Incoloy 800h chitoliro chokhala ndi temple wambiri

Nickel Anoy Dn 25 Block Flange, Mabowo Okhala Oyera 8 Kubwezeretsa Mphete Invels 718 Flange Werkstoff nr. 2.4668 Flange

Pofuna kufafanizira mapaipi, ndikofunikira kuchotsa payipi yolunjika pa mapaipi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma piipelines osiyanasiyana, mapaipi osiyanasiyana ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ma sheet a N10276 ali ndi vuto lalikulu kuwononga magazini, kukakamizidwa kuphukira ndikukana kwambiri ku crevice kuturuka kwa zitsulo.

FOSTELOLEY X Malawi-ma chromium-nickel iron Molybdenum Super Alloy zolimbitsa thupi zomwe zimakhala ndi kusinthana.

Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Pansi pamatumbo, mawonekedwe a Intent 600 a Flange pa Slangel akuwonetsa kukana kwa mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito okhaake okha komanso opanga mitundu limodzi ndi ma alkali omwe ali nawo

Duplex (ST38803 \ / S32205) Ndodo zokhala ndi zitsulo (ASTM A276 \ ASTM A479) Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri \ / zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri (en 1.4462) sagwirizana ndi zotupa ndi crevice.

Asme B36.19M ndiye wofanana ndendende ndi mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwake, kulolerana, ndi zomwe amapanga maenda owala komanso osaka.

https: \ / \ / www.htpipe.com \ / consuelpipe
Nickel Anoy Roor Bar
FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.
316 Chipapu, chitoliro cha S31600, chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri

Morel Bolts, monga Monl 400 ndi K500, amapangidwa kuchokera ku chiwonetsero chazithunzi komanso chiwonetsero chachikulu, kulimba ndi kukana bwino kwa kutentha kwakukulu.

Nickel 200 Amalongosola Nickel 200 Malawi amakhala olimba, osasunthika, ndipo amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

Sch40 Monol 400 chitoliro chimasankhidwa kukhala nambala ya Werkstoff 2.4360 ndi N04400. Chipika 400 chimadziwikanso kuti Monil Anoy chitoliro cha 400, Monl 400 Pipe & Nickel Chitoliro 400.

Ngakhale Astm B165 Banja la N04400 lili ndi mphamvu yotsika mu chiyero, imawonetsa mphamvu bwino kwambiri ngakhale pamitundu ya sub-zero. Matati a monol amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka madigiri 1000 Fahrenheit. Pofuna kusintha makina opanga a Monl 400 yowala bwino, ndizotheka kupanga zinthu zomalizidwa.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Ngati zobisika zanu zakunja ndi zodetsedwa, osati zowopsa zomwe zingatulutse zigawo zonse zamagetsi mkati, koma zitha kukhala zotsika mtengo kuti zisafupikitsidwe. Tikulankhula za kuwonongeka kwa magawo ndi m'malo mwake, kukonza ndalama, kuphatikizapo ntchito yopuma. Ndawonapo zoopsa zina zomwe chipolopolo chimakhazikika. Tazindikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo cha 316 m'malo mwa magawo 304 osapanga dzimbiri zomwe zidzawonetsedwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga ma rigs a mafuta, sizimangowonjezera moyo wa mpanda, ndizotetezeka.

Timakhala ndi mzere wathunthu wa maswe. Izi zimaphatikizapo 304l ndi 316LL zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zili ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri wa 0,030.

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

Zitsulo zozungulira zimakhala ndi zonena za chmiomium zomwe zimakhala zonyowa kuwonongeka, komanso kukonza mphamvu zake zazikulu kwambiri komanso kukula kwa kutentha kwambiri kukana.

Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.
Asme 16.5 Intelsel Altoy 600 Stock pa Flange Flange

Opangidwa Mapeto, Mapeto Omveka "
ASTM A105 ndi lingaliro lakuthupi lokhala ndi chitsulo chopanga kaboni kuphatikiza ma bolts, mtedza, ma studio ndi othamanga, kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito, kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito munthawi ya kutentha.

Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).

ASMM A269TP304, TP304L, TP316, TP316, TP3277, S3836

ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.

Imatha kupirira mankhwala osiyanasiyana osakhazikika komanso osasinthasintha, ndikuwonetsa kukana kwakukulu ndikumenya ndi Crevice pamaso pa chlorides ndi ma halides ena.

Ntchito zambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Mankhwala opanga mankhwala, petrochemical, mankhwala, ndi zina zambiri, ndi mafakitale omwe Astm A182 F9 Weld Thrick amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. SA 182 GRA F9 Zithunzi zodziwika bwino zimadziwika kuti zimapereka mwayi woyenera kuyeretsa, kuyang'ana kapena kusintha mosavuta kusonkhana.

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

Nyuzi ya nickel 825 chitoliro chopanda chisamaliro chimakhala cholepheretsa sulufuric ndi phosphoric acid. Amadziwika kuti WNR 2.4858 chitoliro chosawoneka bwino, chiwonetserochi cha Nickel ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mankhwala, zida zowongolera zowongolera, mafuta ndi mafuta popanga, mafuta a nyukiliya amadzudzula.

Cholumikizira chopondera chimapangidwa ndi zitatu zolekanitsidwa komanso kudziyimira pawokha ngakhale zigawo zikuluzikulu; Makoma, ma gaskets, ndi oboola; omwe amasonkhana ndi zikopa zina, zoyenera. Zowongolera zapadera zimafunikira pakusankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi cholumikizira, zomwe zili ndi zotayira zotayirira.

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.

304 Nphwemba zopondapondazikulu zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zinthu wamba komanso zodziwika bwino muzogwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri zamakampani zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka ndi oxidation. Nyansiweli iyi ya S30400 imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera ndi njira, zomwe zikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi olondola komanso odalirika.

Alloy 310 itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito potola pang'ono, osakhalitsa oxiding, nitring, simenting ndi mafuta ozungulira pomwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri.

Mapewa a Duptux amakhala ndi kukana kwabwino kwambiri pakugwedezeka. Zitsulo izi zathandiza kuti pokana kutupa kwa chitsulo. Zitsulo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana kutentha pamakampani.

ASMM A213 TP304, TP304L, TP316, TP316L, TP327, TP3427, TP3425, TP3425, S3125, S3126, NO8904

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

Lembani 316 \ /66L \ / 316h ndi chitsulo chosapanga chosapanga chopanga chomwe chimafunikira kulimba kwambiri, kulimba ndi kukhazikika kukhazikika.

Miyezo imasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku B16.5, B16.47 Ndipo mu mndandanda wosiyanasiyana A ndi B. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yochokera pa kapangidwe ka Asme Sa182. Khosi lowala limakhala lothandiza chifukwa cha khosi lomwe limazikidwira m'mawere, zimalola kuti zizigwira bwino. Miyezo yosiyanasiyana monga ya din 1.4571 Flange courange kukula, mainchesi ndi makoma makulidwe.

Nthawi zina amatchedwa chimphepo chamkuntho; Gwiritsani ntchito chopanda pake pa mapaipi, mavavu, ndi mapampu, kapena ngati chophimba. Zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndi dongosolo la masana 40 kapena 80 kusapanga dzimbiri, pazogwiritsa ntchito ndi mpweya, madzi, mpweya wachilengedwe, ndi nthunzi.

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.

Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.
Chingwe chimakhala chachiwiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pambuyo potalika. Ma flanges amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolumikizira zolumikizira. Imapereka kusinthasintha kukonza. Flange imalumikiza chitoliro ndi zida ndi mavuvu osiyanasiyana. Kuledzera kumawonjezeredwa mu dongosolo lapaipi ngati kukonza pafupipafupi komwe kumafunikira pa ntchito yobzala.
Incluoy 800 \ / 800h \ / 800ht gross snows ali ndi mitundu yamitundu yapadera ndi mawonekedwe omwe amapanga mapaipi ndi machubu ovuta kwambiri. Monga wopanga ndi wothandizira zinthu zotere, timaonetsetsa kuti zinthu zonse zimapangidwa molingana ndi zosowa ndi zofunika za makasitomala athu. Chifukwa chake, timagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zimayesedwa bwino komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito malinga ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Ndi ukadaulo wamakono komanso zida zaposachedwa kwambiri zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mapaipi ndi machubu kukula ndi kutalika.

ASTM B366 WPICMCCS Frittings Smooloy 800h Butt Yoyenereratu

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Incluoy 800 otchera chodzaza ndi 1.50% Manganese, 1% silicon mpaka 0,75% yamkuwa. Incluloy Anoy 800ht 180 degree dignd ali ndi vuto lalikulu kuwononga kupindika. Nthawi zambiri, izi inforoy kapena chitoliro chosakhala ndi masoka chitoliro zimatenthedwa ndi madigiri a 648 Celsius mpaka 760 digiri Celsius.

304l chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chotchedwanso chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha ultra, ndi zinthu zopanda pake zokhala ndi zosakhazikika popanga zida ndi zigawo zomwe zimafuna zabwino zokwanira (kuponderezedwa).
Zitsulo zachitsulo
Zitsulo zomangira
www.htpipe.es
Chitsulo cha kaboni
Chitsulo chachitsulo
Masamba achitsulo & ma sheet & coils
B16.47 150 300 400 600 mainchesi miyala
Alloy 800 weld weck
Kukula OD: 1 \ / 2 "~ 48" "
lalikulu ndi njira komanso nthawi zambiri, ndiye mawonekedwe
A789 S31803 ndi S320205 BUM

Kuphatikiza pa zowongolera zoyambira, zomangira zathu zimapezeka ku Titanium, aluminiyamu, cobat, a Boron, mkuwa, chitsulo ndi zitsulo zina. Zithunzi za Intersel 718 zimapereka chitetezo chosasinthika chokhudza oxidation ndi zinthu zachilengedwe.

Ngati zobisika zanu zakunja ndi zodetsedwa, osati zowopsa zomwe zingatulutse zigawo zonse zamagetsi mkati, koma zitha kukhala zotsika mtengo kuti zisafupikitsidwe. Tikulankhula za kuwonongeka kwa magawo ndi m'malo mwake, kukonza ndalama, kuphatikizapo ntchito yopuma. Ndawonapo zoopsa zina zomwe chipolopolo chimakhazikika. Tazindikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zosapanga dzimbiri za 316 m'malo mwa magawo 304 osapanga dzimbiri zomwe zingawonjezeke pabungwe kapena ... adawona Lsaw Efw oleredwa kumapeto, kumapeto

Carbon Steel LF3 yozungulira imakhala ndi kukana kwabwino kwambiri kuvunda wamba. Zovala za kaboni LF3 zopindika zimakhala ndi maubwino abwino komanso okwanira. Carbon Steel LF3 yopukutiza ndodo ili ndi kukana kwabwino kwambiri kwa kutukula kwa oxidation.

Ngati zobisika zanu zakunja ndi zodetsedwa, osati zowopsa zomwe zingatulutse zigawo zonse zamagetsi mkati, koma zitha kukhala zotsika mtengo kuti zisafupikitsidwe. Tikulankhula za kuwonongeka kwa magawo ndi m'malo mwake, kukonza ndalama, kuphatikizapo ntchito yopuma. Ndawonapo zoopsa zina zomwe chipolopolo chimakhazikika. Tazindikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zosapanga dzimbiri za 316 m'malo mwa magawo 304 osapanga dzimbiri zomwe zingawonjezeke pabungwe kapena ... adawona Lsaw Efw oleredwa kumapeto, kumapeto

Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.
Chitoliro cha duplex & chubu
Zitsulo zomangira
www.htpipe.es
Chitsulo cha kaboni
Chitsulo chachitsulo
Masamba achitsulo & ma sheet & coils
Itar 36 Nilo Anoy 36 W.NR 1.3912 K93600 ASTM F1684
Alloy 800 weld weck
Kukula OD: 1 \ / 2 "~ 48" "

Sme B16.47 317L Pipa yoyaka idzachepetsedwa ngati kudyetsa kosalekeza ndi kuthamanga kochepa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. 317l chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kuphatikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito magazi ndi njira zotsutsana. Mu kalasi 317 chipika chosapanga dzimbiri chowoneka bwino kwa oxyacetylee. ASME A182 SS 317L STEVE PROAN SATEZA KUGWIRA NTCHITO. A182 F317 \ / F317L Flange iyenera kuumitsidwa ndi kuzizira.

FSTEOLLOY C2000 ikupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtunduwu, mtundu uwu wa chromium-molybdenum aroyoy amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana.

Chingwe chimakhala chokwera, milomo kapena rim, kunja kwa zakunja kapena mkati, zomwe zimathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu (monga mtengo wamtambo kapena t-bat); Kuti mulumikizidwe mosavuta \ / kusamutsa kwa kulumikizana ndi chinthu china (monga chowala kumapeto kwa chitoliro, scal cylinder, etc., kapena pamunda wa mandala); kapena pokhazikitsa ndikuwongolera mayendedwe a makina kapena mbali zake (monga tambala mkati mwagalimoto kapena gudumu la tram, zomwe zimapangitsa mawilo kuti asamayendetse njanji). Mawu akuti "Flange" imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito chopanga ma flanges.

Ngongole ya Hex mutu ndiyabwino mitundu yambiri ya mafakitale othamanga. Mapangidwe ake 6 a hex a nthochi 2205 amalola kuti bololi ikhale yokhazikika kapena kumasulidwa mwachangu, moyenera kwambiri, kuthamanga kwa ntchito yantchito ndi kupendekera mwachangu. Maubwino ena owonjezera omwe amakhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito S32205 Hex (omwe amadziwikanso kuti S31803) amaphatikizapo: kutentha kwambiri, kwamphamvu kwambiri, ndi Sae J429 Kukana Kutsutsana.
Chitoliro cha duplex & chubu
Zitsulo zomangira
www.htpipe.es
Chitsulo cha kaboni
Chitsulo chachitsulo
Masamba achitsulo & ma sheet & coils
Illevesel 718 2.4668 Hot Plate ndi Mafuta Ozizira
Alloy 800 weld weck
Kukula OD: 1 \ / 2 "~ 48" "

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Nickel kutengera 800 inclooy chitoliro chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi kukana bwino kuwonongeka. Makamaka kuyankhula, chisumbulu 800 chitoliro chimapereka kukana mokwanira zotsutsana ndi ma carburization onse komanso oxidation kutukula.

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

Lembani 316 \ /66L \ / 316h ndi chitsulo chosapanga chosapanga chopanga chomwe chimafunikira kulimba kwambiri, kulimba ndi kukhazikika kukhazikika.

Alloy 80a-SIFA-SIME K07080 - Na20-2.4631-2.4952

Chromium yapamwamba, molybdenum ndi nayitrogeni imapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino kwambiri (zomwe zingachitike) zitsulo zokongoletsera ndi zotupa zosapanga dzimbiri, komanso kutentha kotsika kwambiri kuposa 50¡c.

ASME A694 F60 ma flanges amapezekanso mumitundu yosiyanasiyana monga ma flanges akhungu, kutsika kwa ma frocer, top topres, etc.

Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.