIMPE Fringe Monone 400 ali ndi vuto labwino kwambiri pakuchepetsa mavidiyo ngati sulufuric acids.

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).

Cholumikizira chopondera chimapangidwa ndi zitatu zolekanitsidwa komanso kudziyimira pawokha ngakhale zigawo zikuluzikulu; Makoma, ma gaskets, ndi oboola; omwe amasonkhana ndi zikopa zina, zoyenera. Zowongolera zapadera zimafunikira pakusankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi cholumikizira, zomwe zili ndi zotayira zotayirira.

Sch40 Monol 400 chitoliro chimasankhidwa kukhala nambala ya Werkstoff 2.4360 ndi N04400. Chipika 400 chimadziwikanso kuti Monil Anoy chitoliro cha 400, Monl 400 Pipe & Nickel Chitoliro 400.

Ictives 600 yozungulira ndi intoy-valkel-brad-cenel carburrization ndi kukana bwino kuwonongedwa kwakukulu. Zingwe zozungulira 600 zozungulira zimagwira ntchito kuyanika cl2 ndi mipweya ina yambiri yofananira ndi kutentha kwambiri. Alloy 600 bar ndi a chromial-cromiyal-cromiyal-cromiyal-chloride bwino oxidation ndi kukana ku chloride kuwonongeka kwa chloride kugwa, ukhondo wamadzi acid kumatentha.

Tili ndi zokumana nazo zambiri zogwira ntchito m'minda yopanga A105. Tili ndi ASM A ASM A105 Tili Wopanga Wopanga & A105 Zitsulo Zodzikongoletsera

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Astme A453 amafotokoza za matenthedwe owotcha kwambiri osenda mafupa okhala ndi zitsulo zofananira ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri. Timapanga ma a453 kalasi ya A453 D Studege, Hex Balts, Kukula kwa mabowo, ndodo zopindika ndi zina zogwirizira zapadera. Pakadali pano, Astme A4533 GAWO 660 DEGITIONS DRASTE, INE.e.

Sae 304 Chitsulo chopanda dzimbiri ndiye chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zitsulo zimakhala ndi zonse ziwiri zachitsulo (pakati pa 18% ndi 20%) ndi nickel (pakati pa 8% ndi 10,5%). Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zimakhala zochepa zamagetsi komanso zomwe zimayambitsa thupi kuposa chitsuloboni. Ndi maginito, koma ochepa mphamvu kuposa chitsulo. Ili ndi chipongwe chachikulu kuposa chitsulo chokhazikika ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kupangika komwe kumapangidwira mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. [1]
Chitsulo chachitsulo
Chubu chosowa
Wathyathyathya
Chitoliro chowala
lalikulu mutu bolt
Chitoliro cha duplex & chubu
Zithunzi zazitali zam'madzi zazitali zowonetsera
Duptux Shareel
Kutalika: Malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna. "
Chiwonetsero cha Zhengzhou Huitong atachotsedwa mu Flange 317l Flange
Titanium tubing mphamvu zazikulu ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono

Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.

S32750 Super Duplex Coil Chech Scannger 1.4410 1.4501 Coil

Pofuna kufafanizira mapaipi, ndikofunikira kuchotsa payipi yolunjika pa mapaipi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma piipelines osiyanasiyana, mapaipi osiyanasiyana ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene mapaipiwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito, chikopa chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha kukula kwa mapaipi. Mukamacheza, chipika chanjira zitatu chowonekacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira cholumikizira, kuti chikhazikitse chipani cholumikizirana kapena kukula kwa nthawi yayitali komanso cholumikizira cholumikizira cha mapaipi. , Pakulumikizana ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, palinso zolumikizira ndi mapulagini a gawo la chida.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Duplex 2205 adayesedwa pansi pa kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono kutentha kwa firiji poyerekeza ndi SS316. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti duplex 2205 ili ndi pafupifupi zotopa \ / zokolola.

Morel K500 Bolts ndi mtedza umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kutentha kwawo kwakukulu kukana, kukana kwakukulu komanso kulimba. Ndiwonso wa Nickel-Copper ndi kapangidwe ka 63% Nickel ndi 27% mkuwa, pakati pa zinthu zina.

Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.

Asme B36.19M ndiye wofanana ndendende ndi mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwake, kulolerana, ndi zomwe amapanga maenda owala komanso osaka.

Ma nati 934 hex
Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

Nickel Aloy 600, adagulitsanso pansi pa dzina la Inteldel 600. Ndilo lachitsulo chapadera.

Mapaipi a grade 304 osapanga dzimbiri ndi osinthika komanso okonda kusapanga dzimbiri pamsika, kalasi yopanda dzimbiri 304 ndi yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu malonda. Mapazi osapanga dzimbiri 304 chitsulo chopanda kanthu makamaka chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa njira zopendekera makamaka pankhani ya nayitrogeni.

Alloy 254 Osuta kapena Astm A182 F44 F44 Itgenum ndi Nitrogeni adatsitsidwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosapanga dzimbiri. Izi ziwonetsero zili ndi kaboni.

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 304 ndi mndandanda wa T 300 osapanga chitsulo chosapanga chitsulo chosapanga chitsulo. Ili ndi osachepera 18% chromium ndi 8% nickel, kuphatikiza ndi ma 0,08%. Amadziwika kuti ndi chromium-nickel austetic aloy.304 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso zida zogwirizira, zingwe 3], ziwiya, ndi zozizwitsa. 304 Chitsulo chopanda dzimbiri chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu zomangamanga kuti kunja kwa maboti olima monga madzi ndi mawonekedwe amoto. Komanso ndi zinthu wamba zodziwika bwino kwa ovota.

304 s30400 1.430 Pippols 304 Chitsulo Chosapanga Chitsulo Chotsogola Chisanachitike

Zinthuzi zili ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo komanso mphamvu zazikulu. Mphamvu yocheperako ndi 185ksi, mphamvu zochepa zokolola ndi 150ksi, ndi zofukizira ndi 12%. ASTM B637 SIMIS N07718 Mtedza umapezekanso mu 331bhn kapena ofanana.
Chitsulo chachitsulo
Chubu chosowa
Wathyathyathya
Chitoliro chowala
lalikulu mutu bolt
Chitoliro cha duplex & chubu
Zithunzi zazitali zam'madzi zazitali zowonetsera
Duptux Shareel
Kutalika: Malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna. "
Chiwonetsero cha Zhengzhou Huitong atachotsedwa mu Flange 317l Flange
Nickel alloy mbale & ma sheets & coils

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 317L chimakhala njira yolumikizira, mavuvu, mapampi ndi zida zina kuti apange dongosolo la masipi. Imathandiziranso kuyeretsa, kuyerekezera kapena kusintha.

N06002 \ / hastelloy X, STETLOY RETELLOY C276, Astelloy B2

Ndife opanga, ogulitsa ndi ogulitsa maboni A105 \ / A105N GORES, omwe ndi othandiza pakupanga zipilala za kaboni

FOSTELOLOY TUBUSE WABWINO KWAMBIRI POPHUNZIRA MU DZINA LACHINYAMATA, ulimi, chakudya, mafakitale ndi mafakitale. FOSTELOLOY PIPAING imadziwika kuti ikugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira yomwe chloride ndi gawo.
Mtengo Wopikisana pang'ono suli wa N05500 Monl K500 Square Head Bolt - Zhengzhou Huitong Mapaipi

Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.

Nickel kutengera 800 inclooy chitoliro chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi kukana bwino kuwonongeka. Makamaka kuyankhula, chisumbulu 800 chitoliro chimapereka kukana mokwanira zotsutsana ndi ma carburization onse komanso oxidation kutukula.