Astm B622 FOTTELOLOY B2 chitoliro chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makonda acidic

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina

2205 Zam'wirima zoyeserera zomangira zimakhala ndi zojambula zamagetsi zimakhala ndi makina owonjezera, omwe atha kukhala chifukwa cha Austetic Yoyenererana ndi Microstruct Microstructures mu Alloy.

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri 304 nthawi zambiri zimawerengedwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Ili ndi zochulukirapo za nickel, nthawi zambiri zapakati pa 8 ndi 10,5 peresenti, komanso chromium yozungulira 18 mpaka 20 peresenti. Zinthu zina zazikulu zazikuluzikulu zimaphatikizapo manganese, silicon ndi kaboni. Mankhwala ena onse amapangidwa makamaka ndi chitsulo.

ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.

304l chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri sichingawumitsidwe ndi kutentha kutentha. Njira yothetsera vuto la yankho kapena kuwongolera imatha kukhazikika mofulumira pambuyo potenthetsa mpaka 1010-1120¡c.

Mchere uwu umatha kudwala pomwe hydrochloric acid amakumana ndi chitsulo ndi mkuwa. Chifukwa chake, ngati alloy uyu amagwiritsidwa ntchito molumikizana ndi chitsulo kapena mkuwa mu dongosolo lomwe lili ndi hydrochloric acid, kukhalapo kwa mcherewu kumatha kuyambitsa chisanakwa.

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

A105 Zitsulo ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma carbon zitsulo zopangira zopanga zopangidwa ndi zigawo zopangidwa monga ma flanges ndikupanga mapaipi ocheperako.

Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).

Maonekedwe awo osazindikira amakhala ogonjetsedwa chifukwa cha mapangidwe a patina. Zinthu zambiri zili ndi chitsulo chapamwamba ndipo sizaza mtengo wotsika mtengo kuposa zinthu zopanda pake. Amagonjetsedwanso chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo nthunzi ndi acid. Zipangizozi zimagwirizana ndi madzi am'madzi, mpweya wamadzi ndi malo otentha a mchere.

FOSTELOLELOY B2 chitoliro chimakhala chowongolera kwambiri kuti muchepetse kuwononga chipongwe ndi kupsinjika komwe kumachitika

304 Nphwemba zopondapondazikulu zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zinthu wamba komanso zodziwika bwino muzogwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri zamakampani zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka ndi oxidation. Nyansiweli iyi ya S30400 imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera ndi njira, zomwe zikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi olondola komanso odalirika.

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

TP 304l chitoliro cha chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
200 Nickel altoy amabisa Chidziwitso cha Nickel 200 Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

Asme B36.19M ndiye wofanana ndendende ndi mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwake, kulolerana, ndi zomwe amapanga maenda owala komanso osaka.

Wamphamvu ndi oxidant yogonjetsedwa ndi 2200. F (1200 SCE. C) - FOSTELOLOLE X chitoliro cha Bend ndi chokwanira chokwanira cholimbikitsidwa chokwanira ndi ma oxidation mpaka 2200. F (1200 SCE. C).

Kupukutira mosazungulira kumayamba ngati cunkrical cynkical ya chitsulo chotchedwa billet. Akadali otentha, ma billet amabaya pakati pa maandrel. Gawo lotsatira likugudubuzika ndikutulutsa billet. Billet ili yolumikizidwa ndendende mpaka itakumana ndi kutalika kwake, mainchesi ndi mabanki monga tafotokozera ndi makasitomala.

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Ngakhale zitsulo zazing'ono 304 ndi 316 ndizolimba, kuwonjezera kwa Molybdenum kuti 316 imamupatsa mwayi woposa 304 mwa mphamvu. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, mutha kuyembekeza kukana bwino chloride chiwonongeko ndi kupindika kuposa chitsulo cha 304, ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Cholumikizira chopondera chimapangidwa ndi zitatu zolekanitsidwa komanso kudziyimira pawokha ngakhale zigawo zikuluzikulu; Makoma, ma gaskets, ndi oboola; omwe amasonkhana ndi zikopa zina, zoyenera. Zowongolera zapadera zimafunikira pakusankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi cholumikizira, zomwe zili ndi zotayira zotayirira.

FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.

Chitoliro cha duplex & chubu
Makina
Imatha kupirira mankhwala osiyanasiyana osakhazikika komanso osasinthasintha, ndikuwonetsa kukana kwakukulu ndikumenya ndi Crevice pamaso pa chlorides ndi ma halides ena.
\ / 5 kutengera

Izi astme A182 kalasi F5 zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosinthika, mwachitsanzo, ndalama zachinyengo zomwe zimaphatikizapo Sulfuric malo okhala. A182 GRE F5 F5 yolumikizidwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ntchito zothandizira monga mpweya ndi madzi. Zilinso chimodzimodzi ndi mtengo wotsika, koma zopangidwira zirimidwe. Ubwino wake waukulu kwambiri ndikuti ikhoza kusonkhanitsidwa popanda kuwotcherera, kufotokozeranso momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito pamayendedwe ocheperako pazinthu wamba pamtunda, komanso madera ophulika kuti apange ngozi.

Chingwe chimakhala chachiwiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pambuyo potalika. Ma flanges amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolumikizira zolumikizira. Imapereka kusinthasintha kukonza. Flange imalumikiza chitoliro ndi zida ndi mavuvu osiyanasiyana. Kuledzera kumawonjezeredwa mu dongosolo lapaipi ngati kukonza pafupipafupi komwe kumafunikira pa ntchito yobzala.

Imapezeka mu zinthu za Asthem A 182, ndi Astm A 105. Ma flanges amapezeka m'magulu osiyanasiyana ngati asme B16 47 ¡¡\

Ubwino wolamulidwa bwino wa Astm A182 Alloy Steel F9 Wozungulira amawonekera pamachitidwe ochita zinthu zomwe zimasinthidwa motentha zimatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa scrap.
Titanium chitoliro cha Titanium Stob Stur Chalchic Elemeth

Mapaipi 254 amatha kupirira kupsinjika kwa makina opanga masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso aloy 254 osuma amagwira ntchito yopanikizika kwambiri komanso malo okhala.

Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.
Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.
304 Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndiye chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zitsulo zimakhala ndi zonse ziwiri zachitsulo (pakati pa 18% ndi 20%) ndi nickel (pakati pa 8% ndi 10,5%). Ndi chitsulo chosakhazikitsa dzimbiri. SS304 imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mitsempha, mawilo amayenda bwino.

Izi zikutanthauza Tinium itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati phindu lalikulu la chitsulo Imakhala yolimba kawiri ngati aluminium ndi 60% yotentha.

Tebulo lotsatira likuwonetsa kapangidwe ka mankhwala a C70600 mkuwa wa Ickel.

Zitsulo za alloy ndi ndodo
316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

Chromium yapamwamba, molybdenum ndi nayitrogeni imapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino kwambiri (zomwe zingachitike) zitsulo zokongoletsera ndi zotupa zosapanga dzimbiri, komanso kutentha kotsika kwambiri kuposa 50¡c.

Sch40 Monol 400 chitoliro chimasankhidwa kukhala nambala ya Werkstoff 2.4360 ndi N04400. Chipika 400 chimadziwikanso kuti Monil Anoy chitoliro cha 400, Monl 400 Pipe & Nickel Chitoliro 400.

C70600 elobow ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu madzi am'madzi \ / njira zamadzi, zosinthana ndi kutentha, zombo zankhondo, zombo zapamadzi, zonyansa ndi machitidwe ena osokosera. C70600 Copper-Nickel Aloy Albbles ali ndi vuto labwino kwambiri ku biofarought ndi ma Marine Corrosrion, ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino. Copper imapeza mphamvu zambiri komanso kukana kuwonongeka pamene Nickel amawonjezeredwa.
Duptux Steel
Haiti Creole
htsspipe.com
Chitsulo chachitsulo
Cu ni alloy embo
Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri & ndodo
Illevel 718 N07718 Ar400 Steel 4 × 8 pepala
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Monl 400 chitoliro cha mafelemu a magalasi magalasi
C2000 Fritelloy Anoy Cund frotelloy C2000 Chipatuli
Kupanga Asme B36.10 ASME B36.60
2.4675 Kuwala sikunakumane N06200 kumakumakuma Nickel Anoy C2000 Well Tyll
Chida Cholimbitsa A182 F9 Round Bar

Illevel 625 ndi Aloya wa Nickel-Worder, koma kuthekera kwake kwamphamvu kumachitika chifukwa chowonjezera ku Molybdenum ndi Niobium pa Nickel Matrix. Sitimayionenso 625, motero, kugonjetsedwa ndi malo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi nyengo yochepa kwambiri.

ASMM A182 316TI chitoliro chimadziwika kuti chimayambitsa ntchito zapadera ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa kuti mukwaniritse zofuna zake. Timapereka mitundu yotakata ya Astm A182 316Ti kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kake ka ma netiweki yapadziko lonse lapansi.

Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.

Pali makalasi 150 mpaka 2500 ndi mpaka PN64 mumitundu iyi. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana monga SS S30908 Oofesi, ulusi wakhungu, mtundu wa mphete zolumikizira, nkhope yathyathyathya ndi nkhope yathyathyathya.

Chitoliro chonse cha katekedwe kaboni Chifukwa chake pali zinthu zosiyanasiyana zakuthupi komanso zofunikira zomwe zingakhale zomwe zikupezeka kuti zigwirizane ndi zochitika zapadera.

C70600 erbow ili ndi bwino kukana kotupa ngakhale m'magulu okhala m'madzi. Izi ndizokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso zolimbana zabwino pamphuno kwambiri, ndipo zimawononga ndalama zambiri poyerekeza ndi oyang'anira Copper-aluminiyamu ndi ena omwe ali ndi zida zofananira.

316 Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri pali chitsulo china chosapanga chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chimafuna kulimba, kukhazikika, komanso kukana kuwonongeka, koma kumagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Katundu wodziwika kwambiri wa 316 Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndizosakaniza zopondera, makamaka kuchokera ku chloride zochokera ku chloride zokhala ndi madzi am'madzi monga madzi am'madzi ndi mankhwala ambiri a mafakitale.

Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

Akazi A ASME A182 F5 Alloy Akhungu Mawonekedwe akhungu ndi lalikulu ndipo itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi mapaipi a Nomwenal

Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

ndizoyenera zofananira mu malonda kuti zizisintha njira yoyendera m'matumbo. Akuluwa a C70600 amapangidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana kuti akwaniritse zofunika kuchita. Copper-nickel ndi zophatikizana ndi zamkuwa ndi nickel. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonjezera kwa manganese, Chromium, Niobium ndi chitsulo chimasintha kutukwana komanso mphamvu zawo. Nickel amasungunuka mkuwa, womwe umayeretsa mkuwa-nickel alloy kapangidwe ka alpha. Kuphatikiza kwa zinthuzi kumapangitsa zamkuntho-nickel athu akugonjetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu pang'ono, kuwalola kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.

Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.
Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.
304 Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndiye chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zitsulo zimakhala ndi zonse ziwiri zachitsulo (pakati pa 18% ndi 20%) ndi nickel (pakati pa 8% ndi 10,5%). Ndi chitsulo chosakhazikitsa dzimbiri. SS304 imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mitsempha, mawilo amayenda bwino.

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.

A286 (1.4980) ma Bolts, omwe amadziwikanso kuti alloy 660 ma bolts, ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chili ndi chitsulo, nickel ndi chromium. A286 ma balts amadziwika ndi mphamvu zawo zazikulu, kukana mphamvu ndi oxidation kukanidwa kwa kutentha kokweza, kukakhala zaka zowumitsidwa. Zotsatira zake, a286 ma bolts amapereka mphamvu yayikulu kuchokera kutentha kwa chipinda mpaka 1300¡f (700¡c).

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.

Chitoliro chachitsulo cha kaboni ndi chofala kwambiri chogwiritsira ntchito zojambula m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana omwe amaperekedwa zomangamanga, zopangidwa, zamadzi zamadzi zamadzi, mafuta ndi mpweya. Makasitomala a Carbon Zithunzi Zapakati pa API 5l Grass B, X42 mpaka X70, Astme A102 B, Astme AstC A232 B, Astme Astc A232 B, Zitoliro za Astme A232 BRARY 3 Mapaipi ocheperako amasankhidwa kuti atumize ma ores (chitsulo, zinthu za malasha), kapena zinyalala zamakampani, tidatcha mapaichi monga tallings. Ndipo nthawi zambiri ziphuphu zachitsulo zolumikizidwa mtunda wautali. Pamwamba pa zinthu zosakanizidwa ndi madzi, timayitanitsa slurry. Anthu azigwiritsa ntchito mapampu kuti azitha kunyamula mpaka komwe madzi adzaseweredwa. Popeza malo otsekemera anali ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zina zomwe zimakhala ndi zida, kotero chitolirocho chitha kuphatikizidwa ndi 3pe, fbe, fbe ku zigawo zolimbana ndi kuturuka.

Flange, yomwe imadziwikanso ngati mbale yakuwala kapena chingwe, ndi gawo lolumikiza pa mapaipi ndi valavu, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi kutha kwa mapaipi. Ma flanges ali ndi mabowo. Ma flanges ndi ma flanges amalumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi ma bolts ndikusindikizidwa ndi magesi.

Zinthu zake zimapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zolemetsa ndi zomwe zimafuna malo osungunuka ndi mphamvu pansi pa nyengo.

Awa ali ndi mwayi wa Nickel ndi Molybdenum omwe amatsutsana ndi malo ochepetsera. Kukaniza kwa oxidation kumakhalanso kwakukulu m'mabuku chifukwa chowonjezera pazovala za chromium.