Chifukwa cha ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zitsulo zitsulo zimadzipeza

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.

Titaniyamu ndiye kugonjetsedwa kwakukulu komwe kumapangitsa kuti ndiko kusankha bwino komwe mphamvu ndi kuponderezedwa ndi zifukwa zazikulu.

Nickel kutengera 800 inclooy chitoliro chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi kukana bwino kuwonongeka. Makamaka kuyankhula, chisumbulu 800 chitoliro chimapereka kukana mokwanira zotsutsana ndi ma carburization onse komanso oxidation kutukula.

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.

Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.

chubu chokha chosawoneka bwino
EL Wordo de Tubia chimo chimo chimo chimo chinhrade B829 Aloy Overlaacion de Anlil

FSTELOLELOY C2000 Othamanga amaphatikizanso kukana kwa Exadizing Media ya C276 ndi kukana kwabwino kwa malo osakanikirana, kuphatikizapo madzi osokoneza bongo, kuphatikizapo ma inion. Imapangidwa kuti iperekenso zinthu zambiri kuposa protelloy ina. Izi zimakwaniritsidwa powonjezera zomwe zili pachiwonetsero cha chromium ndi molybdenum ndikuwonjezera mkuwa koma wogwira mtengo (1.6%). Kuphatikiza kwa mkuwa kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa C2000 kumayesedwe, hydrofluoric, ndi kuchepetsa hydrochloric acids.

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

FOSTELLOY B-3 ndi Nickel-Molybdenum Inoy osakanikirana kwambiri ndi kukangana, kutukuka, komanso kutsitsa kumapatuka kuphatikiza, kutengera matenthedwe kwambiri ndi a Alloy B-2. Kuphatikiza apo, chitsulo cha nickel ichi chimatsutsana kwambiri ndi minife-mzere ndi kutentha kwa Recaffer.

Mayina Ogulitsa: Nickel Anoy 36, Inter 36®, Nilo 6®, Pernifar 6 ®
Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.
304 chitsulo cha billele cholimba kutentha kwa steel

ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.

Nickel Anoy Slide 2.4066 SIYANI PAKUYENDA Nickel 200 ma free ndi okhazikika, osasunthika, komanso amaliza. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

Mapuwa opanda phokoso a 304 osapanga dzimbiri amalimbana kwambiri ndi kutukuka, kuphatikizika kwadongosolo komanso zochulukirapo zachilengedwe. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa chitoliro cha chakudya chosapanga dzimbiri ndi 18 \ / zomwe zikutanthauza kuti wachita bwino ndi 18% chromium ndi 8% nickel. Nthawi zina, kuchuluka kwa miyala 304l ndi yotsika kuposa 304 iloy. Komabe, 304l, 304 ndi 304h adawonetsa magwiridwe antchito omwe amakhala m'malo otetezeka.

Chromium yapamwamba, molybdenum ndi nayitrogeni imapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino kwambiri (zomwe zingachitike) zitsulo zokongoletsera ndi zotupa zosapanga dzimbiri, komanso kutentha kotsika kwambiri kuposa 50¡c.

Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).

Chitoliro cha HT chimapereka chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri 304 komanso chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri komanso chitsulo chapansi ndi chitsulo. Popeza kuti ukadaulo wathu wambiri komanso chidziwitso chathu popanga dzimbiri titha kupatsa mapaipi a chitsulo cha zinthu 304, pamitengo yopikisana kwambiri pamakampani. Ndife oyang'anira osapanga dzimbiri, ma acid ndi kutentha kwa zitsulo, zomangira ndi zopondera ndi masheya ambiri.

Incluloy ololos ali m'gulu la zitsulo zapamwamba za Austetititic. Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito Nickel-chromium - chitsulo monga chitsulo chachitsulo ndikuwonjezera zowonjezera monga Molybdenum, mkuwa, nayitrogeni ndi silicon. Izi zimadziwika ndi mphamvu zawo zabwino kwambiri pamatenthedwe otentha komanso kukana bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana.

Monga matope ena a nickel, ndikosavuta kupanga ndikuwoloka, ndipo amakhala ndi kukana kwapadera kuti muchepetse kusinthana kwa chloride-kovuta (mtundu wa kuwonongeka kwa

Pofuna kufafanizira mapaipi, ndikofunikira kuchotsa payipi yolunjika pa mapaipi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma piipelines osiyanasiyana, mapaipi osiyanasiyana ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene mapaipiwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito, chikopa chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha kukula kwa mapaipi. Mukamacheza, chipika chanjira zitatu chowonekacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira cholumikizira, kuti chikhazikitse chipani cholumikizirana kapena kukula kwa nthawi yayitali komanso cholumikizira cholumikizira cha mapaipi. , Pakulumikizana ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, palinso zolumikizira ndi mapulagini a gawo la chida.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

304 Pulogalamu yachitsulo yopanda dzimbiri imapangidwa ndi 0,08% kaboni kwambiri. 304 Pulogalamu yachitsulo osapanga dzimbiri imaphatikizaponso njilo ya 20% ndi 0,75% silicon.

Sch40 Monol 400 chitoliro chimasankhidwa kukhala nambala ya Werkstoff 2.4360 ndi N04400. Chipika 400 chimadziwikanso kuti Monil Anoy chitoliro cha 400, Monl 400 Pipe & Nickel Chitoliro 400.

Itar 36 Tubed OD: 0.2-6mm, WT: 0.02-2mm
SB5644 SI02200 Flange
Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.
Kupanga Asme B36.10 ASME B36.69

ASTM A240 S32760 Plate ndi dambo wambiri wosapanga chitsulo chosapanga kapangidwe kazinthu zina.

ndizotsika mtengo kuposa zinthu zina zopanga zosapanga dzimbiri ndipo zimakhala zokwanira. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chokhala ndi chromium. 304L ili ndi kutembenuka bwino. Poyerekeza ndi 304 aloy, amakhala ndi kukana kwakukulu kwa mpweya, kulola kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mosalekeza pakati pa 800 ndi 1580 madigiri.

Zomwe zili pachiwonetsero, molybdenum, nickel ndi nayitrogeni mu 2205 duple bolt alnoy imathandizira mphamvu zake. E.g. ¨C ST31803 STTEENTERERERERERERERERANI COSONS PANGANI POPANDA PANSI.
Chitetezo, zolemetsa za dziko lapansi zoyenda kapena Aerospace.

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimapereka njira yotsika mtengo ikafika popanga kuterera kwa mafakitale osiyanasiyana.

Asme B36.19M ndiye wofanana ndendende ndi mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwake, kulolerana, ndi zomwe amapanga maenda owala komanso osaka.

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

ndi imodzi mwazithunzi zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lapansi pazifukwa zambiri. ASTM A312 GR TP304l siili yotsika mtengo kuposa zinthu zina zosapanga dzimbiri chifukwa chokwera mtengo. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chokhala ndi chromium. 304L ili ndi kutembenuka bwino. Poyerekeza ndi 304 aloy, amakhala ndi kukana kwakukulu kwa mpweya, kulola kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mosalekeza pakati pa 800 ndi 1580 madigiri.

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri 1.4529 HCR chimadziwika ndi kukana kwakukulu kwa zotupa monga crevice kuturuka, kapena kupindika kwa chlorine-topsion. Zimawonetsanso makina abwino kwambiri ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito podutsa pamtunda wambiri. Ili ndi vuto labwino kwambiri komanso kukana kwa Abrasion polumikizana ndi sulfuric kapena phosphoric acid, kapena chlorides ndi mchere.

FSTEOLLOY C2000 ikupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtunduwu, mtundu uwu wa chromium-molybdenum aroyoy amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana.

Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina

Mapaso opanda pake ndi Astm A312 tp316 tde316 tdedied paipi

304 Nphwemba zopondapondazikulu zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zinthu wamba komanso zodziwika bwino muzogwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri zamakampani zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka ndi oxidation. Nyansiweli iyi ya S30400 imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera ndi njira, zomwe zikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi olondola komanso odalirika.

Maphunziro osapanga dzimbiri 316 amawononga ndalama chifukwa cha kukana kwawo kovunda. Aloya apamwamba kwambiri awa amalimbikitsidwa makamaka kuti agwiritse ntchito pomwe alloy amadziwika ndi njira zosinthira ndi chlorides, kuphatikizapo madzi am'madzi.

Pambuyo pakuyesa kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kuyesa pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, kugwedeza chitoliro cha sewn chimapezeka kutali kwambiri ndi malo owotcha kapena malo owiritsa. Izi ndichifukwa choti chosawoneka bwino komanso chidebe cha nayitrogeni chimakwera pang'ono, motero mphamvu ya mawolo abwino kuposa zigawo zina.
FOSTELOLLOY C-4 ndi Nickel-Cromium-Molybdenum Aloya ndi kutentha kwambiri. Imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa chimbudzi. Ndi kutentha kwambiri kukana mpaka 1900 ¡Ãf (1038 ¡¡®c) kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri mu "monga".
Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.

Masabata osapanga dzimbiri amakhala osinthasintha, amatha kutsutsana bwino kwambiri, komanso amakhala ndi katundu akakhala otenthetsa kwambiri.

FOSTELOLELOY B3 chitoliro ndi chubu cha chloride cha chloride chopsinjika chipongwe ndi chloride-chipongwe ndi crevice kuturuka

A333 P92 Steel ndi wachitsulo waku America Steel ASTM ASMM A335 P92, yomwe ndi chitsulo chotenthetsera. M'zaka zaposachedwa, zagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafuta opangira mafuta, makamaka pamapaipi yamapaipi otentheka komanso makina amawu amafananira. Zigawo zazikuluzikulu za Aloy ndi CR: 9%, mo: 1%, etc.

Nickel 200 Amalongosola Nickel 200 Malawi amakhala olimba, osasunthika, ndipo amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

Zina mwazogwiritsa ntchito zomangira za Super Duptux zimaphatikizapo katundu wake wamagetsi komanso wopambana kwambiri monga mphamvu zambiri zolimbikitsidwa, mphamvu zazikulu kwambiri komanso zolimba kwambiri.

2205 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimakhala choposa kawiri zomwe zimapanga chitsulo chosapanga chosapanga chosapanga dzimbiri. Khalidwe ili limalola opanga kuti achepetse kulemera mukamapanga zinthu, kupereka izi kwaulere kuposa 316,317l.

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.

SB564 SIMST N02200 Flange Anoy 200 ali ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri, chomwe chidachipanga kukhala chotchuka m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Ma Nickel 200 amakhazikika, osasunthika, komanso amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira. Ndife nickel wopanga ma nickel 200 ku China yemwe amapanga zojambulazo za kalasi yopatsidwa mu mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake, malinga ndi momwe kasitomala amafunikira. Gulu lathu la ophunzira limayang'anira njira yopangira nickel 200 kufinya mokomera kuti atsimikizire kuti ali ndi vuto lolondola komanso labwino. Amachititsanso mayesero a Certiquition kuti awonetsetse kuti ali ndi vuto la malonda musanapereke makasitomala.

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zopondaponda m'mafuta ndi mafuta a gasi \ / kupanga ndi kusinthidwa kwa kutentha mu petrochemical \ / mankhwala.

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.
316 Chitsulo chosapanga chitsulo cha 506
www.htsteelpipe.com
Sankhani chilankhulo
Scottish Gaelic
Chitsulo cha caputor
Monl 400 chitoliro cha mafelemu a magalasi magalasi
Kukula "OD: 1 \ / 2" "~ 48" "
Carbon Steel Bars & ndodo
A789 S31803 ndi S320205 BUM

Pambuyo pakuyesa kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kuyesa pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, kugwedeza chitoliro cha sewn chimapezeka kutali kwambiri ndi malo owotcha kapena malo owiritsa. Izi ndichifukwa choti chosawoneka bwino komanso chidebe cha nayitrogeni chimakwera pang'ono, motero mphamvu ya mawolo abwino kuposa zigawo zina.
FOSTELOLLOY C-4 ndi Nickel-Cromium-Molybdenum Aloya ndi kutentha kwambiri. Imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa chimbudzi. Ndi kutentha kwambiri kukana mpaka 1900 ¡Ãf (1038 ¡¡®c) kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri mu "monga".
Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

Nickel Smooy Wicoloy wosayang'ana pipe mtengo 800 800h 800800 N08810 N08811

Ictives 600 yozungulira ndi intoy-valkel-brad-cenel carburrization ndi kukana bwino kuwonongedwa kwakukulu. Zingwe zozungulira 600 zozungulira zimagwira ntchito kuyanika cl2 ndi mipweya ina yambiri yofananira ndi kutentha kwambiri. Alloy 600 bar ndi a chromial-cromiyal-cromiyal-cromiyal-chloride bwino oxidation ndi kukana ku chloride kuwonongeka kwa chloride kugwa, ukhondo wamadzi acid kumatentha.

Zamkatimu, zimatha kulimbana ndi noning acid komanso osakhala ma acid, ndipo sagwirizana

Pambuyo pakuyesa kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kuyesa pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, kugwedeza chitoliro cha sewn chimapezeka kutali kwambiri ndi malo owotcha kapena malo owiritsa. Izi ndichifukwa choti chosawoneka bwino komanso chidebe cha nayitrogeni chimakwera pang'ono, motero mphamvu ya mawolo abwino kuposa zigawo zina.
FOSTELOLLOY C-4 ndi Nickel-Cromium-Molybdenum Aloya ndi kutentha kwambiri. Imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa chimbudzi. Ndi kutentha kwambiri kukana mpaka 1900 ¡Ãf (1038 ¡¡®c) kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri mu "monga".
Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

Mapaipi a kusokonekera kosasaka kumakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi katundu wapamwamba kwambiri komanso mphamvu zambiri.

Round head bolt UNS N06625-Inconel 625 partial thread Nature Nickel Alloy m38 round head bolt Inconel 625 round head bolt m30 blackround head bolt

S32205 ya S32205 yozungulira ili ndi chiwonetsero chambiri chodetsa nkhawa za chloride chopsinjika, mphamvu zazikulu, zimatha kupirira madzi amchere kapena madzi amchere, komanso kulimba kwa mchere.

304 Zinthu ndi imodzi mwazinthu zotsika mtengo kwambiri komanso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamsika. NTHAWI 104 Mapaipi 304 okhala ndi kukana kwakukulu, ndipo amawonetsanso kukana kwa oxidation.