I-tube ye-monel k500 nepayipi lokushayela uwoyela kanye nezinsimbi

Amapayipi ensimbi angahlukaniswa ngesisekelo sohlelo lokusebenza lwayo. Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwamapayipi ensimbi kusendaweni yamapayipi amanzi, imigqa yamanzi ezimboni, umugqa wepayipi wezwe, amapayipi okunisela, izimboni zentuthu, izimboni zemoto, imboni yokwakha kanye nezinye izinhloso.

I-A234 WPBSSS 80 I-Elbow ingukulinganisa okuvumelana nohlelo lwe-80. I-ASTM A234 WPB Elbow nayo ingahle ihlanganiswe noma yakhiwe ngomshini; Kwesinye isikhathi nayo igcwele.

I-ASTM A194 2H 8MLCUn 8MLCUNA kanye ne-254smo bolt hex esindayo nut asme B18.2.2
I-Hastelloy C2000 iyatholakala ngosayizi nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, lolu hlobo lwe-nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy ludume ngamandla alo aphakeme nokuphikiswa kokugqwala.
Invar 36 tube od: 0.2-6mm, WT: 0.02-2mm

I-HT Pipe ingumkhiqizi oholayo we-ASTM A182 Low Alloy Flanges kanye nezinye izinhlobo zama-alloys. I-ASTM Ukucaciswa kwe-182 kucacisa ama-flanges ukuthola izinsizakalo eziphezulu zokucindezela.

I-Nickel Alloy 400 no-Monel 400, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-UNS N04400, i-alloy esuselwa ku-nickel-copper eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-nickel yesibili ne-lickel yesithathu neyodwa. I-Nickel Alloy 400 yaziwa ngokumelana kwayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezimo ezilimazayo, kufaka phakathi i-alkalis (noma ama-acid), amanzi anosawoti, i-hydrofluoric acid, ne-sulfuric acid. Njengoba i-monel 400 noma i-alloy 400 iyinsimbi ebandayo esetshenzisiwe, le alloy inobulukhuni obuphezulu, ukuqina namandla. Ngokusebenza okubandayo kwe-ASTM B164 ANS N04400 Bar stock, i-alloy ifakwa emazingeni aphezulu wengcindezi yemishini, yona ebangela izinguquko kwi-miscruccucture ye-alloy.

I-ASTM B564 ANS N08810 Izimpumputhe Flanges incoloy 800 \ 800h \ 800ht Flanges zinikezwe ngama-nickel-chromium-iroy alloys ahlose ukumelana nemikhakha enokhahlo. Ama-Flanges akhombisa ukumelana okuphakeme kokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwe-chloride ukuqhekeka nokugqwala kwe-crevice. Noma kunjalo, kukhombisa nokugqwala okuphezulu, ukuqhuma kwengcindezi nezici eziyizilonda. Ukushiswa kwalawa ma-flanges kwenziwa kusetshenziswa amasu ahlukahlukene anjengeMig, Tig nokuningi.

I-ASTM A193 Ibanga le-B8M grade 1 liyafana nebanga le-B8 kodwa lenziwa ngensimbi engagqwali esikhundleni se-Aisi 304 insimbi engagqwali. Uhlobo lwensimbi engama-316 olungenasici lunokumelana okungcono kokugqwala kunendlela yohlobo 304 insimbi engagqwali ngenxa yokungezwa kwe-molybdenum.

Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlolweni kwamafutha okuphuma olwandle kanye negesi \ Prokhiqiteleni kanye nakushintshile ekushiseni ku-petrochemical \ ukucubungula kwamakhemikhali.

Amapayipi angama-304 enziwe ngensimbi engama-304 engagqwali, impahla ejwayelekile futhi ethandwayo kuzinhlelo eziningi zezimboni ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala kanye noximation. Lawa mapayipi amapayipi e-S30400 ahlanganiswe asebenzisa imishini ekhethekile nezinqubo, eziqinisekisa ukuthi zinembe kakhulu futhi zithembekile.

Imigoqo yensimbi ye-alloy & izinduku
Kurdish (Kurmanji)
I-molybdenum inika ama-SS 316 okungcono wonke ama-corrolusion amelana nensimbi engama-304, ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokugqwala okukhohlisayo kanye nokugqwala kwama-crevice ezindaweni ze-chloride.
I-ASTM B564 ANS N08810 FLANELES Blind

INilo Alloy 36, w.nr 1.3912, i-Invar 36® iyi-nickel-iron, i-alloy elawulwa okuphansi equkethe ama-nickel angama-36% futhi anezinga lokunwetshwa kwensimbi ecishe ibe yishumi lensimbi ye-carbon.

I-Flange ingeyesibili esetshenziswa kakhulu endleleni yokujoyina ngemuva kokuhlakazeka. Ama-Flanges asetshenziswa lapho amalunga edinga ukusatshalaliswa. Inikeza ukuguquguquka kokulungiswa. I-Flange ixhumanisa ipayipi nemishini ehlukahlukene nama-valve. Ama-flanges e-BreakUp angezwa ohlelweni lwePipeline uma kulungiswa njalo ekusebenzeni kwezitshalo.

I-ASME SA 403 Dumplex I-Pipe Reducer ifakiwe lapho ubukhulu bepayipi kufanele buncishiswe. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuncibilikisa ezisuselwa ekuhlukaneni kwemisebenzi. I-ASME B16.9 Ukufakwa kwensimbi engenacala okungenacala kungasukela ku-SCH5 ngeSCH160 ne-XXS. Ubukhulu odongeni bungakhuphuka lufike ku-50mm ukufakwa okufuyiwe. Njengoba impahla ye-duplex iqinile futhi ikhulisa ukumelana nama-acid kanye ne-chloride ion, ukufakwa okufana ne-ASTM A815 ex22205 izinhlelo ezinde ezi-radius ezisetshenziswayo emanzini olwandle, e-marine kanye negesi kanye nezimboni ezivuthayo kawoyela. Sicela uxhumane nathi ngemiyalo yakho kunoma yikuphi ukufakwa okufana neWerkstoff NR. 1.4462 End cap kanye nemininingwane eminingi ngeshadi lentengo.

Ubulukhuni obujwayelekile bensimbi emnene yi-RB70 \ 85. Izingxenye ezidinga amandla aphezulu kanye nokuvimbela ukumelana noma ukusetshenziselwa ezingxenyeni ezibucayi kungaba ngamawakhethi kusuka ku-carbon yensimbi noma icala eliqinile ngemuva kokuqanjwa. I-Chromate Coatings inganikeza ukuvikelwa kokugqwala. Ama-washer wensimbi yekhabhoni asetshenziselwa ukuqinisa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene.

Izinhlobonhlobo zokuncipha kanye ne-Excumed ASTM A182 F52 Round Bar zikhiqizwa kusuka ku-F52 Grade F52 Dumplex D52 duplex nsimbi engenacala imigoqo ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi enhle kakhulu kumkhiqizo wokugcina.

Amalangabi ensimbi engagqwali
I-Coil 625 Coil ibonakala ngokumelana kwayo okuhle kwi-oxidation, ukugqwala okushisa kakhulu nokukhathala. I-ASTM B443 EX N06625 INCONEM PLATTE isetshenziswa kabanzi e-Aerospace, ukucubungula amakhemikhali kanye namafutha kanye negesi ngenxa yamandla ayo aphakeme, izinkambiso nokuqina okuphezulu.

I-Flange iyisigaxa esinqunyelwe, i-lip noma i-rim, kungaba yangaphandle noma yangaphakathi, esebenza ukukhulisa amandla (njenge-flange yogongolo lwensimbi efana ne-i-beam noma i-t-beam); Ukuthambekela okulula noma ngokuzinza futhi uqondise ukunyakaza komshini noma izingxenye zawo (njenge-flange yangaphakathi yemoto yesitimela noma isondo le-tram, eligcina amasondo asuka ojabha). Igama elithi "i-flange" lisetshenziselwa futhi uhlobo lwethuluzi olusetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-flanges.

Thayipha insimbi engama-304 engagqwali ibizwa ukwakheka kwayo, okubandakanya i-chromium engu-18% ne-8% nickel. Le nsimbi engenacala inokwakheka okuhle nokushaywa kwe-weldatiability. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo, ama-flain angenasici angama-304 ama-flanges angama-304 amelana kakhulu nokuqina okuhlala isikhathi eside.

Incoloy 800h Flange Sinedumela eliqinile embonini ngokukhiqiza ama-flanges asezingeni eliphakeme lezinhlobo ezahlukene ezizohambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu. Sikhiqiza incoloy 800 Flanges ethembekile futhi ephezulu ngekhwalithi. Sisebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ze-premium kanye nemishini ethuthukile yokukhiqiza i-ASTM B564 ANC N08800 Incoloy 800 Flangetes.

I-Flanged Joint yakhiwa okuhlukile okuhlukile futhi okuzimele yize izingxenye ezihlangene; amafuvu, ama-gaskets, kanye ne-bolting; aqoqwe ngelinye ithonya, i-fitter. Izilawuli ezikhethekile ziyadingeka ekukhetheni nasekusetshenzisweni kwazo zonke izinto ezikhona ukuthola okuhlanganisiwe, okunokuqina okuvuzayo okwamukelekayo.

I-Alloy 800 iyi-nickel-iron-chromium alloy enamandla aphezulu kanye nokumelana okuhle ne-oxidation kanye nokugqwala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. I-ASTM B407 EX N08800 Incoloy 800 W. NR. 1.4876 Ipayipi eline-welded lisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwemishini edinga ukumelana nokuvutha, ukumelana nokushisa, amandla, nokuqina kwenkonzo kuze kube ngu-1500 ° F (816 ° C).

Imigoqo yensimbi engagqwali yenziwa ngenqubo yokwakha. Lapha, le nsimbi idlula ngokusebenzisa ama-rolls ambalwa nezinto eziluhlaza ezinjengezikweletu nama-blooms zifudunyezwa cishe cishe ama-degrees angama-1200. Idlula izinga lokushisa lensimbi kabusha.

I-Alloy 800 Weld Teld Flanges Sinedumela eliqinile embonini ngokukhiqiza ama-flanges asezingeni eliphakeme lezinhlobo ezahlukene ezizohambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu. Sikhiqiza incoloy 800 Flanges ethembekile futhi ephezulu ngekhwalithi. Sisebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ze-premium kanye nemishini ethuthukile yokukhiqiza i-ASTM B564 ANC N08800 Incoloy 800 Flangetes.

Kufudumele kusuka ku-1050¡Ãc kuya ku-1150¡Ãc namanzi aqedwe, lokhu kwelashwa kwamantongomane e-Duplex ANCS amantongomane ama-S31803 amantongomane aqinisekisa ukuthi wonke ama-carbides ancibilikisiwe.

I-Stainless Steel 347 Flange iyindlela yokuxhuma amapayipi, ama-valve, amaphampu neminye imishini yokwenza uhlelo lwamapayipi. Iphinde inikeze ukufinyelela okulula kokuhlanza, ukuhlola noma ukuguqulwa. Ama-Flanges ajwayele ukufakwa noma ukugcotshwa. Amalunga avutha amalangabi enziwa ngokubopha ndawonye ama-flanges amabili nge-gasket phakathi kwabo ukunikeza uphawu.

Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zomzimba nezemishini ze-super duplex, ikhwalithi ye-super duplex fasteners ingahlangabezana nezidingo eziphakeme zegesi, amafutha kanye nezimboni zasolwandle.

Ibanga ama-IS31803 libizwa ngokuthi isigaba se-Dumplex ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwayo okuxubile kwe-Auntenitic-Ferritic. Ama-alloys wensimbi engagqwali anengxenye elinganayo ye-Auucenite ne-Ferrite, yingakho ukufakwa kwensimbi okubonisa izakhiwo ezivelele zombili lezi zigaba.

Ama-fasseners ethu we-duplex wensimbi ama-S31803 atholakala kumabanga ahlukene afana nezitsha zezimboni, izikulufo zezimboni, izihlakala zensimbi ezingenasici, izikulufa zensimbi ezingenasici nokuningi.

I-ASME B36.19M ingukucaciswa okujwayelekile kwamapayipi ensimbi angenasici, acacisa ubukhulu, ukubekezelelana kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza amapayipi afakwe emthungo.

I-Finanliss yensimbi Flange ngumkhiqizo osezingeni eliphakeme we-flange, enciphisa isisindo nendawo futhi udlala indima ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni.

Amashubhu we-Hastelloy C2000 asetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezibanzi zezimboni ezifaka ukucubungula kwe-petrochemical, ukukhiqiza imishini yamakhemikhali, ama-oyela wokuhlanza kanye nezitshalo zamandla.

Lawa ma-Alloy F5 Flange asetshenziselwa ukudlulisa uketshezi nolunye uketshezi ezimbonini ezimbalwa. Senziwa yithimba labasebenza ngo-NIMble-FINGED PROPED besebenzisa impahla ephezulu eluhlaza, amathuluzi anamuhla nobuchwepheshe obuqhubekayo.
Alloy 601 flanges
I-Duplex 2205
Xhumana nathi
Izindandatho zeWeld
Ama-90 ° lr elbows
I-Nickel Alloy Pipe neThubhu
I-Tubice Acero de Niquel C276 NIMO16CR15W
Chinese (ngokwesiko)
Ukumelana nokungamelana ne-600 amapayipi ama-antioxidant
C2000 hastelloy alloy tubing hastelloy c2000 ipayipi elingenamthungo
Amapuleti ensimbi alloy nama-sheets namakhoyili

Iyakwazi ukubekezelela uhla olubanzi lwamakhemikhali we-oxidizing kanye nama-non-oxidizing, futhi kukhombisa ukumelana okuvelele ekuhlaselweni okukhonkotha nokukhohlisa phambi kwama-chlorides namanye ama-halide.

Ama-N083367 futhi abizwa futhi njengoba i-alroy al6xn iyikhabhoni ephansi, ubumsulwa obuphezulu, ubumsulwa be-nitrogen-auntenitic "ama-nickel-molybdenum alloy ane-chloride pittipt kanye ne-crevice corrision.

Kukhombisa ukumelana okuhle ezindaweni ezingathathi hlangothi nezinciphisa. Le alloy yakha i-oxide enobuhlakani, ifilimu evikelayo engahambisani, kepha igcina ukumelana ne-opidation ephakeme emazingeni okushisa anyukayo.

I-SAE 304 Insimbi Engagqwali iyinsimbi evame kakhulu engenacala. Insimbi iqukethe zombili i-chromium (phakathi kuka-18% no-20%) kanye ne-nickel (phakathi kuka-8% kanye ne-10,5%) [1] izinsimbi njengezicini ezingezona zensimbi. Kuyinsimbi engelutho engagqwali. Akukancane ngogesi nakwesobunxele kunensimbi yekhabhoni. Kuyinto kazibuthe, kepha kazibuthe kakhulu kunensimbi. Inokumelana nokuqina okuphezulu kakhulu kunensimbi ejwayelekile futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokukhululeka lapho kwakhiwa khona ngezimo ezahlukahlukene. [1]

I-Incons 718 yi-alloy esekelwe e-nickel-chromium evame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlalweni eziphakeme zokushisa ezinjenge-aerospace negesi turbines. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-ASTM B670 Incontel 718 Ishidi le-Plate Rolling. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziphambili zamapuleti we-Incon 718 atholakala emakethe: Amapuleti ashisayo asongwe namakhaza.

Lokhu kuhlinzeka ngokumelana okuthuthukiswe kakhulu ku-sulfuric acid. Futhi inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chromium, ukukhulisa ukumelana kwayo kumakhemikhali oxidizing kanye nemifudlana yenqubo engcoliswe ngama-forric ion kanye ne-oksijini encibilikisiwe.

I-Hastelloy Pipe Tube B2 B3 X C22 C2000 C276 SMLS WELDS PIPE

I-SCH40 Monel 400 ipayipi iqokwa njenge-Werkstoff Inombolo engu-2.4360 futhi ayinasi-n04400. I-Alloy 400 Ipayipi elibuye laziwa ngokuthi yi-Monel Alloy 400 ipayipi, i-monel 400 ipayipi & nickel alloy 400 Pipe.

I-Chromium ephakeme, okuqukethwe kwe-molybdenum kanye ne-nitrogen kuphumela ekumelaneni kwe-pipling okulinganiselayo (pren)> 40, ukuhlinzeka ngamakhono wokugqwala okuphezulu kanye nama-creplex ama-stainles cishe kuyo yonke imithombo yezindaba eqinile, kanye nokushisa okubucayi okuphezulu ngenhla kwe-50¡ngÃc ngaphezulu kwe-50¡ngÃc.

I-ASTM A182 347H 1.4961 PN160 PN160 PN16 Steel DN50 PN 16 DN 50 DIN REP PIPSSIONS

Amashubhu angenamthungo angama-600 angenamthungo we-Ex Enc N06600 ne-ASTM B167 yibo abakhiqizwayo ukuze bagxile ekucindezelweni okukhulu ngokweqile futhi beze newaranti enkulu.

I-Hastelloy C276 REAVE TUBE yenziwa kusuka kumazinga okushisa okushisa okushisa aphezulu, okunomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwawo kabanzi embonini yamandla. Ngenkathi, i-Hastelloy C276 Pipe ibonisa izakhiwo ezivelele njengokumelana okuphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nempilo ende yenkonzo ngenxa yezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziselwa ukucubungula kwayo.

Amapayipi ensimbi asetshenziswa ezinhlakeni, ezokuhamba kanye nasekukhiqizweni. Ziyahlukaniswa ngokuya ngobubanzi bawo bangaphandle, nobubanzi obuhlukahlukene obuhlukahlukene ngokusekelwe odongeni. Ezinye izinhlelo zidinga izindonga ezinkulu kunabanye, ngokuya ngamandla ipayipi kufanele liphathe.

Ubuningi be-titanium bungama-60% e-60% yensimbi engenasici kanye ne-nickel alloys, lokhu kulondolozwa kwesisindo kwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho lokhu kubalulekile njenge-aerospace.

Ama-316 ensimbi amapayipi ensimbi angagobhoza izinqubo, njengokukhaza okubandayo kanye nokushiswa, lapho isakhiwo se-auntenitic crystal siguqulwa saba yi-Ferromagnetic Martensite. Insimbi engu-316l ithambekele kakhudlwana ekutholeni ubukhulu bamandla kazibuthe.

I-Alkel-Cont-based Alloy 400 Monel 2.4360 Indukulela ebandayo ebandayo engu-400 I-Monel 400 iyi-alloy yethusi ne-nickel esekelwe ethandwa namuhla ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu. I-alloy ine-acid enhle kakhulu ne-alkali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inamandla amahle ashubile, i-decticity, ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu okushisayo, futhi kungaqiniswa ngokusebenza kubanda. Ngokwengeziwe, ingasetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamazinga okushisa asukela ku-minus kuya kuma-538 degrees Celsius.

IsiShayina (Esenziwe lula)
I-ASTM A312 I-IPP316 iyincazelo ejwayelekile ye-seamless engenamthungo, i-suuntenicled auntenitic esetshenzisiwe amapayipi wensimbi angenamikhawulo asetshenziswa ezisetshenzisweni ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokushisa kanye nezinsizakalo ezijwayelekile. Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 le-seamless lensimbi lenziwa ngenhlanganisela ye-chromium, i-nickel, kanye ne-molybdenum, enikeza i-SS 316 i-seamless tube ukumelana kahle nokugqwala.

zisetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezicelo ze-piping. I-2205 iyibanga elijwayelekile le-Duplex ne-21% Chromium kuyo. Izinto ezibonakalayo ziqinile futhi ziphindaphindwe kabili amandla ezinhlobo zensimbi ze-autenitic. Ama-Metals amaningi (India) ngumkhiqizi oholayo nomhlinzeki we-Duplex Toupleng Fightings kanye nezinye izinhlobo zokufakelwa. Kunemininingwane ehlukile yokumboza ukufakwa kwezimpawu ezahlukahlukene zesicelo. Izindinganiso ziyehluka njenge-ASME B16.9, B16.28 neB16.25 Ukulawula ubukhulu. Ukufakelwa kungahluka ngosayizi onobukhulu obukhulu ngokususelwa kuhlobo lokufaneleka futhi.

I-INTRR 36® iyinsimbi ye-nickel-i-iron, i-alloy ephansi ephansi equkethe ama-nickel angama-36%, i-invar 36 ine-coeffied ephansi yokunwebeka kusuka kumazinga okushisa angu-500 ° F (260 ° C).

Amapuleti ensimbi angenaziqhingi ane-carbon ephansi angakwazi nokumelana nomphumela olimazayo wegesi emanzi ye-chlorine, i-hypochlorite ne-chlorine dioxide.

I-HT Pipe inenkampani enhle yokukhiqiza yokuqamba kanye nokuthuthukisa ukufakwa kwamapayipi okuphezulu kwe-SS 316 \ 116l. Ngesikhathi sezigaba zokuhlola nokukhiqizwa, iqembu lethu lochwepheshe lihlola ngokuqinile i-SS 316 \ 16l buttweld pure fittings.

I-Nickel 200 Flinges the nickel 200 Flanges ayahlala isikhathi eside, aqinile, futhi abe nokuqeda okuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ASTM B564 ANS N02200 Flanges Blind

Hastelloy x nippolet flanges hastelloy x slip on flanges

Insimbi engagqwali 316 Tee ASTM A403 Izinga eliphakeme elingenasici ezingama-316L Lipen Fittings Uhlu

Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 elingagqwali liye laba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezimboni. Le alloy yensimbi ne-chrome yamukelwa ngokumelana kwayo okuphezulu ekugqwaneni, kanye nokuqina kwayo. 316 I-tubing yensimbi engagqwali ingakhiqizwa kumashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zamakhasimende athile.

I-316l 1.4401 S31603 I-STIANCLEENT I-PIPE I-PIRELLELEKILE KAKHULU KAKHULU KAKHULU KANYE NOKUQHAWULA KAKHULU KWAMAHHALA OKUSHINTSHA KULULA KWEZINHLOBO ZOKUXHUMANA NOKUthengisa. Le SS EX C31603 Pipe yenziwa ngekhwalithi ephezulu 316l insimbi engagqwali engenacala ngokumelana kahle nokugqwala, i-oxidation kanye nokubala, okwenza kube kuhle ngezindawo ezinokhahlo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu.

I-DIN125 Imvelo Carbon Insimbi Washers Nut 8.8 MM Washers

I-ASTM A240 Type 2205 Plate ipuleti yensimbi engenacala esetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezinjengezimboni zamakhemikhali, i-oyela negesi ehloliwe. ISA 240 GR 2205 Sheet yenziwa ngeBanga 2205 Insimbi Engagqwali, okuyinhlanganisela yensimbi ye-ferrititic ne-auntenitic.

I-Alloy 601 FLANGES Inconsel Incondel 601 iyi-nickel-chromium alloy esetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala nokushisa. Le ncwadi ye-nickel ivelele ngenxa yokumelana nokumelana kwayo ku-oxidation ephezulu yokushisa i-oxidation, ihlala imelana ne-oxidation ngo-2200¡Ã f. alloy 601 ithuthukisa izikali ezilandelwa yi-oxide ezivimbela ngisho nezimo ezinzima zokuhamba nge-hormal.