Ukufakwa kwamapayipi wensimbi

I-Alloy Steel Pepe ne-Tube
Ama-SS 304 Amapayipi Fittings
I-flange ingaba yipuleti lokumboza noma ukuvala ukuphela kwepayipi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-flange eyimpumputhe. Ngakho-ke, ama-flanges abhekwa njengezakhi zangaphakathi ezisetshenziselwa ukusekela izingxenye zemishini.
Amapuleti ensimbi namashidi namakhoyili

I-Alloy 800 iyi-nickel-iron-chromium alloy enamandla aphezulu kanye nokumelana okuhle ne-oxidation kanye nokugqwala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. I-ASTM B407 EX N08800 Incoloy 800 W. NR. 1.4876 Ipayipi eline-welded lisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwemishini edinga ukumelana nokuvutha, ukumelana nokushisa, amandla, nokuqina kwenkonzo kuze kube ngu-1500 ° F (816 ° C).

I-Incoloy 800h iyindlela elawulwa ukwakhiwa kwe-incoloy? alloy 800 (ans n08800). Izicelo ziye zanweba kusuka kushubhu ecubungula i-petrochemical deforder tubing, kumathiphu we-ball kanye ne-flare enkonzweni yokucolisa.
I-ASTM B443 ANS N06625 Plate Incotion Intelsion 625 Coil Makhiqikhi

Amagama Wokuhweba Ejwayelekile: I-Nickel Alloy 36, I-INTR 36®, NILO 6®, Pernifer 6®
Amashubhu we-Hastelloy C2000 asetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezibanzi zezimboni ezifaka ukucubungula kwe-petrochemical, ukukhiqiza imishini yamakhemikhali, ama-oyela wokuhlanza kanye nezitshalo zamandla.
I-Monel 400 Ipayipi lamafreyimu wezinto zamehlo

Ama-fastener wensimbi engagqwali
Ama-alloys amelana nawo aphikisayo asetshenziswa kabanzi yizimboni zokucubungula amakhemikhali. Isidingo sokusebenza okuthembekile siholela ekwamukelweni nasekukhuleni kwazo ezindaweni zamandla, ezempilo kanye nezemvelo, uwoyela kanye negesi, amakhemikhali kanye negesi yokuhlanza igesi.

I-Al-6xn Alloy yenzelwe ukuba ibe yinto engamelana nayo emanzini asolwandle futhi selokhu yaboniswa ukuthi ingamelana nemikhuba yokulimazeka kakhulu.

I-Hastelloy C2000 iyatholakala ngosayizi nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, lolu hlobo lwe-nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy ludume ngamandla alo aphakeme nokuphikiswa kokugqwala.

I-Flange ingeyesibili esetshenziswa kakhulu endleleni yokujoyina ngemuva kokuhlakazeka. Ama-Flanges asetshenziswa lapho amalunga edinga ukusatshalaliswa. Inikeza ukuguquguquka kokulungiswa. I-Flange ixhumanisa ipayipi nemishini ehlukahlukene nama-valve. Ama-flanges e-BreakUp angezwa ohlelweni lwePipeline uma kulungiswa njalo ekusebenzeni kwezitshalo.

I-Buttedleld Seamless Insimbi engenasici ipayipi fittings 316 I-Pipe Bend inikeza ukumelana okuphezulu ekugcekeni kwe-pitting and crevice

I-Alloy 317 Flange yinsimbi ye-auntenituc-nickel yensimbi engenacala ngokumelana okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-molybdenum ye-ASME SA182 SS 317 Flanges kunomthelela ekumelaneni kahle kwebanga lokuphamba kwebanga.

I-Alkel-Cont-based Alloy 400 Monel 2.4360 Indukulela ebandayo ebandayo engu-400 I-Monel 400 iyi-alloy yethusi ne-nickel esekelwe ethandwa namuhla ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu. I-alloy ine-acid enhle kakhulu ne-alkali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inamandla amahle ashubile, i-decticity, ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu okushisayo, futhi kungaqiniswa ngokusebenza kubanda. Ngokwengeziwe, ingasetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamazinga okushisa asukela ku-minus kuya kuma-538 degrees Celsius.

I-SS F317L Flange, SS ANX S31700 Pipe PLAnges, Swoindows

Ukunwetshwa okulungiselelwe i-iron-nickel-cobalt alloys, ama-kovar alloys, ube nokwanda okunezinwele okuqondile okufana nalokho kwengilazi enzima ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokushisa obuthile

I-316 insimbi engagqwali ingenye insimbi ethandwayo engenacala yokufaka izicelo ezidinga ubulukhuni, ukuqina nokuqina kokugqwala, kepha kuvame ukuba nokusetshenziswa okukhethekile nokulinganiselwe kunensimbi engabi nalutho. Impahla ephawuleka kakhulu yensimbi engama-316 yensimbi yokumelana kakhulu nokugqwala okwedlulele ekugqwaneni, ikakhulukazi kusuka kwimithombo ye-chloride efana namanzi olwandle namakhemikhali amaningi ezimboni.

I-A789 EXS S31803 ne-UNS S32205 amamaki amabili wensimbi engenacala esetshenziswa kabanzi kwizicelo ezahlukahlukene zezimboni. Lawa mapayipi we-Duplex S31803 ayaziwa ngokumelana kwawo okuhle kakhulu, amandla aphezulu, nokushiswa okuhle. I-A789 ingukucaciswa okuhlanganisa amashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded enziwe ngensimbi engenacala.

I-Nickel Alloy yingxenye equkethe i-nickel njengento eyinhloko kanye nokuhlushwa okuphezulu. Kuyinto eqinile enikeza i-soubity ebanzi ngensimbi, i-chromium, nethusi. I-alloy ikhona ngendlela ehlanganisiwe. I-Nickel Alloy iguquguqukayo kakhulu futhi ikwazi ukuxhasa ukushisa nokugqwala.

I-SCH40 Monel 400 ipayipi iqokwa njenge-Werkstoff Inombolo engu-2.4360 futhi ayinasi-n04400. I-Alloy 400 Ipayipi elibuye laziwa ngokuthi yi-Monel Alloy 400 ipayipi, i-monel 400 ipayipi & nickel alloy 400 Pipe.

Alloy 309 \ 309s (uns s30900 \ s30908) ama-auntenitic steanless ama-steress asetshenziswa ngokuvamile ezicelo zokushisa eziphakeme. Okuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-chromium nokuqukethwe kwe-nickel kuhlinzeka ngokuqhathaniswa kokugqwayiza okuqhathaniswa kwe-autenitic Alloy 304, ukumelana no-oxidation okuhle kanye nephesenti elikhulu lokugcinwa kwamandla okushisa kwamandla egumbi.

Lokhu kuhlinzeka ngokumelana okuthuthukiswe kakhulu ku-sulfuric acid. Futhi inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chromium, ukukhulisa ukumelana kwayo kumakhemikhali oxidizing kanye nemifudlana yenqubo engcoliswe ngama-forric ion kanye ne-oksijini encibilikisiwe.

Amapayipi angama-304 enziwe ngensimbi engama-304 engagqwali, impahla ejwayelekile futhi ethandwayo kuzinhlelo eziningi zezimboni ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala kanye noximation. Lawa mapayipi amapayipi e-S30400 ahlanganiswe asebenzisa imishini ekhethekile nezinqubo, eziqinisekisa ukuthi zinembe kakhulu futhi zithembekile.

304 insimbi engagqwali, eyaziwa nangokuthi ngo-18 \ 8, uhlobo lwensimbi engagqwali ye-chromium-nickel nge-progratility eqinile kanye nesicelo esibanzi kakhulu. Njengensimbi esetshenziswa kabanzi, inokumelana kahle nokugqwala, ukumelana nokushisa, amandla kanye nezimo zokushisa eziphansi zemishini. Ukusebenza okuhle okushisa okufana nokunyathela nokugoba. Akukho ukwelashwa okushisa okuqinisa i-phenomenon. Uma kusendaweni engcolile yezimboni, kudinga ukuhlanzwa ngesikhathi ukugwema ukugqwala. tube esingenamishini esingenamishini

Kukhombisa ukumelana okuhle ezindaweni ezingathathi hlangothi nezinciphisa. Le alloy yakha i-oxide enobuhlakani, ifilimu evikelayo engahambisani, kepha igcina ukumelana ne-opidation ephakeme emazingeni okushisa anyukayo.

Uchungechunge lwe-S31803 lwe-Fastener lukhombisa izakhiwo zensimbi e-Ferrititic ne-Autenitic. Lawa ma-fasteners abonisa ukumelana kahle nokugqwala kwe-crevice, ukuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezelo kanye nokugqwala okukhonkotha ezindaweni ezinokhahlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhle kakhulu ekumelaneni ne-chloride nase-sulfide ukucindezela kokugqwala kwezindawo zokugqwala.

INilo Alloy 36, w.nr 1.3912, i-Invar 36® iyi-nickel-iron, i-alloy elawulwa okuphansi equkethe ama-nickel angama-36% futhi anezinga lokunwetshwa kwensimbi ecishe ibe yishumi lensimbi ye-carbon.

Iyakwazi ukubekezelela uhla olubanzi lwamakhemikhali we-oxidizing kanye nama-non-oxidizing, futhi kukhombisa ukumelana okuvelele ekuhlaselweni okukhonkotha nokukhohlisa phambi kwama-chlorides namanye ama-halide.

I-ASTM A240 Type 2205 Plate ipuleti yensimbi engenacala esetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezinjengezimboni zamakhemikhali, i-oyela negesi ehloliwe. ISA 240 GR 2205 Sheet yenziwa ngeBanga 2205 Insimbi Engagqwali, okuyinhlanganisela yensimbi ye-ferrititic ne-auntenitic.

Ubuningi be-titanium bungama-60% e-60% yensimbi engenasici kanye ne-nickel alloys, lokhu kulondolozwa kwesisindo kwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho lokhu kubalulekile njenge-aerospace.

Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 elingagqwali liye laba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezimboni. Le alloy yensimbi ne-chrome yamukelwa ngokumelana kwayo okuphezulu ekugqwaneni, kanye nokuqina kwayo. 316 I-tubing yensimbi engagqwali ingakhiqizwa kumashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zamakhasimende athile.

La Renansncia A Las Picaduras de 316ti \ 14571 Hacele Que Estos Destinados, La Tecnologion de Suimito, La tecnologion de subfito, los textiles, los I-Pigmontos, Los Acidos Grasos, La fotoquimica y La Industria Farmaceutica. I-ESE Material se-vez mas en la tecnologia de Escape.

I-Nickel 200 Flinges the nickel 200 Flanges ayahlala isikhathi eside, aqinile, futhi abe nokuqeda okuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ASTM B564 ANS N02200 Flanges Blind

I-INTRR 36® iyinsimbi ye-nickel-i-iron, i-alloy ephansi ephansi equkethe ama-nickel angama-36%, i-invar 36 ine-coeffied ephansi yokunwebeka kusuka kumazinga okushisa angu-500 ° F (260 ° C).
www.htststeelpipe.com
Ishubhu elingenamthungo
Ipayipi elinqunyelwe
I-welded tube
Kovar alloy 4j29
I-Nickel Alloy Pipe neThubhu
Placas y hojas de acero inonidable 316Ti S31635 SUS316TI
Ipayipi lensimbi ne-tube
Ukukhiqiza i-Standard ASME B36.10 ASME B36.64
I-ASTM ASME SB 164 MOMEL 400 Insimbi Bar In04400 Nickel Alloy Bar
Amapuleti ensimbi Dupplex & Amashidi namakhoyili

I-Flange iyisigaxa esinqunyelwe, i-lip noma i-rim, kungaba yangaphandle noma yangaphakathi, esebenza ukukhulisa amandla (njenge-flange yogongolo lwensimbi efana ne-i-beam noma i-t-beam); Ukuthambekela okulula noma ngokuzinza futhi uqondise ukunyakaza komshini noma izingxenye zawo (njenge-flange yangaphakathi yemoto yesitimela noma isondo le-tram, eligcina amasondo asuka ojabha). Igama elithi "i-flange" lisetshenziselwa futhi uhlobo lwethuluzi olusetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-flanges.

I-Stud Bolt iyinduku efakwe ngentambo enamantongomane ama-hexagon ama-2 asindayo, ngenkathi i-hex bolt inekhanda nge-nati eyodwa. Amantongomane nekhanda kubili ngesithupha. Ukuhlwitha kwama-bolts kuchazwa ku-ASME B1.1 I-Inch Screw Thress, (i-UN ne-UnLind Thread form). Intambo evame kakhulu yifomu lokulinganisa elinephrofayela ye-V. I-angle efakiwe ingu-60¡Ã. Leli fomu lisetshenziswa kabanzi entanjeni enobunye (UN, UNC, UNC, UNC, UNC, UNC, UNIL, UNGC, CRICT RICTS.
304 insimbi engagqwali, eyaziwa nangokuthi ngo-18 \ 8, uhlobo lwensimbi engagqwali ye-chromium-nickel nge-progratility eqinile kanye nesicelo esibanzi kakhulu. Njengensimbi esetshenziswa kabanzi, inokumelana kahle nokugqwala, ukumelana nokushisa, amandla kanye nezimo zokushisa eziphansi zemishini. Ukusebenza okuhle okushisa okufana nokunyathela nokugoba. Akukho ukwelashwa okushisa okuqinisa i-phenomenon. Uma kusendaweni engcolile yezimboni, kudinga ukuhlanzwa ngesikhathi ukugwema ukubhula.

Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlolweni kwamafutha okuphuma olwandle kanye negesi \ Prokhiqiteleni kanye nakushintshile ekushiseni ku-petrochemical \ ukucubungula kwamakhemikhali.

I-Alloy 800 Weld Teld Flanges Sinedumela eliqinile embonini ngokukhiqiza ama-flanges asezingeni eliphakeme lezinhlobo ezahlukene ezizohambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu. Sikhiqiza incoloy 800 Flanges ethembekile futhi ephezulu ngekhwalithi. Sisebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ze-premium kanye nemishini ethuthukile yokukhiqiza i-ASTM B564 ANC N08800 Incoloy 800 Flangetes.

I-Flanged Joint yakhiwa okuhlukile okuhlukile futhi okuzimele yize izingxenye ezihlangene; amafuvu, ama-gaskets, kanye ne-bolting; aqoqwe ngelinye ithonya, i-fitter. Izilawuli ezikhethekile ziyadingeka ekukhetheni nasekusetshenzisweni kwazo zonke izinto ezikhona ukuthola okuhlanganisiwe, okunokuqina okuvuzayo okwamukelekayo.

I-Al6XN iyinsimbi e-superAustonitic engenacala ngokumelana okuvelele kokuphamba kwe-chloride, ukugqwala kwe-crevice kanye nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezelo. I-Al6xn ingu-Aloy ayi-6 olwenzelwe futhi asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinolaka kakhulu. Ine-nickel ephezulu (24%), i-molybdenum (6.3%), i-nitrogen kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okunikeza ukumelana kahle nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwe-chloride, i-chloride ukumelana, kanye nokuphikiswa okujwayelekile kokugqwala. I-Al6xn isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo okuthuthukile kanye ne-crevice in clorides. Kuyinsimbi enobunzima futhi engakhathali.

I-ASTM A312 I-IPP316 iyincazelo ejwayelekile ye-seamless engenamthungo, i-suuntenicled auntenitic esetshenzisiwe amapayipi wensimbi angenamikhawulo asetshenziswa ezisetshenzisweni ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokushisa kanye nezinsizakalo ezijwayelekile. Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 le-seamless lensimbi lenziwa ngenhlanganisela ye-chromium, i-nickel, kanye ne-molybdenum, enikeza i-SS 316 i-seamless tube ukumelana kahle nokugqwala.

I-ASTM A182 F5 F9 F9 F9 Ukhokhise Ukhokhise ama-Flange I-Disc Disk Shaft Shaft Sleeve indlela yokuxhuma amaphampu

I-SMO 254 Amapayipi angamelana nengcindezi emishini ephezulu kanye ne-alloy 254 SMO Pipe TRESHERE TRESHERE PRESHERE EMATHELO EZIQHAWULEKILE KANYE NEMIPHUMELA EBONAKALAYO.

Ama-N083367 futhi abizwa futhi njengoba i-alroy al6xn iyikhabhoni ephansi, ubumsulwa obuphezulu, ubumsulwa be-nitrogen-auntenitic "ama-nickel-molybdenum alloy ane-chloride pittipt kanye ne-crevice corrision.

Okuqukethwe kunamakhabhoni, i-manganese, phosphorus, isibabule, i-silicon, ithusi, i-nickel, i-chromium, i-molybdenum ne-varium ekwakhekeni kwayo. Njengoba ezinye izinto zingaphansi kwe-1% yokwakheka, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ama-carbon stekethi.

Ama-Flango ensimbi ahlinzeka ngokufinyelela okulula kokuhlanza, ukuhlola noma ukuguqulwa. Imvamisa ziza ngezimo eziyindilinga kepha nazo zingafika ngezindlela zesikwele nezinxantathu. Ama-flanges ahlanganiswe komunye nomunye ngokubopha futhi ajoyine ohlelweni lwamapayipi ngokushiswa noma ethangothini futhi aklanyelwe izilinganiso ezithile zengcindezelo; I-150LB, 300LB, 400LB, 600LB, 900LB, 1500LB no-2500lb.

Insimbi engenasici arentred erentred is ilungele igesi, uwoyela, umusi kanye nezicelo zamanzi. 304 Insimbi engenacala isiza ukumelana nokuqina okubangelwa amanzi, ukushisa, amanzi anosawoti, ama-acid, amaminerali kanye nenhlabathi ye-peat. 316 Insimbi engenasici inikeza ukumelana okungcono kokugqwala.

Ama-Alloy Steel Flanges enziwa ngama-alloys ensimbi ahlukile. Ama-flanges ayahlukahluka ngezilinganiso nezinhlobo. Bangu ? amayintshi ngamasentimitha angama-48 kosayizi be-flases.

Ukuphikiswa okuvelele okuvelele futhi okuguquguqukayo kwe-inconel 625 alloy ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa kanye nezingcindezi kuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokwamukelwa kwayo okubanzi kwensimu yamakhemikhali.

Ama-flanges angama-400 akhiwa ama-superlloy avimbela ukugqwala futhi aqinile we-nickel-Copper. Okuqukethwe kulula ukuwela futhi kwakha kahle. Lawa ma-flanges atholakala emakilasini okucindezela ahlukene, kusuka ekilasini 150 Monel Ens N04400 FLAngeses to Class 2500, ne-PN6 ku-PN64.

Intengo engcono kakhulu ku-Carbon Stone A350 LF2 Induku Ekhanyayo Ngokulethwa Kwesikhathi Esifushane noma Isampula yamahhala ye-Carbon Ston A350 LF2 DOD DOD.

Sineminyaka eminingi yesipiliyoni ekwakheni i-Asme SA335 Ibanga le-Alloy alloy elingenamthungo futhi linikeze ikhwalithi ephezulu, izindleko eziphansi kepha insiza engcono kakhulu.

Ama-Flanges we-STM A105 njenge-ANSI B16.5, BS10 Itafula D, Ithebula e, Din Standard Flanges Abenzi

I-Monel K500 Bolts namantongomane asetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene ngenxa yokumelana nokushisa kwawo okuphezulu, ukumelana nokuqina okuphezulu nokuqina. Kuyi-alloy ye-nickel-Copper enokwakheka kwe-63% nickel kanye ne-27% yethusi, phakathi kwezinye izinto.

I-Alloy 254 SMO okuqukethwe okuphansi kwekhabhoni okuphezulu okuphezulu kwe-molybdenum ne-nitrogen alloy suuuntenitic insimbi engenacala. Kukhonjiswa ukumelana okuhle nokuphamba, ukuqina kwengcindezelo yokugqwala kokuqhekeka kanye nokugqwala kokugqwala okuvumayo.

I-Nickel Alloy 400 no-Monel 400, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-UNS N04400, i-alloy esuselwa ku-nickel-copper eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-nickel yesibili ne-lickel yesithathu neyodwa. I-Nickel Alloy 400 yaziwa ngokumelana kwayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezimo ezilimazayo, kufaka phakathi i-alkalis (noma ama-acid), amanzi anosawoti, i-hydrofluoric acid, ne-sulfuric acid. Njengoba i-monel 400 noma i-alloy 400 iyinsimbi ebandayo esetshenzisiwe, le alloy inobulukhuni obuphezulu, ukuqina namandla. Ngokusebenza okubandayo kwe-ASTM B164 ANS N04400 Bar stock, i-alloy ifakwa emazingeni aphezulu wengcindezi yemishini, yona ebangela izinguquko kwi-miscruccucture ye-alloy.

Lawa ma-flanges atholakala ngezinhlobo ezahlukene njengama-flanges ashelelayo, ama-flanges ayimpumputhe, ama-flanges we-butt Weld, ama-flanges e-eyegres, ama-flanges ahlanganisiwe, ama-flanges ahlanganayo

Amashubhu angenamthungo angama-600 angenamthungo we-Ex Enc N06600 ne-ASTM B167 yibo abakhiqizwayo ukuze bagxile ekucindezelweni okukhulu ngokweqile futhi beze newaranti enkulu.

Cishe ukungavikeki ku-chlorine ion ingcindezi yokugqwayiza ukuqhekeka. Ibonisa ukumelana okwanele kuma-organic acid afana ne-acetic, enobuntu ne-stearic. Ukumelana okuhle kakhulu emanzini ahlanzekile ahlanzekile asetshenziswa emasekeni asemqoka nasekokondari ezindabeni zenuzi ezicindezelwe.
I-Butt Weld Pipe Fittings
Ishubhu elingenamthungo
Ipayipi elinqunyelwe
I-welded tube
Kovar alloy 4j29
I-Nickel Alloy Pipe neThubhu
Insimbi engagqwali i-al-6xn tube asme sb 676 ex n08367 tubing
Ipayipi lensimbi ne-tube
Ukukhiqiza i-Standard ASME B36.10 ASME B36.64

Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ukushisa okuthile kuqala ukukhuphula ngokumangalisayo njengoba izinga lokushisa le-880? C lifinyelelwa.

I-Coil 625 Coil ibonakala ngokumelana kwayo okuhle kwi-oxidation, ukugqwala okushisa kakhulu nokukhathala. I-ASTM B443 EX N06625 INCONEM PLATTE isetshenziswa kabanzi e-Aerospace, ukucubungula amakhemikhali kanye namafutha kanye negesi ngenxa yamandla ayo aphakeme, izinkambiso nokuqina okuphezulu.

I-ASME B36.19M ingukucaciswa okujwayelekile kwamapayipi ensimbi angenasici, acacisa ubukhulu, ukubekezelelana kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza amapayipi afakwe emthungo.

I-316l 1.4401 S31603 I-STIANCLEENT I-PIPE I-PIRELLELEKILE KAKHULU KAKHULU KAKHULU KANYE NOKUQHAWULA KAKHULU KWAMAHHALA OKUSHINTSHA KULULA KWEZINHLOBO ZOKUXHUMANA NOKUthengisa. Le SS EX C31603 Pipe yenziwa ngekhwalithi ephezulu 316l insimbi engagqwali engenacala ngokumelana kahle nokugqwala, i-oxidation kanye nokubala, okwenza kube kuhle ngezindawo ezinokhahlo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu.