ANI B16.5 CODOY C2000 kuchepetsa zopondera zowongolera zapadziko lonse lapansi

Astm A312 TP316 SMICILARICICICICICT TIPIP SMIP S31600 SMS SMS

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

304 s30400 1.430 Pippols 304 Chitsulo Chosapanga Chitsulo Chotsogola Chisanachitike

Monl 400 nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwanso ntchito polekerera makubati. Imawonetsa bwino kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'mapulogalamu am'madzi monga ma valve am'madzi ndi mip shafts. Machubu awa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu zida zomera za mankhwala, zovala za boilele, ndi zotsatsa. Zofunsira zomwe zimafuna malo osungunuka ndi kulimba mtima pansi pa zovuta.

Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.
Kupanga que b36.10 asme B36.26

FOSTELOLEY X ndi Nickeum-chromium-iron-molybdenum aloy. Ili ndi okutukana kwambiri oxidation, kugwirira ntchito komanso mphamvu zotentha kwambiri. Zimawonetsanso kukana bwino kuphwanya kusokonekera mu matenda a petrochemical. Imawonetsa zabwino kwambiri pambuyo pakuwonekera kwa nthawi yayitali pa 1200 mpaka 1600 digiri Fahrenheit. Ili ndi mawonekedwe abwino komanso owuzira katundu, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'matumba a ndege ndi mafuta.

C276 ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi mankhwala ambiri komanso madera. Mankhwala anti-corlus ndi anti-oxile-oxiles amachokera ku chromium ndi molybdenum.

Ictives 600 yozungulira ndi intoy-valkel-brad-cenel carburrization ndi kukana bwino kuwonongedwa kwakukulu. Zingwe zozungulira 600 zozungulira zimagwira ntchito kuyanika cl2 ndi mipweya ina yambiri yofananira ndi kutentha kwambiri. Alloy 600 bar ndi a chromial-cromiyal-cromiyal-cromiyal-chloride bwino oxidation ndi kukana ku chloride kuwonongeka kwa chloride kugwa, ukhondo wamadzi acid kumatentha.

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

Sa312 TP304 Chipika chatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'makampani osiyanasiyana. Chipilala cha Alloy 304 Chipata chosapanga dzimbiri 304 chitoliro chimakhala chotchuka chifukwa chokana kwambiri chifukwa cha media.

Zitsulo zoyambirira zimapangidwa koyambirira kwa ziphuphu zazing'ono. Amakhala ndi mphamvu zofanana ndi zokhazikika, koma kutopa kwawo kumakhala 50% kuposa ma stage owirikiza kawiri.

Carbon zitsulo zowongoka
Kutulutsa magazi mphete
Asme B36.19M ndiye wofanana ndendende ndi mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwake, kulolerana, ndi zomwe amapanga maenda owala komanso osaka.
Zitsulo za alloy ndi ndodo

Chromium yapamwamba, molybdenum ndi nayitrogeni imapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino kwambiri (zomwe zingachitike) zitsulo zokongoletsera ndi zotupa zosapanga dzimbiri, komanso kutentha kotsika kwambiri kuposa 50¡c.

Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).

Ma flanges ndi gawo lofunikira pokonza mafakitale. Mafakitale ambiri, kuphatikiza mafuta ndi mpweya, chithandizo chamadzi ndi mankhwala a nyukiliya ndi mphamvu ya nyukiliya yomwe idapanga kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi, zomwe zimaloleza maedio osiyanasiyana

Chitoliro chachitsulo & chubu
304 Nphwemba zopondapondazikulu zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zinthu wamba komanso zodziwika bwino muzogwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri zamakampani zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka ndi oxidation. Nyansiweli iyi ya S30400 imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera ndi njira, zomwe zikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi olondola komanso odalirika.

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Duplex 2205 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (chachangu komanso austetic) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimafunikira kukana bwino kuwonongeka ndi mphamvu. Gulu S31803 Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zidasinthidwa kangapo, zomwe zidazindikirika mu 1996. Kalasi iyi imasiyidwa mu 1996.

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

Chitoliro chowoneka bwino chimapangidwa kuti chijambulidwe patsamba kumapeto kwake ndikulumikizani mapaipe (s) ndikulola kusintha njira kapena kuthirira kapena kutha.

N08825 Flanger flange infoloy 825 ma flanges ndi mtundu umodzi wa ma flanges omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu lolemba komanso kuchepetsa ma asidi. Amapangidwa kuti azitha kuthana ndi kuwononga kwawo ndipo ndi oyera kuwira

Makina a Sai182 F5 Plate Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko omwe pali kukhalapo kwa mankhwala ophukira. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pamapulogalamu omwe siabwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa kutentha pakati pa -30OC mpaka + 650OC. ASTM A182 kalasi F5 imachitika pamikhalidwe yomwe imadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa (CO2), hydrogen sulfude (ch2s). Chowunikira kwa A182 F5 Shael Pazifwamba ndi chikonzero cholondola, miyeso yolondola, yolimbana ndi kutukuka, ndalama zochepa, zowononga ndi kupindika.

FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.

Tube amapangidwa mozungulira, lalikulu komanso makona akona mu khoma losiyanasiyana la khoma. Nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi njira za setaitalidzi yotentha, yotentha komanso yozizira (yosawoneka) kapena yowuzira. Kumaliza kapena mawonekedwe kuchokera ku chosatsimikizika kuti chipsere. Zosasinthika ali ndi gawo la 2b mphero, wopukutidwa Standad ndi kumaliza kwambiri kokhazikika ndipo pali kumaliza kokhazikika kumapereka mwayi woyandikira galasi. Kumaliza kumasankhidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zokongoletsa.

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.

Asia Alibaba Makhalidwe a Crimenti Nickel Alloy Flangel Wopangidwa ku China Sw flange monow 400 werkstoff nr. 2.4360 flange

Zokhala ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 304 cha kukana kosankhidwa kwambiri, graider iyi kuvomerezedwa ndi makhosi a screck itha kuphatikizidwa ndi kachitidwe ka musidi wodula khosi. Dera lowonera limatha kuwunikiridwa mosavuta ndi radiography. Chitoliro chofanana ndi kuchepetsa chipwirikiti kumachepetsa mtima mkati mwa mapaipi. Flanger ndibwino kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zanu komanso ndi yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito ndi mpweya, madzi, mafuta, mpweya wachilengedwe, ndi nthunzi.

Zolingana ngati zomangira ndi kaboni sa105 chitoliro chimathandizira kuwongolera kutuluka kwa media. Mosiyana ndi zolimbitsa thupi, zimayenda, komabe, zimagwira ntchito mwakuya.

Mankhwala opangidwa ndi mapangidwe osapanga dzimbiri 304 304L s30400 s30403 chitoliro
Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.
Chitoliro cha duplex & chubu

SS 316 \ /26l \ / 36Ti zida zozungulira \ / zopangira zida zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zojambula zamankhwala monga Carbon, Nicbomi, Chromium, Chitsulo ndi Mangunese. Ndodo ndi ndodo zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zakuthupi monga kuchuluka, mphamvu, mphamvu, kutengeka, mawonekedwe amagetsi, modelication yamagetsi.

Asme B16.48 Fritelloy Centroy C2000 Flanges Storsers C2000 Lap Joy Jount

Mankhwala, zinthu monga manganese, silicon, ndulu, coba, crobium, alubium, etc, inc. Malinga ndi kutanthauzira kwa Asuri B670, Spanter 718 DE 2.4668 Ayeneranso kuganizira nyonga yayikulu, kupereka mphamvu ndi zofunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, aloy 718 Nickel Gagket amafunika kukhala opanikizika kuti ayesedwe malinga ndi chikalata cha Astm zomwe zalembedwa pano.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Incloy 800h Masamba ali ndi mawonekedwe omwewo ndi Aloy 800
Kenako kuyenera kukhala gawo la kachitidwe koyendetsa madzi (mafuta, gasi, nthunzi, macheza, ...) mtunda wautali kapena wautali.
Duptux Steal & ndodo
Imatha kupirira mankhwala osiyanasiyana osakhazikika komanso osasinthasintha, ndikuwonetsa kukana kwakukulu ndikumenya ndi Crevice pamaso pa chlorides ndi ma halides ena.
ASME A234 WPB ERAWH ndi gawo lokhazikika pakupanga zolimbitsa thupi za zitsulo za kaboni ndipo alloy amayenera kutentha kwa kutentha komanso kwakukulu.
Sch40 Monol 400 chitoliro chimasankhidwa kukhala nambala ya Werkstoff 2.4360 ndi N04400. Chipika 400 chimadziwikanso kuti Monil Anoy chitoliro cha 400, Monl 400 Pipe & Nickel Chitoliro 400.
Mapaipi a kusokonekera kosasaka kumakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi katundu wapamwamba kwambiri komanso mphamvu zambiri.
Duplex 2507 ali ndi kukana kwakukulu ku chloride kupsinjika kuphwanya, mphamvu yayikulu, komanso kukana kwa chloride pansi ndi crevice kutukuka.
Copper-nickel (cu-ni) Makina ophatikizika omwe amalumikiza mapaipi a mkuwa, Nickel Copy, Copper-Nickel Malawi Madzi Omwe Amateteza Madzi.
SS304 SS304 316 Mapeto
Intelsel 718 imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ochulukirapo, monga mpweya wothamanga kwambiri, zigawo za exgeegenic zopitilira muyeso, zida za nyukiliya, kukonza mapangidwe a injini, ndi mafuta a injini.

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

F9 F9 imawonedwa kuti ndi njira yopulumutsa mtengo. Kuphatikiza pa zinthu izi, astme A182 F9 ndiwobwezeretsanso komanso kutulutsidwa kwaulere.

FOSTELOLELOY B-2 anoy. Chizindikiro cha nickel-molybdenum chiwonetsero cha hydrochloric ndi sulfuric acids a acid.

Choyamba, samangothandiza mukamayendera koma a Astm A105 Flange ndiyothandiza kupanga zosintha kapena kuyeretsa chitoliro mu dongosolo. Pakupita kwa nthawi, padzakhala zowonongeka zina zomwe zimachitika m'dongosolo. Zikatero, zimakhala zovuta kuwunika ndikuyang'ana dongosolo

Mayina Ogulitsa: Nickel Anoy 36, Inter 36®, Nilo 6®, Pernifar 6 ®

Nickel 200 Amalongosola Nickel 200 Malawi amakhala olimba, osasunthika, ndipo amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

A234 WPB ANA B16.9 ASTM Caboni chitsulo cha 30d 4D 45D 90D Sch20 Sch20 Sch80 SCH40 SCOM SHAMP
Zitsulo zachitsulo
Chipwitikizi
Wasitalo
Bugarian
Chubu chosowa
Lembani "chitoliro chosawoneka
Zitsulo zachitsulo & ma sheets & coils
Zovala zachitsulo zachitsulo
Opangidwa Mapeto, Mapeto Omveka "

Incoloy 800h ndi chitsulo-nickel-chromial-chromium-chromium-chromial proton yomwe ili yofanana ndi 800, ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri.

Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.

Piphi yopanda pake idasowa izi zolakwa zomwe zidadziwika ndipo zimawoneka ngati zotetezeka. Ngakhale zili choncho kuti chitoliro chodzaza ndi msozi chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofooka kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera kumathandizira kuti chitoliro cha wened chizikhala chikutha.

Chitoliro chopanda chisa chopangidwa ndi nkhokwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwononga kwambiri khoma kumapangidwa ndi zotamanda. Kuyesedwa kwa vortox kumawonetsa kuti chiwopsezo cha zitoliro za sewn chimakhala chotsika kuposa chopanda chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zopondaponda m'mafuta ndi mafuta a gasi \ / kupanga ndi kusinthidwa kwa kutentha mu petrochemical \ / mankhwala.

Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

Aswetse awa amapangidwa ndi akatswiri athu aluso pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba kwambiri malinga ndi zikhalidwe zokhazikitsidwa. Timapereka Asthem A307 Carbocten mashers osiyanasiyana ndipo amatha kukhala ndi chizolowezi chopangidwira makasitomala omwe atchulidwa. Pothandizidwa ndi gulu lodzipereka la akatswiri, tili odzipereka kupereka mzere wa nyenyezi za Astm A307 A307 Assoni a Carten.
Zitsulo zomangira
Chipwitikizi
Wasitalo
Bugarian
Chubu chosowa
Lembani "chitoliro chosawoneka
Monl 400 chitoliro cha mafelemu a magalasi magalasi
Zovala zachitsulo zachitsulo
Opangidwa Mapeto, Mapeto Omveka "
STM A335 P11 Sch40 4 "Alloy Steel Sepe
Titanium tubing owonjezera mphamvu

Super duplex ali ndi mapindu onse a zitsulo zina, makamaka mphamvu zopindulitsa za kapangidwe kake kake kake kake kamene ka austetitic ndi chitsulo chosakhazikika. Microstructustection iyi imapangitsa kuti ma duple azikhala okhwima kawiri konse ngati mawonekedwe amodzi kapena austetic zitsulo zokhazikika, koma super duplex ndi zochulukirapo, zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba kwambiri kuposa zomwe akumana nazo.

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

S32750 S32760 Super Duptux dambo wosapanga matope osakhazikika

Nickel Smooy Wicoloy wosayang'ana pipe mtengo 800 800h 800800 N08810 N08811

Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.

FSTEOLLOY C2000 ikupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtunduwu, mtundu uwu wa chromium-molybdenum aroyoy amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana.

Din976 SI06002-Istelloy X SHARDEL THELENT ALET M4 Hex Bolt M15 Hex Bolt HaltLoy X Stob Bolt

SS 316 Yopangidwa Chipotonti imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ibwerere ndikulumikiza mapaipi awiri kwa wina ndi mnzake mbali zosiyanasiyana. Ayenera kupangidwa m'njira yoti athetse cavitatit komanso kutaya kwina kwakukulu.

Nickel kutengera 800 inclooy chitoliro chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi kukana bwino kuwonongeka. Makamaka kuyankhula, chisumbulu 800 chitoliro chimapereka kukana mokwanira zotsutsana ndi ma carburization onse komanso oxidation kutukula.

Kaboni mosadukiza, zomwe zimapangidwa molingana ndi Astherm A105, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapulogalamu. Izi zidapangitsa kuti zigawo zitsulo zosungunuka (kuphatikizapo zowongoka, zolimbitsa thupi, ndi mavuvu, ndi zina) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ntchito yozungulira- komanso yokwera kwambiri pakukakamizidwa. A105N, yomwe imasankhidwa ndi yokwanira ¡° ¡± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Ngati zongoyikidwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma ppvc kapena asme B31, zinthuzo zidzakhala zofanana ndi Sa-105 kapena sa-105n. Mwachidule. Astme A105 Flange ndi mtundu wa ma flanges. Kutanthauzira kumatha kuphatikizira magiredi osiyanasiyana osapanga dzimbiri. Ma flanges ali ndi chitsulo chopangidwa kaboni ndipo amapangidwira kutentha kwambiri.