Kupanga que b36.10 asme B36.30

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.

Kuchulukitsa machubu owala kumapangidwa ndi mizere yogudubuza ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndikuloza kutalika kwake. Pambuyo potcheretsani, msoko wabwino, kapena kuti mikanda, imatha kuyengedwa ndi kuzizira kapena kungofafanizira monga momwe ziliri.

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri
ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Monl 400 ndi ICKEL-Copper-Copper Stock yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zapamwamba. Alloy ali ndi kukana kwakukulu kwa acidic ndi alkaline malo, mphamvu zazikulu, zokongoletsera zabwino ndi mphamvu. Monl 400 ndi yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mu subzero mpaka 1,000¡f (538¡c) kutentha ndipo kumangowumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira.

S31803 Duptux Sudel ndi a Chremium Duplex (Austetic \ / cerritic) chitsulo chopanda mphamvu \ / kupsinjika kwa currosion \ / Kutsutsana.

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi chitsulo chomwe chimalimbana ndi dzimbiri. Ili ndi 11% chromium ndipo imatha kukhala ndi zinthu monga kaboni, zina zosakhala ndi zitsulo zina kuti mupeze zomwe akufuna. Kutsutsa kopanda dzimbiri kuti chiwonongeke kumabweretsa chifukwa cha chromium, omwe amapanga kanema wongokhala womwe umatha kuteteza nkhaniyo ndikuchira pamaso pa mpweya.

Chitoliro chachitsulo & chubu
ASSE: K94610 Astm F15
Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.
Masamba achitsulo & ma sheet & coils

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.

Ngakhale kuti zinthuzo zili ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yotentha kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito sing'anga 800 kuzungulira kutentha kwamphamvu kumapangitsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu zake. Komabe, monga chitsulo chosapanga chosapanga dzimbiri, osawerengeka N08811 Bara lowala latsimikizika kuti likhale katundu wothandiza, makamaka madera omwe ali ndi milingo yayikulu.

Zopanga zosapanga dzimbiri zopanga 316L 1.4401 s31603 chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga chitsulo
Mu pulogalamuyi ya WILRARD WPB ndizinthu zodziwika bwino zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma picheli apamwamba. W amatanthauza FLDOD
Wosuta wosakhazikika wopanda chitsulo

Pa kutentha kwambiri, zitsulo zachilendo, mosiyana ndi Asther ali mapaipi 335, kuyamba kutaya mawonekedwe awo amisala, zomwe zimayambitsa kulephera. Kuphulika kapena kusweka mu chitoliro ndi cholakwa chowoneka. Koma popeza chitoliro chobiriwira cha C91 chitoliro chobiriwira chimakhala choyenera kwambiri kuti chikhale chotentha kwambiri, mitengo yolephera imakhala yotsika kwambiri.

Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.

Kalasi iyi yaposa cholinga chake choyambirira ndipo chodzaza m'mafakitale ambiri chomwe chimakhala chothandiza pazinthu zambiri, zomwe zimalola 31254 kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito bwino pamapulogalamu osiyanasiyana monga mapangidwe a mankhwala.

Iliyonse mwa 304l kapangidwe ka chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zimakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa kukana kuphulika komwe kumapitilira zitsulo wamba.

Moelk500, imadziwikanso kuti N05500, ndikutsutsa komweko monga mone400, koma ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu yamakina ndi kuuma. Imakhala ikutsutsana bwino ndi kukhazikika kwa gulu lalitali.

Sch40 Monol 400 chitoliro chimasankhidwa kukhala nambala ya Werkstoff 2.4360 ndi N04400. Chipika 400 chimadziwikanso kuti Monil Anoy chitoliro cha 400, Monl 400 Pipe & Nickel Chitoliro 400.

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

Zopangidwa ndi zigawo zomwe zimapangidwira a ASM A182 monga 317l zosapanga chitsulo cha 317l zidapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha. Izi zikugwirizana zimatengera zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zomwe ma flanges awa amafunikira kutengera. Nthawi zambiri, zofanana ndi zochitika zambiri za Astm, anyezi A182 ziyenera kutengera njira zonse zamakina ndi zamankhwala komanso njira zoyeserera

Alloy Steel Asthe a234 WP22 Wop22 Zoyenera Zowonjezera ndi chinthu chovuta kwambiri pakati pa matelo a Astm A234

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Zitsulo zoyatsira zimawonjezeranso mwayi woyatsira zinthu monga manganese ndi nickel. Zinthuzi zimawonjezera mphamvu, kuuma ndi unyinji wa zitsulo. Zinthu zowonjezera zimapangitsa alloy zitsulo zothandiza pofunafuna mafakitale.

Izi zomwezo zomwe zimawonjezeranso zimathandizanso kutenga zomveka kuti zisatsuke, ndikulola kuti mupange chipata chosapanga chosapanga dzimbiri. / Chubu adawona Lsaw Efw Efw Wovekedwa Mapeto, Kumapeto

Chizindikiro ichi cha nickel chimakhala ndi kukana bwino kutentha kwamphamvu ndi mzere wa mpeni. Inoy iyi imabalanso zochulukirapo zamitundu, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic acid ndi osiyanasiyana osasinthasintha.

Nickel kutengera 800 inclooy chitoliro chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi kukana bwino kuwonongeka. Makamaka kuyankhula, chisumbulu 800 chitoliro chimapereka kukana mokwanira zotsutsana ndi ma carburization onse komanso oxidation kutukula.
Kukula "OD: 1 \ / 2" "~ 48" "

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.

Kuchokera pakuwona kwa kapangidwe ka Ickel ya Intersel 600 alloy omwe apangitsa kuti alloy omwe agonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala ambiri opangidwa ndi avoride, ndipo amapangitsa kuti zikhale pafupifupi chitetezo cha chloride nthochi zopsinjika; Chromium imapereka kukana kwa sulufule mankhwala, ndipo amapereka mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena njira zothetsera mavuto.

Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

Titanium imadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake, kachulukidwe kakang'ono poyerekeza ndi chitsulo ndi kukana kwake. Makhalidwewo amapangitsa kuti ndi chisankho chotchuka mu mitundu ingapo.

Montel K500, SIMIS N05500 (QQ-N-286), ndi chinsalu chowuma cham'mkuntho chomwe chimaphatikiza chipongwe cha Monil Aloy 400 ndi Mphamvu) komanso kuuma. Imakhalanso ndi chotsika chotsika ndipo ndilibe kutentha kwa -150¡f (-101.c).

Zinthu zoyenererazi zimakhala ndi zitsulo zophera chitsulo, zozikitsani, mbale, zosasangalatsa kapena hfw (fieded wedled) zosefedwa.

Alloy C276 Nickel Plate ndi amodzi mwazinthu zosalimba za Premier Corniossion omwe amachita bwino kwambiri m'maxiding ndi kuchepetsa malo. Chifukwa chake Haynes Cysnes C276 N10276 Mbale yopukutidwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ndi mapepala, kukonzanso kwamakanema, kuchiritsa kwa mafuta obiriwira, komanso kuchira kwa mpweya wachilengedwe mu zitsime zowawa.
Lembani chitoliro chopanda pake
www.htpipe.es
Chubu chowala
JCPIP.com
Kovar Aloy 4j29
Opangidwa Mapeto, Mapeto Omveka "
Montel K500 N05500 Mapaipi okhala ndi nsonga ndi zoponderezedwa
Makulidwe: Sch5 ~ schxxs
316 Chipapu, chitoliro cha S31600, chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Din931 933 SIMIS N07725 Intensel 725 Aloy 725 Heal Hex Bolt
Pangani Kupanga B36.10 ASME B36.63

Asme B36.19M ndiye wofanana ndendende ndi mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwake, kulolerana, ndi zomwe amapanga maenda owala komanso osaka.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Lembani chitoliro chopanda pake
www.htpipe.es
Chubu chowala
JCPIP.com
Kovar Aloy 4j29
Opangidwa Mapeto, Mapeto Omveka "
Montel K500 N05500 Mapaipi okhala ndi nsonga ndi zoponderezedwa
Makulidwe: Sch5 ~ schxxs
316 Chipapu, chitoliro cha S31600, chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Din931 933 SIMIS N07725 Intensel 725 Aloy 725 Heal Hex Bolt
Kupanga que b36.10 asme B36.19

304 Nphwemba zopondapondazikulu zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zinthu wamba komanso zodziwika bwino muzogwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri zamakampani zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka ndi oxidation. Nyansiweli iyi ya S30400 imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera ndi njira, zomwe zikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi olondola komanso odalirika.

Onse 304 ndi 304l angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu mkhalidwe wotentha m'malo mokhala ndi vuto lokhalapo ndipo amasungabe kukana kwa mitundu yambiri yamitundu yambiri. Maphunzirowa akugonjetsedwa ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya.

Imatha kupirira mankhwala osiyanasiyana osakhazikika komanso osasinthasintha, ndikuwonetsa kukana kwakukulu ndikumenya ndi Crevice pamaso pa chlorides ndi ma halides ena.

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

Montel k-500 alloy akutsutsana ndi 400, koma ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kuuma. Ili ndi matenthedwe abwino oponderezedwa ndi minofu yayitali. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga masamba a turbine masamba ndi kutentha kwa mafuta omwe ali ndi kutentha kwa 750¡c pa injini za Aeero, ndipo popanga zombo; mapampu ndi magawo a valavu pamatanda azachilengedwe, ndikukamba za zida zopanga mapepala. Blades etc.

ASMM A269TP304, TP304L, TP316, TP316, TP3277, S3826

Izi zomwezo zomwe zimawonjezeranso zimathandizanso kutenga zomveka chifukwa chotsuka, ndikulolani kuti mugwiritse ntchito zoyeretsa zolimba komanso zoyera kuti muchepetse kupanga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri popanda kuda nkhawa kapena kusintha mawonekedwe a chitsulo chanu chosapanga dzimbiri.

Mosasamala kanthu za mankhwala kutentha omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zitsulo za kaboni m'matumbo, mpweya wabwino kwambiri m'mabowo umachepetsa kukopana kwa kaboni yachitsulo, ngakhale kukonzanso malo osungunuka a bolt. Ma state achitsulo ambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala ofewa.

WNR yathu ya WNR 2.4856 imasungabe potency pamanja kwambiri, omwe amachititsa kuti kutentha kwatenthedwe komwe zitsulo ndi aluminiyamu zitha kuwononga njira zopachikika za galasi. Izi zikupezeka kwa makasitomala athu ofunikira m'magawo osiyanasiyana, makulidwe ndi kukula kwamitengo yotsika mtengo.

Mapaipi 254 amatha kupirira kupsinjika kwa makina opanga masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso aloy 254 osuma amagwira ntchito yopanikizika kwambiri komanso malo okhala.

Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina

S32750 S32760 Super Duptux dambo wosapanga matope osakhazikika

Pofuna kufafanizira mapaipi, ndikofunikira kuchotsa payipi yolunjika pa mapaipi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma piipelines osiyanasiyana, mapaipi osiyanasiyana ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene mapaipiwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito, chikopa chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha kukula kwa mapaipi. Mukamacheza, chipika chanjira zitatu chowonekacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira cholumikizira, kuti chikhazikitse chipani cholumikizirana kapena kukula kwa nthawi yayitali komanso cholumikizira cholumikizira cha mapaipi. , Pakulumikizana ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, palinso zolumikizira ndi mapulagini a gawo la chida.

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
304l chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri
www.htpipe.es
Chubu chowala
JCPIP.com
Kovar Aloy 4j29
Opangidwa Mapeto, Mapeto Omveka "
ASTM B407 SIMIS N08800 Sylloy 800 Spellise paipe
Makulidwe: Sch5 ~ schxxs
316 Chipapu, chitoliro cha S31600, chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri

FOSTELOLOY B2 imaletsa mapangidwe a pharbider yamagalimoto a carbidere am'miniti yolumikizidwa, ndikupangitsa kukhala koyenera kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri mu mkhalidwe wa mankhwalawo. Magawo owoneka owoneka bwino amachepetsa mpweya wa carbides ndi magawo ena kuti awonetsetse kutsutsana kwa kuvota.

A105 adzagonjera kutentha (kuwongolera, kusinthana, kusanza, kapena kuwazimitsa). A105 adzagwirizana ndi kaboni, manganese, phosphorous, sulfuro, silicon, mkuwa, Nickel, Chromium, Molybdenum ndi Calbude Pafupi ndi Vanbdenuum ndi Canadium.

Zovala za Bolsel 725 zimakumana ndi Astm B446, B567, F468, F468, F4726 ndi BS 307725 ndi BS 307725 ndi mad.

Zitsulo zachitsulo ndi zitsulo zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokwanira pakati pa 1.0% ndi 50% ndi kulemera kwake kuti musinthe mphamvu zake. Zitsulo za alloy zimasweka m'magulu awiri: zitsulo zotsika komanso zitsulo zazitali. Kusiyana pakati pa awiriwo kumatsutsidwa. Smith ndi Ismahemu amatanthauzira kusiyana kwa 4.0%, pomwe degarmo, et al. Nthawi zambiri, mawu akuti "alloy chitsulo" amatanthauza zitsulo zotsika kwambiri.

Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.
Lembani chitoliro chopanda pake
www.htpipe.es
Chubu chowala
JCPIP.com
Kovar Aloy 4j29
Opangidwa Mapeto, Mapeto Omveka "
Montel K500 N05500 Mapaipi okhala ndi nsonga ndi zoponderezedwa
Makulidwe: Sch5 ~ schxxs
316 Chipapu, chitoliro cha S31600, chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Din931 933 SIMIS N07725 Intensel 725 Aloy 725 Heal Hex Bolt
Kupanga que b36.10 asme B36.20

Ictives 600 yozungulira ndi intoy-valkel-brad-cenel carburrization ndi kukana bwino kuwonongedwa kwakukulu. Zingwe zozungulira 600 zozungulira zimagwira ntchito kuyanika cl2 ndi mipweya ina yambiri yofananira ndi kutentha kwambiri. Alloy 600 bar ndi a chromial-cromiyal-cromiyal-cromiyal-chloride bwino oxidation ndi kukana ku chloride kuwonongeka kwa chloride kugwa, ukhondo wamadzi acid kumatentha.

FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.