Asme B36.19M I-Stireless Insimbi Ipayipi

Amashubhu we-Hastelloy C2000 asetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezibanzi zezimboni ezifaka ukucubungula kwe-petrochemical, ukukhiqiza imishini yamakhemikhali, ama-oyela wokuhlanza kanye nezitshalo zamandla.

I-B7 ne-B7M izoba ukushisa okuphathwe ngokucishwa ngoketshezi oluphakathi nendawo. Kwabakwa-B7M Fasteners, ukwelashwa kokugcina kokushisa, okungaba ngumsebenzi omnandi uma kwenziwa ngo-1150 ¡f [620 ¡f [620 ¡f [620 ¡f [620 ¡]

I-ASTM ASME SB 166 Alloy 600 Infol, Infol I-600 Round Bar ayinabo
I-Super Dumplex Steel engenacala, ehlanganisa amandla aphezulu kanye nokuphikiswa okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala ezindaweni eziningi, ithole izicelo kwizimboni zamakhemikhali kanye nezinqubo.
An c th83367 teamless tube al6xn welded tube

Kukhombisa ukumelana okuhle ezindaweni ezingathathi hlangothi nezinciphisa. Le alloy yakha i-oxide enobuhlakani, ifilimu evikelayo engahambisani, kepha igcina ukumelana ne-opidation ephakeme emazingeni okushisa anyukayo.

Izinto ezibalulekile ku-304 zingama-chromium ne-nickel, enikeza ukumelana kahle nokugqwala. Inokumelana kahle nokugqwala, i-admore ne-ductile, futhi ine-welduall enhle. Isakhiwo se-Aucuetunitic sivumela umdwebo ojulile ngaphandle kokuvela okuphakathi nendawo. htype seamless pied

Incoloy 800h Flange Sinedumela eliqinile embonini ngokukhiqiza ama-flanges asezingeni eliphakeme lezinhlobo ezahlukene ezizohambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu. Sikhiqiza incoloy 800 Flanges ethembekile futhi ephezulu ngekhwalithi. Sisebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ze-premium kanye nemishini ethuthukile yokukhiqiza i-ASTM B564 ANC N08800 Incoloy 800 Flangetes.

I-316l 1.4401 S31603 I-STIANCLEENT I-PIPE I-PIRELLELEKILE KAKHULU KAKHULU KAKHULU KANYE NOKUQHAWULA KAKHULU KWAMAHHALA OKUSHINTSHA KULULA KWEZINHLOBO ZOKUXHUMANA NOKUthengisa. Le SS EX C31603 Pipe yenziwa ngekhwalithi ephezulu 316l insimbi engagqwali engenacala ngokumelana kahle nokugqwala, i-oxidation kanye nokubala, okwenza kube kuhle ngezindawo ezinokhahlo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu.

Izinto ezibalulekile ku-304 zingama-chromium ne-nickel, enikeza ukumelana kahle nokugqwala. Inokumelana kahle nokugqwala, i-admore ne-ductile, futhi ine-welduall enhle. Isakhiwo se-auntenitic sivumela umdwebo ojulile ngaphandle kokuvela okuphakathi.

I-ASTM A312 I-IPP316 iyincazelo ejwayelekile ye-seamless engenamthungo, i-suuntenicled auntenitic esetshenzisiwe amapayipi wensimbi angenamikhawulo asetshenziswa ezisetshenzisweni ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokushisa kanye nezinsizakalo ezijwayelekile. Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 le-seamless lensimbi lenziwa ngenhlanganisela ye-chromium, i-nickel, kanye ne-molybdenum, enikeza i-SS 316 i-seamless tube ukumelana kahle nokugqwala.

Ama-flanges we-ASTM A182 F5 enziwe nge-Alloy yensimbi ye-Chrome-Molybdenum ngakho-ke anokuphikiswa okuphezulu kwe-fracture. Isisindo sabo esiphansi siyathandwa futhi ngenxa yekhabhoni yabo ephansi ne-alloy ephezulu. Kumelana kakhulu nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwe-sulfide futhi kungamelana nokuhlaselwa kwe-hydrogen.

Amapayipi okucushwa komthungo anamandla aphezulu athwala umthwalo namandla ngaphezu kwamanye amamaki.

I-Alloy 800 Weld Teld Flanges Sinedumela eliqinile embonini ngokukhiqiza ama-flanges asezingeni eliphakeme lezinhlobo ezahlukene ezizohambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu. Sikhiqiza incoloy 800 Flanges ethembekile futhi ephezulu ngekhwalithi. Sisebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ze-premium kanye nemishini ethuthukile yokukhiqiza i-ASTM B564 ANC N08800 Incoloy 800 Flangetes.

I-Alloy 20 (Alloy 20) iyinhlangano ye-autenquitic esekwe ngensimbi eyenzelwe ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-sulfuric acid. Inokumelana okuhle kakhulu kwe-sulfuric acid corrision; Inokumelana okuqinile kwe-phosphoric acid, i-nitric acid kanye ne-chloride ezindaweni, ukugqwala okucindezela kwe-chloride, ukugqwala okukhonkotha kanye nokugqwala kwe-crack. Ngakho-ke, Alloy 20 unegama le-anti-corriosion alloy; Inezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo: njenge: Chemical, ukudla, umuthi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nezimboni zepulasitiki kuzoyisebenzisa. Ukuze ukumelana nokugqwala okukhonkotha kanye nokugqwala kwe-chloride, izinkinga zokugqwayiza kwengcindezelo, njll., Alloy 20 kuvame ukusetshenziswa.

I-Duplex Steel Pipe & Tube
Nickel alloy flanges
I-Alloy X Pipe Bend inikela ngokusebenza okuhlukile kuma-roll rolls noma ezinye izicelo zezimboni ngenxa yokumelana nokuqina okuqinile kwe-ongidizing, ukunciphisa nokungathathi hlangothi.
316 s31600 Amabhodlela e-Stainless Amabhodlela

I-Carbon Steel A105 Slip on Flanges yenzelwe izimo ezingagxeki, njengoba zinokuqukethwe okuphansi kwekhabhoni. Kodwa-ke, ama-flanges ethu e-carbon a105n swrf angama-flanges 'ajwayelekile' ukuze asebenze kangcono umsebenzi.
Ukuphakanyiswa okubushelelezi kobuso obungenasici bobuso besilisa

I-Incoloy Alloy isetshenziswa njengegama lesiqalo kuma-alloys aphezulu okushisa aphezulu okushisa aphezulu akhiqizwa yi-alloys yensimbi ekhethekile ye-metals Corporation. I-Nickel Alloys ihle kakhulu ngokushintshana kokushisa kumakhemikhali acubungula kanye nezimboni zenuzi. Basetshenziswa eThamu Generator Tubeng embonini yamandla enuzi, ezinhlelweni zezindiza ezishisa kakhulu, nasezinhlelweni zokukhishwa kwamafutha lapho kukhishwa khona ishubhu.

Amapayipi ensimbi ye-alloy kanye ne-tubing kuyisinqumo esihle kakhulu sokuphazamiseka kwengcindezelo (SSC). Lokhu kufaka nasezindaweni lapho inkinga ingukuphambana khona kanye nokugqwala kwe-crevice. Lawa amashubhu namashubhu ayatholakala ngaphakathi kwezibonelelo zemishini nokubekezelelana.

INilo Alloy 36, w.nr 1.3912, i-Invar 36® iyi-nickel-iron, i-alloy elawulwa okuphansi equkethe ama-nickel angama-36% futhi anezinga lokunwetshwa kwensimbi ecishe ibe yishumi lensimbi ye-carbon.

I-Nickel Alloy 400 no-Monel 400, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-UNS N04400, i-alloy esuselwa ku-nickel-copper eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-nickel yesibili ne-lickel yesithathu neyodwa. I-Nickel Alloy 400 yaziwa ngokumelana kwayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezimo ezilimazayo, kufaka phakathi i-alkalis (noma ama-acid), amanzi anosawoti, i-hydrofluoric acid, ne-sulfuric acid. Njengoba i-monel 400 noma i-alloy 400 iyinsimbi ebandayo esetshenzisiwe, le alloy inobulukhuni obuphezulu, ukuqina namandla. Ngokusebenza okubandayo kwe-ASTM B164 ANS N04400 Bar stock, i-alloy ifakwa emazingeni aphezulu wengcindezi yemishini, yona ebangela izinguquko kwi-miscruccucture ye-alloy.

I-ASME B36.19M ingukucaciswa okujwayelekile kwamapayipi ensimbi angenasici, acacisa ubukhulu, ukubekezelelana kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza amapayipi afakwe emthungo.

I-Carbon Steel ASTM A105 Flange yenziwa ngensimbi ye-carbon noma yensimbi emnene. Ukwakheka kwezinto ezibonakalayo kungaba nekhabhoni, i-manganese, phosphorus, isibabule nensimbi ekwakhiweni.

Nilo \ alloy k w.nr.: 1.3981
I-Chromium ephakeme, okuqukethwe kwe-molybdenum kanye ne-nitrogen kuphumela ekumelaneni kwe-pipling okulinganiselayo (pren)> 40, ukuhlinzeka ngamakhono wokugqwala okuphezulu kanye nama-creplex ama-stainles cishe kuyo yonke imithombo yezindaba eqinile, kanye nokushisa okubucayi okuphezulu ngenhla kwe-50¡ngÃc ngaphezulu kwe-50¡ngÃc.

I-ASME B16.5A-B ASTM B16.36 ASTM B16.48 yakha ama-347 nickel alloy flange ukuthola okusheshayo kwe-SW Flange Monel 400 Werkstoff NR. I-2.4360 Flange

I-Incons 718 yi-alloy esekelwe e-nickel-chromium evame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlalweni eziphakeme zokushisa ezinjenge-aerospace negesi turbines. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-ASTM B670 Incontel 718 Ishidi le-Plate Rolling. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziphambili zamapuleti we-Incon 718 atholakala emakethe: Amapuleti ashisayo asongwe namakhaza.

I-A789 EXS S31803 ne-UNS S32205 amamaki amabili wensimbi engenacala esetshenziswa kabanzi kwizicelo ezahlukahlukene zezimboni. Lawa mapayipi we-Duplex S31803 ayaziwa ngokumelana kwawo okuhle kakhulu, amandla aphezulu, nokushiswa okuhle. I-A789 ingukucaciswa okuhlanganisa amashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded enziwe ngensimbi engenacala.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zensimbi engu-16 engagqwali. Ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile zingu-L, F, N, kanye no-H Variants. Ngayinye ihlukile kancane futhi ngakunye kusebenza injongo ehlukile. "L" kusho i-316l yensimbi inekhabhoni encane kune-316.

Ama-N083367 futhi abizwa futhi njengoba i-alroy al6xn iyikhabhoni ephansi, ubumsulwa obuphezulu, ubumsulwa be-nitrogen-auntenitic "ama-nickel-molybdenum alloy ane-chloride pittipt kanye ne-crevice corrision.

Ama-flange amaphayipha e-alloy aphansi nawo athambekele ekuhlinzekeni izakhiwo ezingcono zemishini ngokungafani namatshe amaningi ajwayelekile, ajwayelekile noma amakhabhoni.

Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 elingagqwali liye laba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezimboni. Le alloy yensimbi ne-chrome yamukelwa ngokumelana kwayo okuphezulu ekugqwaneni, kanye nokuqina kwayo. 316 I-tubing yensimbi engagqwali ingakhiqizwa kumashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zamakhasimende athile.

I-Hastelloy C2000 iyatholakala ngosayizi nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, lolu hlobo lwe-nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy ludume ngamandla alo aphakeme nokuphikiswa kokugqwala.

Ama-Flanges abunjiwe enziwe ngokufa kwakhe noma ngokunemba (elahlekile ye-wax), kuya ngempahla emishini ye-flange, die Ukulungiswa kwama-Flanges afakwe ngokunemba okwenziwe ngokuthethelela noma ukusakaza kudinga imodeli (ithuluzi).

I-ASTM A240 Type 2205 Plate ipuleti yensimbi engenacala esetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezinjengezimboni zamakhemikhali, i-oyela negesi ehloliwe. ISA 240 GR 2205 Sheet yenziwa ngeBanga 2205 Insimbi Engagqwali, okuyinhlanganisela yensimbi ye-ferrititic ne-auntenitic.

Ifaka insimbi engama-304 engenasici ukuze imelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, le llainger evunyiwe ye-weldi tek flange ingafakwa ohlelweni nge-clurceferance ye-wald entanyeni. Indawo ye-welded ingahlolwa kalula yi-radiography. Ipayipi elifanisiwe ne-Flange Brore inciphisa isiyaluyalu nokuguguleka ngaphakathi kwepayipi. I-Flange ihle kakhulu ukuze isetshenziswe kuzinhlelo zakho ezibucayi futhi ilungele ukusetshenziswa ngomoya, amanzi, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo kanye nomusi.

A403 WPP304-S 2-12SCH40s 90LR AIS304 0CR18NI9 X5CR-NI18

I-Incons 600 Round Bar iyi-alloy esekwe ku-nickel nge-benign carburulization kanye nokuphikiswa okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Imigoqo eyindilinga engama-600 eyindilinga iyasebenza ngokumelene nokomisa ama-CL2 namanye amagesi amaningi ahlukene emazingeni okushisa aphakeme aphezulu. I-Alloy 600 Bar iyi-nickel-chromium alloy ene-oxidation enhle nokumelana nokuqhekeka kwengcindezi yokuwohloka kwe-chloride, ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kokugqwayiza kwamanzi kanye ne-acid oxidation emazingeni okushisa aphakeme.

I-Duplex 2205 Insimbi Engagqwali (i-Ferritic ne-Auuntenitic) isetshenziswa kabanzi kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukumelana nokuqina okuhle. I-Grade S31803 Insimbi Engagqwali yaguqulwa kaninginingi ukuze kwakhiwe ama-EX 32205, okwabonwa ngonyaka we-1996.

Kungamelana ngempumelelo nokugqwayiza kwe-chloride ion ukuqina, futhi kubuye kube nokumelana kahle nokugqwala nokuqina okuhle ku-oxidizing kanye nokunciphisa imidiya.

I-SMO 254 Amapayipi angamelana nengcindezi emishini ephezulu kanye ne-alloy 254 SMO Pipe TRESHERE TRESHERE PRESHERE EMATHELO EZIQHAWULEKILE KANYE NEMIPHUMELA EBONAKALAYO.

Onke ama-contel, ama-flanges ethu angama-600 avumelana nokucaciswa okusebenzayo kanye nokucaciswa kobukhulu futhi angahlinzekwa okuphelele ngezitifiketi ezibonakalayo ukuze zibe ngu-10204 3.1.

Ama-alloys amelana nawo aphikisayo asetshenziswa kabanzi yizimboni zokucubungula amakhemikhali. Isidingo sokusebenza okuthembekile siholela ekwamukelweni nasekukhuleni kwazo ezindaweni zamandla, ezempilo kanye nezemvelo, uwoyela kanye negesi, amakhemikhali kanye negesi yokuhlanza igesi.

Ukuphikiswa kwensimbi engagqwali nokungcola, ukulungiswa okuphansi, kanye ne-luster evamile yenza insimbi engenasici kube yinto efanelekile yezicelo eziningi ezidinga amandla nokuphikiswa kokugqwala kwensimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi engagqwali ingangeniswa eshidini, ipuleti, ibha, ucingo ne-tube. Lokhu kungasetshenziswa ku-cookware, i-Takeware, amathuluzi okuhlinza, izimoto ezinkulu, izimoto zokwakha ezakhiweni ezinkulu, imishini yezimboni (isib. Ukwelashwa kwamaphepha, namathangi amanzi namathangi amakhethini.

I-Duplex ivame ukutholakala ekuwohlokeni nasekucindezelweni kwemishini yemikhumbi etholakala emadolobheni asePort.

Imiphumela ehlanganisiwe yokucutshungulwa kwemishini nokushisayo kwe-Incoloy Alloy 800ht ivumela ukucindezelwa okuphezulu kwe-Design Okungafakwa kulokho okuvunyelwe ku-Alley 800h.

Ukuze udlulise ipayipi, kuyadingeka ukususa i-hose eqondile epayipini. Lapho usebenzisa amapayipi ahlukahlukene, kufanele kusetshenziswe amapayipi ahlukahlukene. Lapho kusetshenziswa ipayipi, i-elbow kumele isetshenziselwe ukushintsha usayizi wepayipi. Lapho u-bifurcating, ipayipi elinezindlela ezintathu i-Flange uxhumano olusetshenzisiwe lapho i-joint isetshenziswa ama-pipeline ahlukahlukene amahle, ukuze ifinyelele ekukhuliseni okuhlangene noma ukugcwaliswa okuhlangene okuhlangene noma ukukhishwa okusebenzayo okubandayo kanye nokuhlangana okubandayo okuhlanganisiwe kusetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwepayipi. , Ekuxhumaneni kwamathuluzi ahlukahlukene, kukhona nezixhumi nama-plugs esigaba sensimbi.

I-Alkel-Cont-based Alloy 400 Monel 2.4360 Indukulela ebandayo ebandayo engu-400 I-Monel 400 iyi-alloy yethusi ne-nickel esekelwe ethandwa namuhla ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu. I-alloy ine-acid enhle kakhulu ne-alkali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inamandla amahle ashubile, i-decticity, ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu okushisayo, futhi kungaqiniswa ngokusebenza kubanda. Ngokwengeziwe, ingasetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamazinga okushisa asukela ku-minus kuya kuma-538 degrees Celsius.

I-Alloy 254 SMO iqukethe amazinga aphezulu we-chromium, i-molybdenum ne-nitrogen futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni eziphakeme ze-chloride ezinjengamanzi abhulekiyo, amanzi olwandle, izitshalo zenqubo ye-chloride nezinye.

1.4529 Ikhodi Yezinombolo ZaseJalimane. Insimbi embi kakhulu ye-Super Dumplex, izakhi eziphambili: 20cr-25ni-6mo-1cu-0,2N ezihambelana ne-United States: N08926, 254smo ...

Amapayipi angama-304 enziwe ngensimbi engama-304 engagqwali, impahla ejwayelekile futhi ethandwayo kuzinhlelo eziningi zezimboni ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala kanye noximation. Lawa mapayipi amapayipi e-S30400 ahlanganiswe asebenzisa imishini ekhethekile nezinqubo, eziqinisekisa ukuthi zinembe kakhulu futhi zithembekile.

I-Coil 625 Coil ibonakala ngokumelana kwayo okuhle kwi-oxidation, ukugqwala okushisa kakhulu nokukhathala. I-ASTM B443 EX N06625 INCONEM PLATTE isetshenziswa kabanzi e-Aerospace, ukucubungula amakhemikhali kanye namafutha kanye negesi ngenxa yamandla ayo aphakeme, izinkambiso nokuqina okuphezulu.

1.4529 (uns N08926) Unokumelana okuphezulu kakhulu ekugcekeni okukhohlisayo kanye nokugqwala kwama-crevice emithonjeni yezemithombo ye-halide nasezindaweni ezinama-acidic aqukethe isibabulfur ne-hydrogen

Indwangu ye-Al6xn yaziwa ngokumelana kwayo okumangalisayo kokugqwala. Kusetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu, ukusheshiswa okuhle, ukwakheka okuhle nokuphikiswa okuhle kokugqwala. Abanini bangasungula ukubuyiselwa okunembile ekutshalweni kwemali ngoba ihlinzeka ngenani eliqinile nelithembekile. Lezi ze-alroys al6xn washer yizinto ezisetshenzisiwe zeprimiyamu ezenzelwe ukucaciswa kwezwe nezwe lonke. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo, ukumelana nokugqwala nokusebenza kahle, singasebenza ngokwezifiso ngezidingo ezithile zamakhasimende ethu.

I-flange iyindandatho yensimbi (eyakhiwe, enqunywe kusuka epuletini, noma i-rolled) yakhelwe ukuxhuma izingxenye zepayipi, noma ukujoyina ipayipi kumhlangano wengcindezi, i-valve, iphampu noma omunye umhlangano ovusiwe ovusiwe. Ama-Flanges ahlanganiswe komunye nomunye ngama-bolts, futhi ohlelweni lwamapayipi ngokushiswa noma ngomcucu (noma okuxekethile lapho kusetshenziswa izimbumbulu). I-Finanless yensimbi filange eyenziwe lula njenge-SS Flange, isho ama-flanges enza ngensimbi engenacala. Amazinga ajwayelekile wezinto ezibonakalayo namamaki yi-ASTM A182 Ibanga F304 \ l ne-F316 \ l, libe ngu-2500 njll.

Ngenkathi kufanelekile futhi usayizi amapayipi agobile angahle abonakale eyinkimbinkimbi ekuqaleni, ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kwezilinganiso ezisetshenzisiwe zenza ukuwahambisa kuhlelo lwakho olukhona noma lubahlanganise nokuqamba okusha okuqondile.

I-nickel based 800 incoloy hexagonal Pipe yaziwa ukuthi imelana nokugqwala okuhle. Ngokukhuluma ngokuqondile, ipayipi le-Incoloy 800 linikeza ukumelana okwanele ngokumelene nobabili ukuthuthuka kanye nokugqwala koxidation.
Imigoqo yensimbi ye-alloy & izinduku
Izinto eziningi
Insimbi ye-alloy
Azerbaijani
Ama-flangel angama-nickel 200
ubucwebe bensimbi engagqwali 316 ipayip pie
I-Incontel 600 Ngakho-ke flanges infolmel 600 Weld Teld Flanges
Ama-nickel alloy fasteners
I-DN100 LRSH 10S ASME B16.9 90 Degree Elbow

Iyakwazi ukubekezelela uhla olubanzi lwamakhemikhali we-oxidizing kanye nama-non-oxidizing, futhi kukhombisa ukumelana okuvelele ekuhlaselweni okukhonkotha nokukhohlisa phambi kwama-chlorides namanye ama-halide.

Enye yezinto ezikhathazayo ezinkulu nge-SS 304 efanelekayo izindleko zayo eziphansi ngokuqhathaniswa namanye ama-arloy asemphethweni we-alloy aphelele

Ukunwetshwa okulungiselelwe i-iron-nickel-cobalt alloys, ama-kovar alloys, ube nokwanda okunezinwele okuqondile okufana nalokho kwengilazi enzima ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokushisa obuthile

I-SCH40 Monel 400 ipayipi iqokwa njenge-Werkstoff Inombolo engu-2.4360 futhi ayinasi-n04400. I-Alloy 400 Ipayipi elibuye laziwa ngokuthi yi-Monel Alloy 400 ipayipi, i-monel 400 ipayipi & nickel alloy 400 Pipe.

I-INTRR 36® iyinsimbi ye-nickel-i-iron, i-alloy ephansi ephansi equkethe ama-nickel angama-36%, i-invar 36 ine-coeffied ephansi yokunwebeka kusuka kumazinga okushisa angu-500 ° F (260 ° C).

Ukuthambisa okuvuselayo kuqala cishe ku-1600¡¡Ãf (871¡Ãc) futhi kuqediwe kahle ngemuva kwemizuzu eyi-10 kuye kwayi-15 yokushisa ngo-1800¡ãf (982¡ãc). Ngaphezulu kwalokhu kushisa, ukukhula okusanhlamvu kungaphikiswa, yize kunokushisa kafushane ngo-1900¡ãff kuzoholela ekuthayizeni ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokukhula okusanhlamvu ngokweqile. Njengoba izinga lokupholisa alinamthelela ekuthambisaneni, okuqukethwe kungaba khona amanzi aqediwe noma umoya kupholile.

I-316 iqukethe izakhiwo eziningi ezifanayo zamakhemikhali nezemishini eziya ku-304 insimbi engagqwali. Esweni elinqunu, lezi zinsimbi ezimbili zibukeka zinjalo. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezingama-316, okubandakanya i-chromium engu-16%, i-10% nickel kanye no-2% molybdenum, ngumehluko omkhulu phakathi kuka-304 no-316 insimbi engagqwali.