Insimbi engagqwali

I-Alloy 309 (uns S30900) iyinsimbi e-auntenitic engagqwali eyenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu zokulwa nokuqina. I-alloy imelana ne-oxidation kuze kube ngu-1900¡Ãf (1038¡Ãc) ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezona ezebhayisekili. Ukuhamba ngebhayisikile okujwayelekile kunciphisa ukumelana ne-oxidation cishe ku-1850¡Ãf (1010¡Ãc).

Insimbi engenasici 304 nensimbi engagqwali engu-304l futhi yaziwa ngokuthi yi-1.4301 no-1.4307 ngokulandelana. Thayipha i-304 insimbi engenasici futhi engenasici. Kumanje kwesinye isikhathi kubhekiselwa kugama layo elidala, 18 \ 8, olusuka othandweni lwezinhlobo ezingama-304 lungu-18% i-chromium ne-8% nickel.

Thayipha i-316 \ 316l iyinsimbi ye-chromium-nickel auntenitic insimbi engenacala equkethe i-molybdenum. Ukungezwa kwe-molybdenum kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala okuqhathaniswa no-304 \ 304l ezindaweni ze-halide kanye nokunciphisa ama-acid afana ne-sulfuric ne-phosphoric acid. Uhlobo lwe-316L lungaba nesiqinisekiso esingumbani esingu-316 lapho ukwakheka kuhlangana nomkhawulo ophansi wekhabhoni wama-316L kanye namandla aphezulu aphezulu angama-316.

I-Solution Aveling Treatment iyadingeka ukuthintana kwangaphambilini okulondoloziwe \ ukuqina kwezulu Isigaba esisodwa i-MicroSCRUCURE EDEDELWE NGESIKHATHI SOKUXHUMANISA ISIVIVINYO siyadingeka ngaphambi kokuqina kweminyaka yobudala, okuthi kuphela okusunguliwe okwenziwe ngesikhathi sokuqina kweminyaka. Ukwakheka, usayizi, kanye nenani lalezo zinqunu ezakhiwe ngesikhathi sokuguga kuzonquma ubulukhuni bomkhiqizo wokugcina, amandla, kanye nezakhiwo zemishini ngemuva kokuguga. Kubalulekile ukuthi isakhiwo sibe nesixazululo esifanelekile ngaphambi kokuguga ukuze sihlangabezane nazo zonke lezi zidingo.

I-autenitutic yensimbi engu-6mo yathuthukiswa ngesisekelo se-alloy 904L \ 1.4539. Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe kwe-molybdenum ku-6mo kukhuphuke kuye ku-6.5%. I-6mo inokumelana kahle nokugqwayiza okujwayelekile nokuphikiswa okuthuthukile nokuqina kwe-crevice. Ukumelana nokuqhekeka kokugqwayiza kwengcindezelo kuyathuthukiswa. Kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Super Auntenitic yensimbi engenacala.

Insimbi engenasici 1.4529 Hcr ibonakala ngokumelana okuphezulu kwezehlakalo zokugqwala zasendaweni ezifana nokugqwala kwama-crevice, ukugqwala okukhonkotha noma ukungqubuzana kwe-chlorine-okubangelwa ukungqubuzana kwengcindezelo. Iphinde ikhombise izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini futhi ingasetshenziswa ngaphezu kobubanzi bokushisa obubanzi. Inobuhlakani obuhle kakhulu kanye nokumelana ne-abrasion ekuxhumaneni ne-sulfuric noma i-phosphoric acid, noma ama-chlorides nosawoti.

Ibanga 316 yibanga elijwayelekile le-molybdenum-eliqukethe, okwesibili kuphela ku-304 ngokubaluleka kwama-autenitutic steres. Uma kuqhathaniswa no-304, i-molybdenum idlulisela ukumelana okungcono ngokuphelele kokugqwala kuya ku-316, ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokuqina okuphezulu nokugqwala kwe-crovice ezindaweni ze-chloride.

Insimbi engenasici 316 iyi-molybdenum auntenitic alloy emelana kakhulu nezindawo eziphikisayo ne-chloride. Imvamisa, leli banga lensimbi engenasici lisetshenziselwa ama-malifolds okukhipha ngaphandle, ama-exchanger wokushisa, izinjini ze-jet kanye nezinye izinhlelo eziningi.

I-SS 316h yakhiwa iTee iyipayipi elifushane ngokuxhumeka okuguqukayo kuma-engeli angakwesokudla kuya kupayipi. Isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuxhuma amapayipi amaningi kwipayipi elilodwa elinezitolo ezimbili. Imvamisa, aqukethe ukungena. I-SS 316 isiphambano isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa noma ukusabalalisa ukugeleza ngokuxhuma amapayipi ezindaweni zokujoyina nokugoqa ukugeleza kusuka kupayipi ngalinye.

Ama-SS 316 ukufakwa kwamapayipi kwepayipi asetshenziselwa ukugoba ukuhamba nokuxhuma amapayipi amabili komunye nomunye ngama-engeli ahlukene. Kufanele zenzelwe ngendlela yokuthi abadali i-cavitation nokulahleka kwengcindezi ngokweqile.

I-Annelung iyinqubo yokwelashwa ekushiseni eguqula i-misftructure yento yokusebenzisa izakhiwo zayo zemishini noma zikagesi. Imvamisa, ku-Steel, kusetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ubulukhuni, ukukhulisa i-decticity futhi kusize ukuqeda izingcindezi zangaphakathi.

Inqubo yokushisa iyinqubo yokwelashwa ekushiseni okusetshenziselwa ukukhulisa i-actility futhi yehlise ubunzima bezinto ezibonakalayo. Lolu shintsho lobulukhuni kanye ne-fortility luwumphumela wokuncishiswa kwe-dislocation ekwakhekeni kwe-crystal kwezinto ezifakiwe. I-Anneling ivame ukwenziwa ngemuva kokuthola impahla eye yathuthukiswa noma inqubo yokusebenza ebandayo ukuvikela ukwehluleka kwayo kwe-brittle noma ukwenza kube lula ukuphatha kamuva.

I-Annelung inqubo ethile yokwelashwa okushisa iguqula izakhiwo zensimbi. Ngenkathi kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zokwelashwa kokushisa, ukuvezwa okuthandwayo kuyathandwa ngoba kukhulisa ukuhlelwa futhi kunciphisa ubunzima.

Izinsizakalo Zokushisa Zokushisa zensimbi engenasici kanye nensimbi
Isixazululo se-Anneling (okubuye kwabizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kwesixazululo) kuyinqubo ejwayelekile yokuvuselela ukushisa kwemindeni eminingi yezensimbi. Ama-steres angenasici, ama-alloys e-aluminium, ama-superlosi asuselwa ku-nickel, ama-alloys e-titanium, kanye namanye ama-alloys asuselwa yi-copper konke kungadinga isixazululo sokuhlelisa.

I-Solution Heat Treatment and Anneling yizindlela ezivamile zokwelashwa kokushisa kwezinsimbi ezingezona ezi-Ferrous. Endabeni yami yokugcina, ngabheka inqubo yokwelashwa kokushisa kwezinsimbi ezinamandla njengensimbi. Namuhla uzofunda ngezinqubo ezilandelayo zokwelashwa kokushisa, kufaka phakathi nokwelashwa kokushisa kwesisombululo kanye nokungena. Uzofunda futhi ngokuqina kwethala, i-nitriding, ebandayo, ukusebenza kwabandayo, ukuhumusha.

Ukwelashwa Isixazululo kuyindlela evame ukwelashwa ukushisa okuvame kakhulu ngemuva kwenqubo yokuphonsa insimbi engagqwali. Isigaba se-carbide ngokuphelele noma sincibilike ngokuphelele ngemuva kokuthi insimbi engakhi ye-auntenitic ifudunyezwa cishe ngo-1100 ¡Ãc.

Ukwenza isakhiwo nokwakhiwa kwemigqa ye-stainless yensimbi ye-castings, okubaluleke kakhulu ezintweni zokusetshenziswa, ngoba izinga lokushisa nokupholisa akufani, okuphumela ekuhambeni okungahambisani. Ngamazinga okushisa aphezulu, umsebenzi we-athomu uqinisa futhi isigaba se- #ò siyancibilika, futhi nokwakheka kwalo kwamakhemikhali kuvame ukuba umfaniswano. Isakhiwo sesigaba esisodwa esifanayo siyatholakala ngemuva kokuphola ngokushesha.

Ukubuyisa ukumelana nokugqwayiza okungokwemvelo kokusakazwa kwensimbi engenasici. Ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engenasici kuncipha ngemuva kokuphonswa kwezimali. Ukumelana nokugqwala kokuncishiswa kwensimbi engenasici kutholakale ku-statemus enhle ngemuva kokwelashwa kwesisombululo.

Insimbi ye-EXS S31254 insimbi e-suuntenitic e-suuntenitic. Zingama-stecing eziphezulu ezingenasisekelo ezenzelwe ukuqina komthelela ngokugqwala kwe-chloride crevice, ukugcwala kwengcindezelo nokuqhekeka okukhonkotha. Lawa ngama-auten ane-nickel ne-chromium okuqukethwe.

I-304 yinsimbi ye-chromium-nickel auntenitic yensimbi engenacala. Ukumelana nokukhulisa okungcono kunohlobo lwe-302 Ngokwemvelo okungeyona i-magnetic, kuba yinkimbinkimbi kancane lapho kubanda kusebenza. Okuqukethwe okuphansi kwekhabhoni kusho imvuthuluka yemvelo ephansi endaweni ethintekile endaweni ethintekile ngesikhathi se-welding kanye nokuthambekela okuncane ekugculiseni kolunye uhlangothi.

Okwezicelo eziphezulu zokushisa, i-carbon ehlukile ehlukile yensimbi engu-31hh yensimbi engenacala kanye nensimbi ezinzile ezingama-316TI kufanele isetshenziswe.

Isakhiwo se-autenitic sensimbi engu-316 esingenasici sinikeza ubulukhuni obuhle kakhulu ngisho nasemazingeni okushisa aphansi.

Ibanga elingenasici 316Ti liqukethe inani elincane le-titanium. Okuqukethwe kwe-titanium kuvame kuphela ngo-0,5%. Ama-athomu we-titanium aqinisa ukwakheka kwamazinga okushisa angama-800¡ãÃc.

Ngenkathi uchungechunge lwe-300 luchungechunge olungenacala ludumile kakhulu, alufanelekile emhlabeni wonke izinhlelo zokusebenza zepayipi. Isibonelo, yize bengamelana nokukhulisa ukuntuleka, amafomu angama-300 echungechunge awenzi kahle phambi kwama-clolorides. Kulezi zimo, ama-steel anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu okufana ne-molybdenum, i-chromium kanye ne-nickel bayakhethwa.

Uhlobo 316 lumelana kakhulu nezixazululo ze-sulfuric acid kunanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwe-chromium-nickel. Uhlobo lwe-316 luyamelana nokugxila kwe-acid kuze kufike ku-5% emazingeni okushisa aze afike ku-120¡ãf (49¡Ãc). Lolu hlobo lunokumelana kahle nokugxila okuphezulu emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwe-100¡Ã f (38¡Ãc c).

Ngokuvamile, uhlobo lwe-316 Ibanga le-316 lingabhekwa ngokulinganayo endaweni enikeziwe. Ukuhluka okuphawuleka kungukugqwala okuthethelwe ngaphakathi endaweni ethintekile ekushiseni kuma-welds kanye nama-alloys asezingeni elifanele ezindaweni ezizolahla ngokwanele. Kumithombo yabezindaba, thayipha i-316l ilungele kakhulu izimo ze-welding kunohlobo 316 ngoba okuqukethwe okuphansi kwekhabhoni kukhulisa ukumelana nokugqwala komoya.

Uhlobo lwe-316 Alloy lubhekwa njengelilungele izinhlelo ezithile zemvelo zasolwandle, ezinjengezitimela zomkhumbi kanye nezindondo zangaphandle zezakhiwo eziseduzane nolwandle oluvezwa ulwandle oluvezwa ngusawoti. Uhlobo lwensimbi engu-316 lukhombisa ubufakazi bokugqwala ngehora le-100, i-5% Spray Spray (ASTM-B-117) Hlola.

Ukuvezwa okuqhubekayo noma okuhlala isikhathi eside kohlobo 316l kuya ku-800-1500¡Ãf (427-816¡Ãc) Kungaba yingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhululeka kwengcindezi phakathi kuka-100-1500¡Ãf (593-816¡Ãc) kungadala lolu hlobo lokulwa okuncane.

Ama-auntenitic ama-stainless angenasisekelo athambekele ekuqhekekeni kwengcindezelo kokuqhekeka (i-SCC) ezindaweni ze-halide. Yize uthayipha izinhlobo ezingama-316 zimelana kakhulu ne-SCC kune-alloys ye-18CR-8 NI ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwabo kwe-molybdenum, basathambekele. Izimo ezikhiqiza i-SCC yilezi: (1) Ukuba khona kwe-halide ion (imvamisa chloride ion), (2) ukucindezelwa okusele okusele, kanye (3) namazinga okushisa angaphezulu kwe-120¡ã (49¡Ãc).

Ama-welds e-autenitic agcwele athambekele kakhulu ekuqhekekeni ngesikhathi se-welding. Ngalesi sizathu, thayipha izinhlobo ezingama-316 bese uthayipha ama-316l "ama-filler izinsimbi zenzelwe ukwelapha ngenani elincane le-ferrite kwi-mistructure ukuze unciphise ukuncipha.