Kukula kopanda pake

A \ / SA387 PR 9class 2 yotentha kaboni ya kaboni ya mpweya kutentha kwambiri opindika ndi bouls. Maubwinowo pazinthu zowonjezera chromium ndi molybdenum, zomwe zimapereka chitsulo chabwino ndi kukana kutentha. A \ / SA387 Gawo 9 likugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti agwiritse ntchito ndi opanga kutumikira mafuta, mafakitale ndi mafuta.

Chingwe chimakhala chokwera, milomo kapena rim, kunja kwa zakunja kapena mkati, zomwe zimathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu (monga mtengo wamtambo kapena t-bat); Kuti mulumikizidwe mosavuta \ / kusamutsa kwa kulumikizana ndi chinthu china (monga chowala kumapeto kwa chitoliro, scal cylinder, etc., kapena pamunda wa mandala); kapena pokhazikitsa ndikuwongolera mayendedwe a makina kapena mbali zake (monga tambala mkati mwagalimoto kapena gudumu la tram, zomwe zimapangitsa mawilo kuti asamayendetse njanji). Mawu akuti "Flange" imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito chopanga ma flanges.

1. Cholinga chachikulu chopanda zitsulo zosawoneka bwino za kaboni wamba, zitsulo zotsika kapena zitsulo zachitsulo, zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zazikulu, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma piipilines kapena zigawo zoperekera madzi.

Montel 400 ndiyofunikira pakusintha kwa kutentha, zida zomera zamankhwala, ndi zovala zowonera. Ndi yabwino mu waya kapena rod mawonekedwe ndipo ndi abwino kwambiri pakuyenda kwa waya chifukwa cha kukana kwake ku madzi am'nyanja.

Cholumikizira chopondera chimapangidwa ndi zitatu zolekanitsidwa komanso kudziyimira pawokha ngakhale zigawo zikuluzikulu; Makoma, ma gaskets, ndi oboola; omwe amasonkhana ndi zikopa zina, zoyenera. Zowongolera zapadera zimafunikira pakusankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi cholumikizira, zomwe zili ndi zotayira zotayirira.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Mapaipi 254 amatha kupirira kupsinjika kwa makina opanga masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso aloy 254 osuma amagwira ntchito yopanikizika kwambiri komanso malo okhala.

FSTEOLLOY C2000 ikupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtunduwu, mtundu uwu wa chromium-molybdenum aroyoy amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana.
Zovala zamankhwala & makina makina

316l ili ndi mawonekedwe abwino ndi owuzira. Imakhala yosavuta kapena yolumikizidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana kuti mugwiritse ntchito m'makampani, zomanga ndi mayendedwe.

ASTM A182 316L Spacer mphete ya mafakitale ndi omasuka
Kutengera Kafukufuku Wathu ndi Kuzindikira Kwazomwe Zimachitika, timasintha kupanga kwathu komanso kupereka mafilimu athu kuti tithandizire makasitomala athu ndi zinthu zapadera.
b. Malinga ndi magwiridwe antchito;

SS F317l Flange, S31700 chitoliro cha S31700, stock flanger flanger quitior, sts st310 tebulo la SS 37L STRARE LI, CHENJEZO MUNGATSA.

Timatulutsanso kaboni pa Asten Astm A234 WPB ulusi wofewa wokhala ndi malumikizidwe onse achimuna, akazi onse kapena kuphatikiza aliyense.

Nute ndi wachangu wokhomedwa womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi bolt kuti muteteze kuchuluka kwa zinthu zapamwamba, zinthu, ndi zida zambiri zamapulogalamu ambiri. Monl 500 Alloy imapereka phindu lalifupi komanso lalitali lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zopanga mtedza. Montel Nickel Copper K500 mtedza umapereka nyonga ndi kuponyera m'malo onse a acidic ndi alkaline. Motel Nickel Mtengo K500 Nnenema imadziwikanso chifukwa cha kulondola kwawo komanso kusakhala kosagwirizana ndi madzi amchere ndi hydrofluoric acid.

Carbon Steel ASTM A105 Socket Secket Yopangidwa Nthawi zambiri nthawi zambiri ¡° Invest¡

c. Malinga ndi mayeso amadzi. Mapaipi achitsulo omwe amaperekedwa malinga ndi magulu a ndi b. Ngati itha kuthana ndi matenda amadzi, adzayesedwa ndi mayeso a hydraulic.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zopondaponda m'mafuta ndi mafuta a gasi \ / kupanga ndi kusinthidwa kwa kutentha mu petrochemical \ / mankhwala.

Mapaipi a kusokonekera kosasaka kumakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi katundu wapamwamba kwambiri komanso mphamvu zambiri.

FOSTELOLELOY X IPIP HAND imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamankhwala, kuphatikizapo ma rector, pyrolysis tubing, ndi ma muffes chifukwa chokana kutsindika.

Chitoliro chachitsulo chosawoneka bwino chimakhala ndi mphamvu, nyonga ndiyokwera kuposa chitoliro cha zitoliro. Chifukwa chake imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zida zapamwamba, komanso mafuta otenthetsera. Nthawi zambiri msoko wotentha wa chitoliro cha chisanu ndi malo ofooka, khalidwe limakhudza ntchito yonse.

Nickel 201 sliss pa flange
Mapaipi a Intellel siwothandiza mu maxiding acid, monga nitric acid ndi nitrous. Komabe, ziphuphu zosemphana ndi zisumbuzi sizingagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ambiri, mchere, madzi, zinthu zina, zinthu zachilengedwe, zinthu zachilengedwe zimakhala kutentha komanso zokweza.

Sch40 Monol 400 chitoliro chimasankhidwa kukhala nambala ya Werkstoff 2.4360 ndi N04400. Chipika 400 chimadziwikanso kuti Monil Anoy chitoliro cha 400, Monl 400 Pipe & Nickel Chitoliro 400.

Kuphatikiza apo, mapaipi achitsulo osawoneka bwino amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali ndikulimbikitsidwa kwambiri kuposa mapaipi achitsulo olakwika. Chifukwa chake, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zida zapamwamba, mphamvu yamafuta, boilers ndi mafakitale ena. Nthawi zambiri, kuwotcheridwa ndi chitoliro chachitsulo chotchedwa ndi cholumikizira, ndipo mtunduwo umakhudzanso ntchito yonse.

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Kenako kuyenera kukhala gawo la kachitidwe koyendetsa madzi (mafuta, gasi, nthunzi, macheza, ...) mtunda wautali kapena wautali.

Panthawi ya gasi lachilengedwe, odetsedwa ochepa, monga madzi, mpweya woipa, ndipo hydrogen sulfide, kuphatikiza ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu, kuphatikizapo ma studio 600. Izi zodetsa ndizomwe zimakhala zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, n'zomveka kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a din. Izi ndichifukwa choti zingwe zopindika 600 zimapereka zabwino zambiri.

FOSTELLELY WOPHUNZITSA
Chitsulo chachitsulo
Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).
Kusindikiza mating ndi magalasi olimba

Chingwe chimakhala chachiwiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pambuyo potalika. Ma flanges amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolumikizira zolumikizira. Imapereka kusinthasintha kukonza. Flange imalumikiza chitoliro ndi zida ndi mavuvu osiyanasiyana. Kuledzera kumawonjezeredwa mu dongosolo lapaipi ngati kukonza pafupipafupi komwe kumafunikira pa ntchito yobzala.

Monl 400 kumaluntha ma flanges 400 amaonetsa umboni wa kutentha kwambiri. Kumbali inayo, katundu monga nyonga ndi kuuma kwa magetsi a Monl 400 amangochepetsedwa pang'ono ndi zinthu zina ngati maulendo ena kapena kukana.

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

Ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mkuwa (nickel 70 \ / / / 2) zowonjezera m'madzi, zomera zolimbitsa thupi, ndi zina zowonjezera malinga ndi zomwe makasitomala amafunikira.

Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Chromium yapamwamba, molybdenum ndi nayitrogeni imapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino kwambiri (zomwe zingachitike) zitsulo zokongoletsera ndi zotupa zosapanga dzimbiri, komanso kutentha kotsika kwambiri kuposa 50¡c.
Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.
Ma billets ndi ma coil amaperekedwa ku milipe yokonzeka kuti ipangidwe kukhala chitoliro cha kaboni. Kutengera luso la mphero yomaliza komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kumapeto kwa chinthu chomaliza, masheya adzapangidwa kukhala chitoliro pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu inayi yopanga mpweya. Ndiye, mwanjira inayake, chidutswa chimodzi cholimba cha chitsulo. Billet yolimba imangotenthedwa kenako ndikutambasulidwa pamndandanda wa mamandres mpaka pomwe chitoliro chakwaniritsa ndi mainchesi omwe mukufuna ndi makulidwe.

Chizindikiro cha zinthu zodziwika bwino cha F12 ndichabwino pazofunsira, pomwe machitidwe a pipreps akuyenera kunyamula kapena kunyamula madzi kapena mipweya yotentha kwambiri. Alloy Steel F12 Malingaliro amagwiritsidwa ntchito munthawi zosiyanasiyana. Mapulogalamu amaphatikiza zida zamankhwala, zomera zamagesi, zida zamagetsi, zopanga zamagetsi, zomera zamadzi, zonunkhira, kutentha ndi ena.
Zoyenera zimapangidwa kenako kutentha mpaka kutentha kwambiri ndikuyamba kuzizira kwambiri mpaka kuzizira. Izi zozizirazi zimawonjezera mphamvu ya zojambula zosapanga dzimbiri ndikuwapangitsa kukhala olimba. Ma SS 310s oyenerera amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ngati madzi am'madzi, mafuta am'mimba ozungulira komanso pompopompo. 310s ss zolimbitsa thupi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makalasi osiyanasiyana kuti athe kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso.

Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.

Duptux kusapanga chitsulo chosapanga s31803 mtedza umapezeka mu gawo ziwiri, 5% mpaka 6% nickel alloy snoy alloy snoy snoy snoy shalloy snoy snoy slideel steel, chilombo, 3% molybdenum, austetic 22% chromium.

imapangidwa ndi chitsulo chonse mozungulira, ndipo chitoliro chachitsulo popanda kuwotchera pamtunda chimatchedwa chitoliro chachitsulo. Malinga ndi njira yopangira, mapaipi achitsulo osachimbira amatha kugawidwa m'mapaipi achitsulo osawoneka, mapaipi ozizira ozizira, mapaipi achitsulo osawoneka, mapaipi achitsulo osawoneka, mapaipi achitsulo osawoneka, ndipo ma piche. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a gawo, mapaipi achitsulo amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: kuzungulira komanso kupangidwa mwapadera. Machubu opangidwa ndi mawonekedwe apadera amaphatikiza machubu angapo, machubu am'mimba, machubu a hearates, machubu okwanira 900m ndi ocheperako ndi 4mm. Malinga ndi magwiridwe osiyanasiyana, pamakhala mapaipi achitsulo osawoneka bwino komanso mapaipi ocheperako osakhala ndi zovala.

Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina

ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.

Chromium yapamwamba, molybdenum ndi nayitrogeni imapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino kwambiri (zomwe zingachitike) zitsulo zokongoletsera ndi zotupa zosapanga dzimbiri, komanso kutentha kotsika kwambiri kuposa 50¡c.
Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.
Ma billets ndi ma coil amaperekedwa ku milipe yokonzeka kuti ipangidwe kukhala chitoliro cha kaboni. Kutengera luso la mphero yomaliza komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kumapeto kwa chinthu chomaliza, masheya adzapangidwa kukhala chitoliro pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu inayi yopanga mpweya. Ndiye, mwanjira inayake, chidutswa chimodzi cholimba cha chitsulo. Billet yolimba imangotenthedwa kenako ndikutambasulidwa pamndandanda wa mamandres mpaka pomwe chitoliro chakwaniritsa ndi mainchesi omwe mukufuna ndi makulidwe.

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.

254 Score Scar ndi kalasi yapamwamba yosapanga dzimbiri. Kalasi yachitsulo yopanga dzimbiri iyi yapangidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'madzi am'madzi ndi makanema ena okhala ndi chlorides.

Gulu la kalasi 310s chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chili ndi mpweya wotsika, wokhala ndi ma nickel ndi chromium

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

Alloy 725 (Ogwiritsa N07725) ndi Nickeum-Cromium-Molybdenum-Niobium Almosion omwe amalimbana ndi mphamvu ya zipolopolo 625. Izi zimaperekanso mphamvu ku zigawo zambiri zosagwirizana zomwe sizingalimbikitsidwe ndi ntchito yozizira. Aloy 725 amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mapewa, kuwongoleredwa mafupa ndi mphamvu zambiri m'mayendedwe amadzi.

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Super Duplex S32760 ndi imodzi mwazowonjezera kwambiri pamsika. S32760 ndi dambo wosakhazikika wosakhazikika kuti uzigwiritsa ntchito chlorine-okhala ndi madera, ndi kuwonjezera kwa W ndi cu poyerekeza ndi S32750 S32750.

Chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri cha 304l chitha kufotokozedwa ngati mtundu wa kaboni wa maboni 304 a SS. Amakhala chifukwa chothandiza ndipo ndi amodzi mwa mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, mitundu 304l imafanananso ndi makina abwino komanso osakhazikika kwambiri kapena popanda zofananira. Amakhala ndi kukana kwabwino kwa chimbudzi cha mlengalenga, komanso mankhwala osiyanasiyana okhwima komanso ochulukirapo.

Kwa kutentha kwambiri kumapita ku 1,000 ¡¡jc (1,832 ¡¡), yankho la kusinthika (kalasi 2) ACL. kuchitira asme code opindika amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

Nickel 201 Purse pa Flange The Nickel 200 ma free ndi olimba, osasunthika, komanso amaliza. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

316 Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimatha kugonjetsedwa kuposa zitsulo zosapanga zinthu 304, makamaka chlorides. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala chisankho wamba pazogwiritsa ntchito komwe zida zam'madzi ndi zida zina zimawonekera kwambiri kwa chlorides kapena othandizira ena. Komabe, chitsulo cha 304 chosapanga dzimbiri chilibe kukana kuwongolera, kotero izi nthawi zambiri zimangoyambitsa mathithi am'madzi ndi malo ena oponderezedwa.

Chingwe cha alloy stock slange chimakhala ndi khosi lotchedwa kuti limakhala ndi mapaipi akulu m'malo molowerera ndi kukhazikitsa.

S32750 S32760 Super Duptux dambo wosapanga matope osakhazikika
Zitsulo zachitsulo & ma sheets & coils

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.

Mapaipi achitsulo osawoneka bwino ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamiyala yambiri ngati ma piipelines onyamula madzi, mpweya wachilengedwe, mpweya, madzi okhazikika. Poyerekeza ndi chitsulo cholimba monga chitsulo chozungulira, chitoliro chachitsulo ndichopepuka mu mphamvu yosinthika ndipo ndi gawo lachuma.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
chitoliro chosowa
Azerbaijani
Chitoliro chowala
Adawona lsaw efw efw
Nickel Alloy Bar & ndodo
Masamba osapanga dzimbiri & ma sheets & coils
Zitsulo zachitsulo
Incoloy 800h chitoliro chokhala ndi temple wambiri

Mapaipi achitsulo osawoneka amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Chitoliro chowoneka bwino chimapangidwa kuti chijambulidwe patsamba kumapeto kwake ndikulumikizani mapaipe (s) ndikulola kusintha njira kapena kuthirira kapena kutha.

316 Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimatha kugonjetsedwa kuposa zitsulo zosapanga zinthu 304, makamaka chlorides. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala chisankho wamba pazogwiritsa ntchito komwe zida zam'madzi ndi zida zina zimawonekera kwambiri kwa chlorides kapena othandizira ena. Komabe, chitsulo cha 304 chosapanga dzimbiri chilibe kukana kuwongolera, kotero izi nthawi zambiri zimangoyambitsa mathithi am'madzi ndi malo ena oponderezedwa.

Super onlos amaperekanso kubwerera kwa ndalama pochepetsa kuchepa kwa zinthu ndikukonzanso ndikusintha ziwalo zotsekemera.