S31603 Slus Mapeto

ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.

FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.

FSTEOLLOY C2000 ikupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtunduwu, mtundu uwu wa chromium-molybdenum aroyoy amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana.

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Nthawi zambiri N08367 imatchedwanso Al6xn Al6xn ndi kaboni yotsika, yoyera kwambiri, nulytel-molybdenum yolimbana ndi crevice.

Mapaipi 254 amatha kupirira kupsinjika kwa makina opanga masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso aloy 254 osuma amagwira ntchito yopanikizika kwambiri komanso malo okhala.

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.

Imatha kupirira mankhwala osiyanasiyana osakhazikika komanso osasinthasintha, ndikuwonetsa kukana kwakukulu ndikumenya ndi Crevice pamaso pa chlorides ndi ma halides ena.

Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zopondaponda m'mafuta ndi mafuta a gasi \ / kupanga ndi kusinthidwa kwa kutentha mu petrochemical \ / mankhwala.

Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.

Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.

Sch40 Monol 400 chitoliro chimasankhidwa kukhala nambala ya Werkstoff 2.4360 ndi N04400. Chipika 400 chimadziwikanso kuti Monil Anoy chitoliro cha 400, Monl 400 Pipe & Nickel Chitoliro 400.

Mapaipi a kusokonekera kosasaka kumakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi katundu wapamwamba kwambiri komanso mphamvu zambiri.

Chromium yapamwamba, molybdenum ndi nayitrogeni imapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino kwambiri (zomwe zingachitike) zitsulo zokongoletsera ndi zotupa zosapanga dzimbiri, komanso kutentha kotsika kwambiri kuposa 50¡c.

FOSTELLELY WOPHUNZITSA
Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Nickel 200 Amalongosola Nickel 200 Malawi amakhala olimba, osasunthika, ndipo amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

Gawo lina lofunika la N08800 Involuoy Plate 800 yokulungidwa bwino kwambiri ku chlorine chlorine nkhawa zokhudzana ndi zisudzo zimakhala zopanda vuto.
Mtundu wa mtundu, pepala, zotchinga
Kutalika 0 ~m kapena malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna
M'lifupi 0 ~ 2500mm kapena malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna
Makulidwe 0.3 ~ 1200mm kapena malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna

Inckel 600 ndi chisonyezo-chromium-in haloy ndi chipongwe chopondera, kukana kwa oxidation ndi mphamvu yayikulu pamatenthedwe okwera. Chifukwa cha zomwe zakwera nickel, zopanda pake 600 ndizosagwirizana kwambiri ndi chloride ion. Kuuma kwa zaka sikofunikira monga zinthu zosadziwika 600 kumaumitsidwa ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi ozizira pantchito kokha. Illevel 600 imatha kugwira ntchito kutentha ngati 700¡f (370¡c).
Sukulu ya Sukulu, Aisi, DIN
Diameter 5 ~ 500mm
Kutalika ¨Q12m kapena monga zofunikira za makasitomala

Mipiringidzo yozungulira imazizira komanso yowoneka bwino, yomwe imapezeka kutalika kapena kudula kukula kwake. Mipiringidzo yozungulira imapereka mphamvu ndi kukana kwa malo osiyanasiyana ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chimango, kupanga makina, kupanga makina, ntchito zamankhwala ndi mafakitale azachipatala.
Sukulu ya Sukulu, Aisi, DIN
Diameter 5 ~ 500mm
Kutalika ¨Q12m kapena monga zofunikira za makasitomala

Mabizinesi ambiri amakonda mfundo yoti Isaiwali 600 ndi chitsulo chofananira kwambiri. Chifukwa chake alloy imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani angapo ofunikira m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo chitoliro chodziwika bwino 600. Kupanga mapaipi awa kumatha kuwomedwa kapena kulibe masoka. Pali maubwino ogwiritsa ntchito zonse ziwiri. Kwa e.g. Kukonda kwa chitoliro cha ulevel 600, chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito komwe kuli kofunikira kwambiri. Ngakhale ndizotsika mtengo kuposa imodzi yosanjikiza, ziphuphu izi zimakhala ndi msoko, zomwe zimatha kutenthetsedwa ndi chithokomiro chosinthika - ngati ali okonzedwa moyenera. M'malo mwake, momwe wogula amafunikira kuti agwirizane kwambiri ndi kuthekera kopilira kupsinjika kwakukulu, chitoliro chachilendo 600 ndi njira yabwino kwambiri.
Lembani chitoliro chopanda pake
Chubu chosowa
Chitoliro chowala
Chubu chowala
Adawona lsaw efw efw
Opangidwa Mapeto, Mapeto Omveka "
Kukula OD: 1 \ / 2 "~ 48" "
Makulidwe: Sch5 ~ schxxs
Kutalika: Malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna. "
Kupanga njira yopanga yotentha \ / ntchito yotentha, yozizira
Kupanga que b36.10 asme B36.20

Zolinga za mafakitale, m'mapaipi apakati, nthawi zambiri timafunikira kusintha njira yoperekera; Sungani madzi oyenda (mafuta ndi mpweya, madzi, matope); Tseki lotseguka kapena pafupi, motero, kuti mukwaniritse izi, zotchinga zachitsulo zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Nickel kutengera 800 inclooy chitoliro chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi kukana bwino kuwonongeka. Makamaka kuyankhula, chisumbulu 800 chitoliro chimapereka kukana mokwanira zotsutsana ndi ma carburization onse komanso oxidation kutukula.

Carbon Steel Flange ndi mtundu wa Rim wopangidwa kumapeto kwa chitoliro pomwe itakhazikika pa chitoliro. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito posindikiza malekezero a mapaipi, mavuvu kapena kulumikizana kwina. Ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri ndipo imapezeka ndi contvex pamalo ndikuthandizira kukhazikitsa kosavuta. Ndi chisoti chachitsulo chomwe chili ndi 2.1 wt.% Kaboni. Zitsulo zachitsulo zimakhala ndi magawo ochepa othokoza, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi manganese.

S32205 SPTEX SU182 STEPE STEE Sang Spekisana ndi zida zamadzi ndi zoyenerera zam'madzi ndi mphamvu zawo zokhala ndi kutentha mpaka 6001f, pomwe palinso zinthu zabwino kwambiri.

Phokoso C-276 ndi nt cr supraloye yowonjezera ndi tungsten, omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu kuwongolera m'malo osiyanasiyana. Zokwera za NI ndi mo zimapangitsa kuti zitsulo zisunthe kwambiri ndikutha kutsika kwa malo ochepetsa, pomwe cr zimasandulika magwiridwe antchito a anti-oxidation.

Ngakhale molybdenum ndi chinthu chabwino, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kumatha kuchepetsa kudula kwa gr f f11. Zojambula ndi kuwonongeka kwa carbide ya chitsulo kumatha kuchitika matenthedwe oposa 500 digiri Celsius. Chromium yawonjezeredwa ku Sa182 F11 Anoy Steel Cl.2 chitoto chokhazikitsidwa kuti muchepetse kuchepetsa kwa chipongwe ndi kukonzekera. Kuphatikiza apo, Chromium yowonjezeredwanso imaperekanso oxidation.

Zojambulajambula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu upangiri wogwiritsidwa ntchito ukadaulo wa injini zamakina, makina ndi mafakitale oyendetsa magalimoto. Duptux Steel S31803 Lap Malawi ndiyabwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zimafunikira kukana bwino kuposa mtundu wa 316 ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri. Tili ndi duplex stepel s31803 \ / s32205 imapondaponda. Zitsulo zitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala, Petrochemamical, ndi mafakitale.

Nickel 200 ndi njira yolimba yolimbikitsira chitsulo. Nickel 200 bar ili ndi 99.6% Wickel ndi kulemera ndipo amadziwika kuti nickel oyera. Ding 2.4066 Bar ili ndi makina abwino komanso thupi. Mwachitsanzo, Astme B160 N02200 ali ndi kukana kwambiri kwa mankhwala ambiri komanso madera otetezeka. Pakadali pano, nickel 200 ndi njira yolimba yolimbikitsira zilloy zomwe zingapangidwe ngati mipiringidzo ndi ndodo. Zigawo ziwirizi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana ndipo zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi ntchito zazikuluzikulu.

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

Ictives 600 yozungulira ndi intoy-valkel-brad-cenel carburrization ndi kukana bwino kuwonongedwa kwakukulu. Zingwe zozungulira 600 zozungulira zimagwira ntchito kuyanika cl2 ndi mipweya ina yambiri yofananira ndi kutentha kwambiri. Alloy 600 bar ndi a chromial-cromiyal-cromiyal-cromiyal-chloride bwino oxidation ndi kukana ku chloride kuwonongeka kwa chloride kugwa, ukhondo wamadzi acid kumatentha.

Nilo \ / alloy k W.NR.: 1.3981
ASSE: K94610 Astm F15
Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina
Kusindikiza mating ndi magalasi olimba

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.
Kuimbira 36: Opanda K93600, W.NR 1.3912

Mayina Ogulitsa: Nickel Anoy 36, Inter 36®, Nilo 6®, Pernifar 6 ®
Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).
Itar 36 Tubed OD: 0.2-6mm, WT: 0.02-2mm

Flange ndi ziwalo zomwe zimalumikiza zipika ziwiri, kulumikiza mtima kwa chitoliro kumafotokozedwa ndi Flange, garket ndi bolt atatu amalumikizidwa ngati gulu la chisindikizo chophatikizira. Gasket imawonjezeredwa pakati pa ma flanges awiri kenako ndikukhomedwa ndi ma balts. Kupindika kosiyanasiyana, makulidwe ndi osiyana, ndipo ma boloti omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndi osiyana, pomwe pali zipilala zolumikizidwa, zomwe zimalumikizana ndi pampu yoyaka, siziri invappoite kuyitanira pampu yamadzi ngati zigawo zoyaka, koma valavu yaying'ono, imatha kutchedwa mbali ngati zoyatsira.

Kukhazikika kapena kuwonekera kwa mtundu wa 316L mpaka 800-1500¡f (427-817¡c) kungakhale kovulaza. Kuphatikiza apo, kutsindika mpumulo pakati pa 100-1500¡f (593-816¡c) kungayambitse mtundu uwu wa kutsatsa pang'ono.

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri sizingatengeke ndi kupsinjika kwa ziphuphu (SCC) mu malo a Halide. Ngakhale mtundu wa 316 umakhala wogwirizana kwambiri ndi scc kuposa 18cr-8 NE Exoys chifukwa cha zinthu zawo molybdenum, omwe alibebe. Mikhalidwe yomwe imapanga SCC ndi: (1) Kukhalapo kwa ma ions (nthawi zambiri chloride manyezi), (2) Kupsinjika kotsalira, ndi kutentha kopitilira 120Fãc (49¡c).

Ma westtetitic kwathunthu amakonda kwambiri kuti azitha kugunda. Pachifukwachi, lembani 316 ndi lembani ma 316L "zofananira" zosefedwa zimapangidwa kuti ziritse kuchepa kwa microstraction kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka.

Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya chitsulo chofanana ndi 304 ndi 306, almory osapanga dzimbiri itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana pomwe kukana kwakukulu kumafunikira. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri a mafakitale a mankhwala ndi mafakitale opangira mankhwala amagwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira opaleshoni ndi zipatala.

3166Lachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chitsulo cha austetic nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa "chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri" chifukwa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi 90% ya magwiridwe antchito - kuphatikizapo kusefedwa. Kuphatikiza pazitsulo monga chitsulo ndi nickel, 316l muli chromium ndi 2-3% molybdenum. Zinthu izi ndizofunikira chifukwa zimawongolera chipolopolo cha Aloy; Chromium imalumikizana ndi mpweya m'madzi am'madzi kuti apange balamium ya chromium oxide, pomwe molybdenum amasintha kukana kwa chitsulo. Kuphatikiza apo, 316LL ali ndi zotsalira za kaboni

Gire 1.4404 kapena 316l ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Aisi 316 chotsutsana ndi chipongwe chabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha chromium ndi molbdenum zomwe zili ndi mipweya yotsika. Mphamvu zake munthaka yamphamvu ndi pafupifupi 600 MPA yamagawo akuluakulu, koma chifukwa cha zigawo zazing'ono, mphamvu zitha kuchuluka ndi kuzizira.

Zina mwazinthu zambiri, zinthu zimaphatikizapo zigawo za magwiridwe a makina, mankhwala, mafuta, maulendo oyang'anira, komanso mafakitale azachipatala.

316L Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mainchesi imtundu ikuluikulu kapena gawo laling'ono la mtanda limagwira ntchito.

Kuthana pakati pa 1050 ndi 1080¡c kungachitike pambuyo pothetsedwa, kutsatiridwa ndi kukhazikika msanga, makamaka kubwezeretsanso kukana kwa chipongwe, koma palibe chithandizo chamadzi chotentha kuti muwunthe ka 316L.

Kwa kutentha kwakukulu, kaboni kwambiri kaboni 316hh osapanga dzimbiri ndi chitsulo chokhazikika cha kalasi ya 316ti yokhazikika iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kapangidwe ka katatu ka 316 kapangidwe kapanga kamapereka kulimba mtima kwambiri ngakhale kutentha kochepa.

Gawo lopanda dzimbiri 3166TI lili ndi titanium pang'ono. Zolemba za Titanium nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupifupi 0,5% yokha. Matomu a Titanium amakhazikika kapangidwe ka 316 pamatenthedwe owonjezera 800¡c.

Ngakhale zitsulo zosakhazikika 300 ndizotchuka kwambiri, sizoyenera konse kuti zizigwiritsa ntchito njira zonse. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale ali ogwirizana ndi mapangidwe a 300 mndandanda sachita bwino pamaso pa chlorides. Muzochitika izi, zitsulo zokhala ndi zochitika zapamwamba kwambiri monga Molybdenum, Chromium ndi Nickel amakonda.

Lembani 316 imalimbana ndi sulfuric acid mayankho kuposa mtundu wina uliwonse wa chromium-nickel. Lembani 316 imalimbana ndi asidi wa asidi mpaka 5% pamatenthedwe mpaka 120af (49¡c). Mtunduwu uli ndi vuto labwino kwambiri pakukula kwakukulu pamatenthedwe pansi pa 100¡ k (389 c).

Mwambiri, mtundu wa 316 kalasi ingaganizidwe chimodzimodzi m'malo opatsidwa. Kupatula komwe kuli kolowera kumalo osungirako kutentha kwa kutentha kwa ma welds ndi onyamula ziwonetsero m'maiko okwanira. M'manyuzipepala oterowo, lembani 316L ndioyenera kwambiri kufalitsa mikhalidwe kuposa mtundu wa 316 chifukwa zomwe zimakhala ndi kaboni zimachulukanso kuwonongedwa kwa chimbudzi.

Lembani 316 Aloyoy amadziwika kuti ndi oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njanji zam'madzi, njanji za sitima zapamadzi ndi zida zankhondo, ndi makhoma awo akunja pafupi ndi nyanja yomwe ili ndi mchere. Mtundu wa 316 wosapanga dzimbiri mulibe umboni woti mugule mu maola 100, 5% mchere wa mchere (Astme-B-117).

Pali mitundu yambiri ya 316 ya mbedza zosapanga dzimbiri. Mitundu ina yofala ndi L, F, N, ndi R VIATTs. Iliyonse imakhala yosiyana pang'ono ndipo aliyense amakwaniritsa cholinga chosiyana. "L" amatanthauza 316l chitsulo chimakhala ndi kaboni pang'ono kuposa 316.