Carbon Steel Bars & ndodo

Chitoliro cha duplex & chubu
Nickel Anoy Fronges
Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.
Masamba achitsulo & ma sheet & coils

Timakhala ndi mndandanda waukulu kwambiri wa monol k500 chitoliro chimakongoletsa kukula kwake, mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe ake komanso makulidwe malinga ndi makasitomala athu. Ndi malo opangira malonda a Monl K500 ndi katundu wabwino komanso kukana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Izi, Moniel K500 K500 K500 Ortiot flange, zopangidwa mokoka, K500 Monul Wokondedwa zimapangidwanso monga momwe makasitomala amafunira.

Kutentha kwa ntchito ya 2205 kopanga dzimbiri sikuyenera kukhala pansi pa 600¡f. Kuwonekera kwa nthawi yayitali kuti kutentha kwambiri kumatha kupanga osapanga dzimbiri.

Nickel 200 Amalongosola Nickel 200 Malawi amakhala olimba, osasunthika, ndipo amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

Izi ndizothandiza posankha ma bolts okhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zopanikizika zosiyanasiyana komanso kutentha kwa kutentha kwambiri. ASME A A1933 A1 HEX Bolts ndi mitundu ina imakhala ndi mphamvu yocheperako mpaka 125ksi.
FOSTELOLOY X Nippolet Malanges FOTELOLELOY X SIP

Zitsulo zopangira zimapereka mwayi woyenera kuyeretsa, kuyeserera kapena kusintha. Nthawi zambiri amabwera motsatana koma amathanso kubwera m'magulu osiyanasiyana komanso amakona. Ma flanges amalumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake pobowola komanso wolumikizidwa ndi makina opukusa ndi kuwotcherera kapena kuluma ndipo amapangidwira kusokonekera kwamphamvu; 150lb, 300lb, 400lb, 600LB, 900LB, 1500LB ndi 2500Lb.

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).

Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

Imatha kupirira mankhwala osiyanasiyana osakhazikika komanso osasinthasintha, ndikuwonetsa kukana kwakukulu ndikumenya ndi Crevice pamaso pa chlorides ndi ma halides ena.

Kusintha kumachotsa zosayera kuchokera pazitsulo ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ndi kuuma kwake. Izi zimatheka posintha kukula kwa mbewu kuti awapangitse yunifolomu yambiri pa pepala lachitsulo. Chitsulo chimayamba kutentha kutentha kenako ndikukhazikika pamlengalenga.

Tizilombo tating'ono tating'ono timalandira ma makasitomala osiyanasiyana monga shuga, pepala, nsalu, ma feteleza, ndi feteleza wamphamvu.

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

chubu chopanda chosaka
FSTELOLELOY C276 ma flanges amapangidwa ndi chizindikiriro-chromium-molybdenum althoy wotchedwa FOSTELOLEY. Kupanga kumaphatikizapo 50.9% Nickel, 14,5% Chromium, 15% Molybdenum ndi kaboni, manganese, silicon, cobat, chitsulo ndi phosphorous. FSTEOLLOY C276 Mitondo ili ndi malo okwanira 1370 Celsius.

Nickel kutengera 800 inclooy chitoliro chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi kukana bwino kuwonongeka. Makamaka kuyankhula, chisumbulu 800 chitoliro chimapereka kukana mokwanira zotsutsana ndi ma carburization onse komanso oxidation kutukula.

Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina

Mapaipi 254 amatha kupirira kupsinjika kwa makina opanga masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso aloy 254 osuma amagwira ntchito yopanikizika kwambiri komanso malo okhala.

Chitsito chopanda maziko cha 316 chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo la mafakitale. Chitsulo ichi ndi chrome chimadziwika kuti ndikukana kwake kuvunda, komanso kukhazikika kwake. 316 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kupangidwa muzosaso komanso machubu owuma kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera za kasitomala.

316l chitsulo chimakhala chowoneka bwino kuti chikhale ndi maginito ena.
FSTEOLLOY C2000 ikupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtunduwu, mtundu uwu wa chromium-molybdenum aroyoy amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana.
Kupanga que b36.10 asme B36.19

Duplex 2205 amalimbitsa thupi amakhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri komanso kuuma pomwe amakhalanso ndi mphamvu yayikulu, zonse chifukwa cha chromium. Komabe, zitha kupezeka kuti gawo lachiwiri la zitsulo zoyeserera sizimatsutsidwa; Sanawononge kapena kuwonongeka. A Chomaly uyu ndiosavuta kuchitika. 2205 Mawonda othamanga amadya mapangidwe owoneka bwino opangidwa ndi zitsulo zosakhazikika zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zosakhazikika zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi gawo la chotupa, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zolimbitsa thupi mokweza ma duple.

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.

Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.

Chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri choyenerera 316L chimakhala ndi chisankho chabwino pa ntchito yomwe imafuna kuwotcherera

304 Nphwemba zopondapondazikulu zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zinthu wamba komanso zodziwika bwino muzogwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri zamakampani zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka ndi oxidation. Nyansiweli iyi ya S30400 imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera ndi njira, zomwe zikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi olondola komanso odalirika.

ASTM A789 A789m Imagwera Khoma la Nomal Makulidwe, chubu chosapanga dzimbiri cha ntchito zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka, ndikugogomezeranso kukana kupsinjika kutsutsana. Zida izi zimatengeka ndi kugwiritsira ntchito nthawi yayitali pamatenthedwe okwera.

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Chitoliro chopanda chisa chopangidwa ndi nkhokwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwononga kwambiri khoma kumapangidwa ndi zotamanda. Kuyesedwa kwa vortox kumawonetsa kuti chiwopsezo cha zitoliro za sewn chimakhala chotsika kuposa chopanda chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Kuphatikiza kwa zinthu ziwirizi kwa Alloy 625 kumathetsa kufunika kwa chithandizo chamankhwala cholimbana ndi vuto la anthu 625 625 Intellers 625 imapereka mphamvu yayikulu ndi kutentha kwambiri kukana.

Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.

Din933 S32760 ulusi pang'ono chilengedwe stule stucket stucket mutu bolt m32 stud mutu bolt bolt ndi nati s327660 spring bolt

Zitsulo zachitsulo ndi zitsulo zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokwanira pakati pa 1.0% ndi 50% ndi kulemera kwake kuti musinthe mphamvu zake. Zitsulo za alloy zimasweka m'magulu awiri: zitsulo zotsika komanso zitsulo zazitali. Kusiyana pakati pa awiriwo kumatsutsidwa. Smith ndi Ismahemu amatanthauzira kusiyana kwa 4.0%, pomwe degarmo, et al. Nthawi zambiri, mawu akuti "alloy chitsulo" amatanthauza zitsulo zotsika kwambiri.

ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.
ASSE: K94610 Astm F15
Zipangizo Zambiri
htsspipe.com
Chitsulo chachitsulo
Ndemanga za Makasitomala
Astm B677 SINA SI08925, A SRE8984
300mm diameter stee chitoliro 825 SI08825 BUT
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Zitsulo zachitsulo & ma sheets & coils
Kusintha kwa 316L S31603 03CH17N1M3 Osapanga Chitsulo Chopanda Chitsulo
A789 S31803 ndi S320205 BUM

Zonse mwa zonse, ngati mukufuna kutsutsana kopambana komanso ntchito yanu ili ndi madzi, kenako zitsulo zake ndizofunika. Ngati sichoncho, zitsulo 304 zitha kutsimikizira zosowa zanu bwino.

304 Chitsulo chopanda dzimbiri chimakhala ndi kukana kwabwino kwambiri kwa malo osiyanasiyana amlengalenga ndi makanema ambiri. Ikuchitikirani ndi kupindika ndi crevice kuturuka m'malo ofunda chloride ofunda, komanso kupsinjika kuwononga pamwamba pa 60 ¡¡¡jc. Amawerengedwa kuti akulimbana ndi kutunga kwa madzi mpaka 400 mg \ / l pa 150 mg \ ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡l.
ASSE: K94610 Astm F15
Zipangizo Zambiri
htsspipe.com
Chitsulo chachitsulo
Ndemanga za Makasitomala
Astm B677 SINA SI08925, A SRE8984
300mm diameter stee chitoliro 825 SI08825 BUT
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Zitsulo zachitsulo & ma sheets & coils
Kusintha kwa 316L S31603 03CH17N1M3 Osapanga Chitsulo Chopanda Chitsulo
inchi papa mafuta SS 316 Chitsulo Chophatikizira Chitsulo

FOSTELLOY B2 ndi Nickel-Molybdenum Inoy ndi kukana kwakukulu kuti achepetse malo monga hydrogen chloride shuga ndi sulutic ndi phosphoric acids. FOSTELLOY B2 imagwirizana ndi sulfuric acid ndi ma acid ambiri osasintha. Chivomerezo ichi sichiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamaso pa oxidantants chidendalati mu oxidizing kapena kuchepetsa media. Kulephera kwa m'tsogolo kumatha kuchitika ngati altoy B2 amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamaso pa chitsulo kapena mkuwa m'magulu okhala ndi hydrochloric acid.

Zitsulo Zosasunthika Zakuthupi A312 TP304, TP304L, TP316, TP317, TP317, TP317, TP317, TP317, TP317, TP317, TP317, TP317, TP317, TP327, TP317

Chromium yapamwamba, molybdenum ndi nayitrogeni imapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino kwambiri (zomwe zingachitike) zitsulo zokongoletsera ndi zotupa zosapanga dzimbiri, komanso kutentha kotsika kwambiri kuposa 50¡c.

Alloy 309 \ / 309s (S30900 \ / S30908) Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri. Chromium yake yokwera ndi nickel yomwe imaphatikizidwa imapereka kukana kwa kuwononga kwa Austetitic wamba a Austetitic wamba 304, kukana kwa oxidation komanso kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa chipinda chotentherera cha chipinda chotentherera.
Incrooy 800h Valnge Tili ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yayikulu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.
Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

Chilengedwe chopanda pake chimakhala chofowoka kwambiri, chomwe chimapangitsa khoma lofanana ndi makulidwe a chitoliro. Pali machubu a Alloy Nickel ndi machubu a aloy a aloy. Chitoliro choyera cha Nickel chimakhala choyera komanso cha 99% nickel mu kapangidwe kake. Chitoliro cha Nickel chowala bwino ndichabwino pakuwunika. Nickel ndiwogonjetseka kwambiri komanso wopepuka. Izi ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazogwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Illecteu 825 ndi alloy a Nickel omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pamabizinesi omwe amachiritsa zowonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, asayansi ozungulira 825 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale okhalapo monga kuwonongeka kwa mpweya, kunyamula chitsulo, mafuta a petrochem ndi kupanga mafuta, ndikutaya zinyalala.

Ictives 600 yozungulira ndi intoy-valkel-brad-cenel carburrization ndi kukana bwino kuwonongedwa kwakukulu. Zingwe zozungulira 600 zozungulira zimagwira ntchito kuyanika cl2 ndi mipweya ina yambiri yofananira ndi kutentha kwambiri. Alloy 600 bar ndi a chromial-cromiyal-cromiyal-cromiyal-chloride bwino oxidation ndi kukana ku chloride kuwonongeka kwa chloride kugwa, ukhondo wamadzi acid kumatentha.

Pofuna kufafanizira mapaipi, ndikofunikira kuchotsa payipi yolunjika pa mapaipi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma piipelines osiyanasiyana, mapaipi osiyanasiyana ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene mapaipiwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito, chikopa chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha kukula kwa mapaipi. Mukamacheza, chipika chanjira zitatu chowonekacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira cholumikizira, kuti chikhazikitse chipani cholumikizirana kapena kukula kwa nthawi yayitali komanso cholumikizira cholumikizira cha mapaipi. , Pakulumikizana ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, palinso zolumikizira ndi mapulagini a gawo la chida.

Mapaso opanda pake ndi Astm A312 tp316 tde316 tdedied paipi

Kuwala kumatha kukhala mbale yophimba kapena kutseka kumapeto kwa chitoliro. Izi zimatchedwa Flange ya wakhungu. Chifukwa chake, zojambulazo zimawonedwa ngati zigawo zamkati zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira makina.

ASMM A312 TP316 ndi njira yokhazikika ya msoko, komanso kuzizira kwambiri osakhazikika opaleshoni ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri ndi ntchito wamba. Chitoliro chosawoneka bwino mafakitale chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chromium, nickel, ndi molybdenum, omwe amapereka SS Quams Stuam Turnion ku kutukula ndi dzimbiri.

Kusakhazikika kopanda bangu mopanda kapangidwe kazomwe zimakonda kusinthasintha kwa zovuta zapakati pakugwira ntchito mkati mwazinthu zomwe zimakulimbikitsani zachilengedwe m'malo otukuka.

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Kenako kuyenera kukhala gawo la kachitidwe koyendetsa madzi (mafuta, gasi, nthunzi, macheza, ...) mtunda wautali kapena wautali.

Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.

ASTM B564 601 Yokwezeka Mmaso Flange Islels informes 601 Ma grads azomera amasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe. Gulu la 610 ili ndi 58% Nickel, 21% Chromium, kaboni, manganese, silicon, sulufule, mkuwa ndi chitsulo mu kapangidwe kake. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana monga makonda otayika, khosi lotentha limakongoletsa, syveliel 601 kugwera pansi ma flanges, orifice kumangirira. Zowawa zopangidwa ndi zinthuzi ndi zolimba, zogonjetsedwa ndi ma asidi, kuchepetsa mankhwala ndi oxidation komanso ndizovuta.

Kusakhazikika kopanda bambi ndikosanthula pamene ntchito zovuta zikuluzikirana kwambiri ndi zipsera zopanda pake ./t ...

Astme A193 Mndandanda wa A193 B7 zimafotokoza zofunikira zamphamvu za alloy zida zolimbitsa thupi zolimbitsa thupi za kutentha kwambiri kapena ntchito zina zapadera. Ndi lingaliro lokhazikika lomwe limatanthauzira mankhwala, makina, zothandizira kulimba, kuyika mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kutsimikizira, ndi zofunikira zina kwa zolumikizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita nawo ntchito, maagwa, ndi zomangira. ASTM A193 amatanthauzira si (metric) ndi maiyu a inchi.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
ASTM B564 601 adakweza nkhope

Zogulitsa za Morel 400 pa polojekiti ndi imodzi mwazovuta zathu zolimba ndipo sizimayenda m'makampani athu.

2507 ili ndi kukana kwabwino kwambiri, afotokozereni zogwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka 600¡ f, komanso kuchuluka kwa kuwonjezeka kwa mafuta.

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

Sch40 Monol 400 chitoliro chimasankhidwa kukhala nambala ya Werkstoff 2.4360 ndi N04400. Chipika 400 chimadziwikanso kuti Monil Anoy chitoliro cha 400, Monl 400 Pipe & Nickel Chitoliro 400.

Chifukwa imatsukidwa mosavuta ndipo imatsukidwa, chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimafunidwanso ntchito zokhudzana ndi chakudya, zakumwa, ndi mankhwala opangira mankhwala.

Chitoliro chowoneka bwino chimapangidwa kuti chijambulidwe patsamba kumapeto kwake ndikulumikizani mapaipe (s) ndikulola kusintha njira kapena kuthirira kapena kutha.