1 - 1 \ / 2 "Kupanikizika Kwambiri kwa Avepter Invelse 718 Flanges N07718

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.

Ngongole ya Hex mutu ndiyabwino mitundu yambiri ya mafakitale othamanga. Mapangidwe ake 6 a hex a nthochi 2205 amalola kuti bololi ikhale yokhazikika kapena kumasulidwa mwachangu, moyenera kwambiri, kuthamanga kwa ntchito yantchito ndi kupendekera mwachangu. Maubwino ena owonjezera omwe amakhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito S32205 Hex (omwe amadziwikanso kuti S31803) amaphatikizapo: kutentha kwambiri, kwamphamvu kwambiri, ndi Sae J429 Kukana Kutsutsana.

Kwa mapulogalamu ogwiritsa ntchito pepala amafuna magiredi a Anoy omwe alibe zokwanira kuwonongeka. Kutengera ndi zikhalidwe 22%, ali ndi austetitic: microptuction microstructuctunce yomwe imapereka mphamvu zazikulu, kukana ndi kuchuluka kwa mtengo wake.

Chingwe chimakhala chokwera, milomo kapena rim, kunja kwa zakunja kapena mkati, zomwe zimathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu (monga mtengo wamtambo kapena t-bat); Kuti mulumikizidwe mosavuta \ / kusamutsa kwa kulumikizana ndi chinthu china (monga chowala kumapeto kwa chitoliro, scal cylinder, etc., kapena pamunda wa mandala); kapena pokhazikitsa ndikuwongolera mayendedwe a makina kapena mbali zake (monga tambala mkati mwagalimoto kapena gudumu la tram, zomwe zimapangitsa mawilo kuti asamayendetse njanji). Mawu akuti "Flange" imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito chopanga ma flanges.

Zokhala ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 304 cha kukana kosankhidwa kwambiri, graider iyi kuvomerezedwa ndi makhosi a screck itha kuphatikizidwa ndi kachitidwe ka musidi wodula khosi. Dera lowonera limatha kuwunikiridwa mosavuta ndi radiography. Chitoliro chofanana ndi kuchepetsa chipwirikiti kumachepetsa mtima mkati mwa mapaipi. Flanger ndibwino kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zanu komanso ndi yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito ndi mpweya, madzi, mafuta, mpweya wachilengedwe, ndi nthunzi.

https: \ / \ / www.htpipe.com \ / consuelpipe
Chinese (zachikhalidwe)
Ndiwothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ophuka kapena mpweya wambiri. Mafakitale omwe angapindule ndi Chrome Makoma a Cly akuphatikiza: mafuta ndi mpweya, kukonza, kuwongolera mbadwo wamagetsi, ndi mankhwala.
Carbon Steel A106 Wotchera ndi Machubu Opanda Zosaka

Dina2527 khungu lotsegula khosi 2-116 Sch 80 wn 160 rtj rtj nty lembo khwalala chopanda
Montel Nickel-Copper Stoy K-500 chitoliro champhamvu ndi chipongwe courciation chotsutsana ndi Monil Alloy 400 ndi maubwino owonjezereka amphamvu komanso kuuma.
ASTM A276 309 S30900 S30900 SIVEL SODS

Chingwe chimakhala chachiwiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pambuyo potalika. Ma flanges amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolumikizira zolumikizira. Imapereka kusinthasintha kukonza. Flange imalumikiza chitoliro ndi zida ndi mavuvu osiyanasiyana. Kuledzera kumawonjezeredwa mu dongosolo lapaipi ngati kukonza pafupipafupi komwe kumafunikira pa ntchito yobzala.

Chitoliro cha 254 chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe katundu ndi kukana kwa zitsulo kumafunikira. Kukwera kwambiri kwa molybdenum ndi chromium zomwe zimapangitsanso chubu 254 kugonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi ma asidi omwe angayambitse.

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zopondaponda m'mafuta ndi mafuta a gasi \ / kupanga ndi kusinthidwa kwa kutentha mu petrochemical \ / mankhwala.

Zitsulo za Austetitic ngati 304 (1.4301) ndi zitsulo zachangu ngati 430 ndizosavuta kupanga ndikupanga nsanje. Monga mayina awo akutanthauza, amapezeka makamaka ndi gawo limodzi, austete kapena Ferrite. Ngakhale mitundu iyi ndiyabwino kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri, pali zofooka zina zofunika mumitundu yonseyi.

Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina

A105 kuwoloka pakhosi kuvota komwe adathekera komwe kumaloledwa kuti ozizira 1,55f asanafike pakati pa 1,550¡fã01f ndi 1,700¡f. Kuzizira kwa ntchentche kumatsata

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.

Kuwala kumatha kukhala mbale yophimba kapena kutseka kumapeto kwa chitoliro. Izi zimatchedwa Flange ya wakhungu. Chifukwa chake, zojambulazo zimawonedwa ngati zigawo zamkati zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira makina.

Chitoliro cha duplex & chubu
Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

S31803 ndiye njira yolumikizirana yolumikizidwa (yopanda tanthauzo) ya chitsulo choyambirira. Dongosolo la Unili lidapangidwa ndi magulu ambiri amalonda m'ma 1970 kuti muchepetse chisokonezo pomwe alloyo yemwe yemweyo adatchedwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, komanso mosemphanitsa. Chitsulo chilichonse chimayimiridwa ndi kalata yotsatiridwa ndi manambala asanu, pomwe kalatayo ikuyimira zitsulo, i.I. s ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Dupx220205 maheliri ndi gawo lapadera la auste auste auste auste asplex opangidwa kuchokera ku althor omwe ali ndi ma chromium, nickel overtain ndi othamanga a Pren3505 amalimbana ndi mphamvu zambiri.

Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.

Kuzungulira kozungulira kumatha kugwira ntchito motentha komanso zovuta komanso zowonetsa bwino. Zida izi zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa za 600mna ndipo zochepa zimakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira 275MPA. ASTM B408 Fineloy 800 Roder Grouser Stark adapangidwa kuti akhale ndi gawo la yunifolomu. Masamba ndi mokhazikika komanso molondola.

Alloy 926 ndi gawo la Super Austenic Molybdenum chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga malo osiyanasiyana okhala. Kuphatikiza kwa Molybdenum ndi nayitrogeni mu kapangidwe kake kameneka ndi kupindika kwinaku, pomwe mkuwa umachiritsa sulfuric acid, pomwe nayitrogeni imawonjezera zipatso ndi mphamvu.

Imatha kupirira mankhwala osiyanasiyana osakhazikika komanso osasinthasintha, ndikuwonetsa kukana kwakukulu ndikumenya ndi Crevice pamaso pa chlorides ndi ma halides ena.

Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).

926 ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala ofanana 904l ndi 0,2% nayitrogeni ndi 6.5% molybdenum. Molybdenum ndi nitrogen zomwe zimachitika bwino kwambiri ndikulimbana ndi zopondera. Nthawi yomweyo, nickel ndi nayitrogeni sikuti amangotsimikizira kukhazikika kwa gawo la chitsulo, komanso kuchepetsa kutembenuka kwa nthawi yayitali mu matenthedwe kapena kukonzanso bwino kuposa nayitrogeni. Nickel aloy. 926 kutsutsana kwambiri ku chloride ion Ion Media chifukwa cha kukana kwabwino kwambiri ndi 25% Nickel anioy zomwe zili.

Los USOS de estras tuber Incluyen Pharesturan y remistecia General. LASSISTENCIA LA Corrosion de tuber Tuber Scoudetura de Grado 316 y Acero infordial 316Ti es.

Kenako kuyenera kukhala gawo la kachitidwe koyendetsa madzi (mafuta, gasi, nthunzi, macheza, ...) mtunda wautali kapena wautali.
Duptux Steal & ndodo
Haiti Creole
Chitsulo cha kaboni
Flange
Myanmar (Burmese)
Masamba achitsulo & ma sheet & coils
Kupanga njira yopanga yotentha \ / ntchito yotentha, yozizira
Astm A335 P11 Chitoliro Chachitsulo
A105N FLATAT WN Blange 3 inchi Class 300 Flange

Asme B36.19M ndiye wofanana ndendende ndi mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwake, kulolerana, ndi zomwe amapanga maenda owala komanso osaka.

A105 kuwoloka pakhosi kuvota komwe adathekera komwe kumaloledwa kuti ozizira 1,55f asanafike pakati pa 1,550¡fã01f ndi 1,700¡f. Kuzizira kwa ntchentche kumatsata

Illevel 718 yakhala yothandiza pamafunsidwe osiyanasiyana kuyambira ntchito zopangira zida zankhondo ndi Aerossace.

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

FSTEOLLOY C2000 ikupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtunduwu, mtundu uwu wa chromium-molybdenum aroyoy amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana.

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.

Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.

ASTM A276 309 S3900 S30900 S30900 S30900 S30900 Yopanda dzimbiri ndi mapangidwe ochulukirapo komanso zinthu zosalimbana kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo ovuta. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium-nickel alloy ndipo amadziwika makamaka chifukwa cha kukana kwawo kwa oxidation ndi mphamvu m'malo okwera kutentha.

Zoyenerazi zimapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana monga mbali, kuphatikiza, matenda, mapulagi, zipika zipamba etc.

Cholumikizira chopondera chimapangidwa ndi zitatu zolekanitsidwa komanso kudziyimira pawokha ngakhale zigawo zikuluzikulu; Makoma, ma gaskets, ndi oboola; omwe amasonkhana ndi zikopa zina, zoyenera. Zowongolera zapadera zimafunikira pakusankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi cholumikizira, zomwe zili ndi zotayira zotayirira.

Makina ogwiritsa ntchito a Astm A182 F9 Flange amapeza mphamvu zake zapamwamba, kukana bwino kuwononga, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zovuta komanso mphamvu zolimba.

Illevel 718 ndi wofananira, wamphamvu-wamphamvu wa Nickel-Work of Crordogenic akupita mpaka kupitirira madigiri 1000 Fahrenheit. Ili ndi mphamvu yayitali kwambiri, mphamvu yakuwoneka bwino komanso yopanda mabatani.
Duptux Steal & ndodo
Haiti Creole
Chitsulo cha kaboni
Flange
Myanmar (Burmese)
Masamba achitsulo & ma sheet & coils
C2000 Fritelloy Anoy Cund frotelloy C2000 Chipatuli
Astm A335 P11 Chitoliro Chachitsulo
A105N FLATAT WN Blange 3 inchi Class 300 Flange

Din25227 Akhungu Lotsegula Khosi 2-1

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.

Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.
Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Alloy 625 ndizothandiza kwambiri komwe kukana maxidation ndi kupewa kumafunikira. Munthawi yodziwika, chisumbuchi sichili changumiti komanso choyenera pamakina. Chifukwa cha zitsamba zake zazikulu, zimaperekanso mphamvu yolimbana ndi madera osiyanasiyana. Ndili ndi chithunzi cha pafupifupi 60%, ndife osavuta kuchepetsedwa.

Nickel 200 Amalongosola Nickel 200 Malawi amakhala olimba, osasunthika, ndipo amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

Kuchizira kutentha sikofunikira kupatula chifukwa cha ma giredi 300, zopangidwa ndi kapangidwe kake pomwe zopangira kapena kutentha, kusinthana ndi kupsa mtima, kusinthana ndi kupindika ndi kupindika.
Chitsulo cha caputor
Haiti Creole
Chitsulo cha kaboni
Flange
Myanmar (Burmese)
Masamba achitsulo & ma sheet & coils
FOSTELOLOY X Nippolet Malanges FOTELOLELOY X SIP
Astm A335 P11 Chitoliro Chachitsulo
A105N FLATAT WN Blange 3 inchi Class 300 Flange
Chitsulo chachikulu chimafotokozedwa ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu zokongola.
Masamba osapanga dzimbiri & ma sheets & coils

Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.

Ictives 600 yozungulira ndi intoy-valkel-brad-cenel carburrization ndi kukana bwino kuwonongedwa kwakukulu. Zingwe zozungulira 600 zozungulira zimagwira ntchito kuyanika cl2 ndi mipweya ina yambiri yofananira ndi kutentha kwambiri. Alloy 600 bar ndi a chromial-cromiyal-cromiyal-cromiyal-chloride bwino oxidation ndi kukana ku chloride kuwonongeka kwa chloride kugwa, ukhondo wamadzi acid kumatentha.

FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.

Ma flanges akhungu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti atseke valavu kapena amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti aletse mayendedwe a media pamapaipi. Mukamagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi zinthu zabwino zopangira, ma c
Duptux Steal & ndodo
Haiti Creole
Chitsulo cha kaboni
Flange
Myanmar (Burmese)
Masamba achitsulo & ma sheet & coils
C2000 Fritelloy Anoy Cund frotelloy C2000 Chipatuli
Astm A335 P11 Chitoliro Chachitsulo
A105N FLATAT WN Blange 3 inchi Class 300 Flange

Mapaipi a chitsulo chachitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakugwiritsa ntchito pofuna kuthana ndi kuchepa kwamphamvu, kukhazikika kwabwino, komanso mtengo wachuma. Mwachidule, mapaipi a aron amakondedwa m'malo amenewo komwe mapaipi achitsulo amatha kulephera. Pali mitundu iwiri ya chitsulo chachitsulo - chitsulo chachikulu chachitsulo komanso chitsulo chotsika.

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimakhala ndi chromium zomwe zimapereka katundu wa kuwonongeka kwa kutunkha kwakukulu. Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimatha kuthana ndi nyengo yotsika kapena malo a mankhwala chifukwa cha malo ake osalala. Zogulitsa zopanda banga sizikhala zotetezeka kuti mugwiritse ntchito nthawi yayitali ndi kukana kwabwino kwambiri kwa kutopa kwa magazi.

Mapaipi 254 amatha kupirira kupsinjika kwa makina opanga masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso aloy 254 osuma amagwira ntchito yopanikizika kwambiri komanso malo okhala.

304 Nphwemba zopondapondazikulu zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zinthu wamba komanso zodziwika bwino muzogwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri zamakampani zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka ndi oxidation. Nyansiweli iyi ya S30400 imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera ndi njira, zomwe zikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi olondola komanso odalirika.

The S31803 (ASTM F51) imathamangitsidwa kwambiri ndi S32205 (1.4462, Astm F60). Izi zikuwonetsa chikhumbo chawo chokulitsa zachilengedwe za Aloy Kuphatikiza apo, zimalola kukopa gawo la nayitrogeni osati kungokhala ngati chinthu choyambira. Therefore, the highest performing duplex grades seek to maximize the content of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo) and nitrogen (N).