Itar 36 Nilo Anoy 36 W.NR 1.3912 K93600 ASTM F1684

A789 S31803 ndi S32205 ndi zitsulo ziwiri zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi awa a duplex s31803 osakhala opanda chidwi amadziwika chifukwa chokana kwambiri kuwonongeka, mphamvu zazikulu, komanso kutopa kwambiri. A789 ndi lingaliro lomwe limakwirira osawoneka bwino komanso machubu opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Tikusilira malita 22. Petromet ndi wogulitsa ndi wogulitsa a MSS SP75 WA 52 WEPE 52 WERU WOSAVUTA KWAMBIRI KWAMBIRI.

Kuchulukitsa kwa titanium ndi pafupifupi 60% yomwe ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel polosys, kupulumutsa thupi kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chodziwika bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito monga Arrospace.

Magalasi okhazikika - omwe adayikapo sayansi-nickel-cobalt matobala, Kovar Smows, ali ndi mzere wowonjezera wowonjezera wofanana ndi galasi lolimba mkati mwa kutentha kwina
Yosalala yakhungu yakhungu yomwe idayambitsidwa nkhope ya asme B16.47 mndandanda wa b

Aloy 800 wedy wedy timakhala ndi mbiri yolimba mu malonda popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala athu. Timakhala ngati infolisoy ma fronges omwe ndi odalirika komanso apamwamba kwambiri. Timagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsogola komanso makina apamwamba popanga assowm B564 SIMIL N08800 Stuliloy ma fronges 800.

Pazogwiritsa ntchito zofunika kuziganizira kwambiri zopsinjika ndi kugwera pamwamba pa 1500¡f (816p), incoloy emosys 800h ndi 800ht amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ili ndi kuukira kwenikweni kapena kopanda kuchitika kuchipinda ndikutentha kwa mpweya wowuma, monga chlorine kapena hydrogen chloride. Pamatenthedwe mpaka 550c m'matumbo awa, alloy akuwonetsedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ziwonetsero wamba.

Sch40 Monol 400 chitoliro chimasankhidwa kukhala nambala ya Werkstoff 2.4360 ndi N04400. Chipika 400 chimadziwikanso kuti Monil Anoy chitoliro cha 400, Monl 400 Pipe & Nickel Chitoliro 400.

Inter 36 ® ndi chitsulo-chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel, IMPARS 36 ili ndi zochulukirapo pakukula kwa kutentha kwa a Crogenic pafupifupi + 260 ° C).

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Prososion Fretelloy kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale a mankhwala. Kufunika koyenera kumabweretsa mwayi wovomerezeka ndi mphamvu zawo, thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi mpweya, mafakitale a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

ASTM A240 Mtundu 2205 Plate ndi duwa losapanga dzimbiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, kufufuza kwamafuta ndi mafuta, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi, ndi ukadaulo wamadzi. Mapepala 2205 amapangidwa kuchokera ku kalasi ya SAGIS 2205, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chimaphatikizika ndi chitsulo champhamvu.

S32750 S32760 Super Duptux dambo wosapanga matope osakhazikika

Nickel Anoy Fritelloy 2.4617 Ma freeloy f2 ortic
Monl 400? Mapepala amapezeka kuti amachokera ku .018 kupita .140 ".butt-weld ndi zopangidwa ndi zopangidwa kapena zopangidwa ndi nthawi zazifupi.
Nickel alloy mbale & ma sheets & coils

Monl 400? Komanso kuthana ndi mavuto ambiri kusokonekera kwatsopanonso.

Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi chitsulo chomwe chimalimbana ndi dzimbiri. Ili ndi 11% chromium ndipo imatha kukhala ndi zinthu monga kaboni, zina zosakhala ndi zitsulo zina kuti mupeze zomwe akufuna. Kutsutsa kopanda dzimbiri kuti chiwonongeke kumabweretsa chifukwa cha chromium, omwe amapanga kanema wongokhala womwe umatha kuteteza nkhaniyo ndikuchira pamaso pa mpweya.

Al6xn ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosakhazikika ku chloride pansi, crevice kutukuka komanso kupsinjika kuwonongeka. Al6xn ndi Alloy a 6 wokhazikika womwe umapangidwa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Ili ndi Nickel (24%), Molybdenum (6.3%), nayitrogeni ndi chromium yomwe imapangitsa kuti zisautso, chloride pansi. Al6xn imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana zolimba komanso zopondera ku chlorisi. Ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

Zokhala ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 304 cha kukana kosankhidwa kwambiri, graider iyi kuvomerezedwa ndi makhosi a screck itha kuphatikizidwa ndi kachitidwe ka musidi wodula khosi. Dera lowonera limatha kuwunikiridwa mosavuta ndi radiography. Chitoliro chofanana ndi kuchepetsa chipwirikiti kumachepetsa mtima mkati mwa mapaipi. Flanger ndibwino kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zanu komanso ndi yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito ndi mpweya, madzi, mafuta, mpweya wachilengedwe, ndi nthunzi.

Chingwe chimakhala chokwera, milomo kapena rim, kunja kwa zakunja kapena mkati, zomwe zimathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu (monga mtengo wamtambo kapena t-bat); Kuti mulumikizidwe mosavuta \ / kusamutsa kwa kulumikizana ndi chinthu china (monga chowala kumapeto kwa chitoliro, scal cylinder, etc., kapena pamunda wa mandala); kapena pokhazikitsa ndikuwongolera mayendedwe a makina kapena mbali zake (monga tambala mkati mwagalimoto kapena gudumu la tram, zomwe zimapangitsa mawilo kuti asamayendetse njanji). Mawu akuti "Flange" imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito chopanga ma flanges.

Ntchito za Copper-Nickel-nickel-nickel-nickel zimaphatikizapo kutsimikiza, ozizira ndi njira zina zosungunulira, magetsi, mafuta ofunda ndi akuda, magetsi a hydraulic komanso kutentha kwa tank.

Osagwiritsa ntchito No804, omwe amadziwika kuti 904l, ndi chitsulo chochepa cha kaboni lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe kugwiritsira ntchito ku AISI 316L ndi Aisi 317L siokwanira.

Mapulogalamu achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri ndi chinthu chosankha chonyamula madzi otchinga kapena udzi, ma slorries ndi mipweya yambiri, kutentha kwambiri kapena matupi obiriwira omwe akukhudzidwa. Chifukwa cha zokongoletsa za chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chitoliro nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga.

Asme B36.19M Chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri
Chitoliro chachitsulo & chubu
FSTEOLLOY C2000 ikupezeka mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amtunduwu, mtundu uwu wa chromium-molybdenum aroyoy amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kukana.
Kupanga Rame B36.10 ASME B36.62

Pali Sa 182 F53 S32750 FRORESS FRORESS FLARDING MOTO NDI Khosi lowoneka bwino limagwedezeka mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ma flanges osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zopondaponda m'mafuta ndi mafuta a gasi \ / kupanga ndi kusinthidwa kwa kutentha mu petrochemical \ / mankhwala.

Chingwe chimakhala chachiwiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana pambuyo potalika. Ma flanges amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolumikizira zolumikizira. Imapereka kusinthasintha kukonza. Flange imalumikiza chitoliro ndi zida ndi mavuvu osiyanasiyana. Kuledzera kumawonjezeredwa mu dongosolo lapaipi ngati kukonza pafupipafupi komwe kumafunikira pa ntchito yobzala.

Nickel alloy pipe & chubu
Mosasamala kanthu za mankhwala kutentha omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zitsulo za kaboni m'matumbo, mpweya wabwino kwambiri m'mabowo umachepetsa kukopana kwa kaboni yachitsulo, ngakhale kukonzanso malo osungunuka a bolt. Ma state achitsulo ambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala ofewa.

Illever 718 ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi phosphoric ndi sulfuric acids komanso morvice ndi kuwononga. Malipiro athu a Isselleve 718 ali ndi zida zabwino m'chipindacho komanso kutentha kwambiri.

Nickel 200 Amalongosola Nickel 200 Malawi amakhala olimba, osasunthika, ndipo amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira.

Nickel Anoy 400 ndi Monl 400, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi N04400 Nictal-Copy-Copy-Copy kukhala makamaka mwa atatu a Nickel ndi chachitatu. Nickel Anoy 400 amadziwika chifukwa chokana kusiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza alkalis (kapena asidi), madzi amchere, ma hydrofluoric acid. Kuyambira monoy 400 kapena Aloy 400 ndi chitsulo chozizira chogwira ntchito, chivomerezichi chimakhala cholimba, kuuma ndi mphamvu. Pogwira ntchito yozizira astm B164 SARD N04400 bar stock, alloy imayang'aniridwa ndi kupsinjika kwamakina, komwe kumapangitsa kusintha kwa micrestructuctuctution ya Alloy.

Alloy 800 ndi a nickeum-chromiam almoy mphamvu ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kukana kwa oxidation ndi kutupa kwambiri. ASTM B407 SINE N08800 infoloy 800 WR. 1.4876 Chitoliro chowala bwino chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zida zofuna kukana kuchuluka, kukana kutentha, mphamvu, komanso kukhazikika pakuchita nawo ntchito mpaka 1500 ° C).

Mfundo yoyimira pansi ndi yotereyi yopanda dziwe imakhala kutsogolo, koma mutha kusunga zambiri kumapeto - makamaka ngati malo anu apezeka kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito panja.

Illevel 718 ndi mpweya wokhazikika wa nickel wolimba wa Nayoy adapangira mphamvu zambiri, mphamvu yakuwoneka bwino ndikugwedezeka pamtambo mpaka kutentha mpaka 13005ºC). Alloy uyu ali ndi chivule chabwino kwambiri.
Carbon Steel Bars & ndodo
Scottish Gaelic
Chitsulo cha kaboni
Chitsulo
Zovala zachitsulo zachitsulo
A182 F304 Anoy Anoy Steel Steel Flange
ASTM B443 SIMNA SI06625 Plate Icteel 625 Coil Wopanga
Alloy 800 weld weck
Zhengzhou Huitong Mapaipel Counc CO., LTD.

316l 1.4401 s31603 Chipika chosapanga dzimbiri ndi njira yolimba komanso yolimba yofananira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosiyanasiyana za mafakitale ndi malonda. Izi s31603 chitoliro chimapangidwa kuchokera pazinthu zapamwamba za 316l osapanga dzimbiri mosapanga dzimbiri mosapanga chipongwe, oxidation ndi chomata, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino m'malo mwazinthu zovuta kapena zovuta.

Nyalo ya NYL, imatchedwanso Nyuni ya NYLEN, polymer-ikani shatt, kapena mtundu wa stenut wokhala ndi khoma la naylon lomwe limachulukitsa ulusi.

Ictives 600 yozungulira ndi intoy-valkel-brad-cenel carburrization ndi kukana bwino kuwonongedwa kwakukulu. Zingwe zozungulira 600 zozungulira zimagwira ntchito kuyanika cl2 ndi mipweya ina yambiri yofananira ndi kutentha kwambiri. Alloy 600 bar ndi a chromial-cromiyal-cromiyal-cromiyal-chloride bwino oxidation ndi kukana ku chloride kuwonongeka kwa chloride kugwa, ukhondo wamadzi acid kumatentha.

Cholumikizira chopondera chimapangidwa ndi zitatu zolekanitsidwa komanso kudziyimira pawokha ngakhale zigawo zikuluzikulu; Makoma, ma gaskets, ndi oboola; omwe amasonkhana ndi zikopa zina, zoyenera. Zowongolera zapadera zimafunikira pakusankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi cholumikizira, zomwe zili ndi zotayira zotayirira.

Illevesel Pipe Natioxidant Kukana
Chinese (zachikhalidwe)
a bar omwe amatanthauzira malo ake ofunsira
Nickel 200 ma flanges
SS 316 ikani pansi
304 Chipato cha Madzi 304
Myanmar (Burmese)
Chichewa

Asme B36.19M ndiye wofanana ndendende ndi mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwake, kulolerana, ndi zomwe amapanga maenda owala komanso osaka.

Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani osiyanasiyana a ntchito. Timaperekanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Monol 400 \ / k500 ma f500 ma flanges amapezeka kukula, kutanthauzira & makulidwe malinga ndi makasitomala.

Mapaipi a kusokonekera kosasaka kumakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi katundu wapamwamba kwambiri komanso mphamvu zambiri.

Nickel 2 Thitch Grows Malawi a Naykel Anoy 200 ali ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri, zomwe zadziwika kwambiri m'makampani osiyanasiyana. Ma Nickel 200 amakhazikika, osasunthika, komanso amaliza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, Astm B564 SP52200 N02200 Zisoka zakhungu zimalimbana ndi kutengera ndale komanso zotsatsa, zimapangitsa kukhala bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zida zogwirizira. Ndife nickel wopanga ma nickel 200 ku China yemwe amapanga zojambulazo za kalasi yopatsidwa mu mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake, malinga ndi momwe kasitomala amafunikira. Gulu lathu la ophunzira limayang'anira njira yopangira nickel 200 kufinya mokomera kuti atsimikizire kuti ali ndi vuto lolondola komanso labwino. Amachititsanso mayesero a Certiquition kuti awonetsetse kuti ali ndi vuto la malonda musanapereke makasitomala.

Chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri chimatha kufotokozedwa ngati khoma lambiri la makulidwe, ndi miyeso monga tafotokozera ndi American National Starts (ANASI). Wokhazikika asme B36.19 amaphimba izi.

Mapaipi osapanga zipatso osapanga zipatso ndi zolengedwa zimaperekedwa muzowoneka kuti zimathandizira nsanje ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kuwonongeka kwabwino. Atlas zitsulo amathanso kupatsa chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chopukutidwa choyenera pamapulogalamu.

Kuwala ndi mphete ya chitsulo (kupangidwa kuchokera ku mbale, kapena yolumikizidwa) kupangidwira zigawo za chitoliro, kapena kuti mulowetse chitoliro cha sitimayo, misonkhano ina kapena pamsonkhano wina wophatikizika. Zowawa zimaphatikizidwa wina ndi mnzake, ndipo kumapazi polowera kapena kupukusa (kapena kumasula pomwe madotolo amagwiritsidwa ntchito). Chitani chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimasankhidwa kukhala SS nyambo, amatanthauza ma mbengo omwe adapanga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Miyezo yodziwika bwino ndi Stadem ndi Asso A182 REPE F304 \ / l ndi 300

Invalsel 718 ndi alloy-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium-chromium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba monga Aweslospace ndi majini agalu. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga a Ism B670 Invelve 718 ndiye kuti mbale yogubuduza. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya mbale za Intery18 zomwe zilipo pamsika: kuwotcha mbale zowombera.

Asme sa 182 Monga momwe chipilala chopewekera chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chinthu chimodzi chopanda mphamvu. Mapulogalamu ena amafunika kutsiriza mapaipi m'malo molumikiza mapaipi ambiri. A182 alloy akhungu amagwiritsa ntchito kutsekedwa kosatha kapena kosalekeza. Ma flanges amatha kutchedwe kapena kuphedwa.

Ndife opanga, opanga, ogulitsa, ndi wogulitsa ku Astm B564 FORTELOY FARDELE AMAKHALA
SS 347H yakhungu
Scottish Gaelic
Chitsulo cha kaboni
Chitsulo
Zovala zachitsulo zachitsulo
A182 F304 Anoy Anoy Steel Steel Flange
Phukusi la CU ni Alme Sb 466 USn C70600 Chitoliro
Alloy 800 weld weck
Zhengzhou Huitong Mapaipel Counc CO., LTD.
Mipiringidzo yachitsulo ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapangidwira
Asem Jis Din Steiel Steiel Yongotulutsa Mphete

Asme Sb564 Aloy 601 Welld Tysport Flanges Flanges FASTel 601 ma flanges amapangidwa ndi ma chromiam chromiam aloy. Ma grads azomera amasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe. Gulu la 610 ili ndi 58% Nickel, 21% Chromium, kaboni, manganese, silicon, sulufule, mkuwa ndi chitsulo mu kapangidwe kake. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana monga makonda otayika, khosi lotentha limakongoletsa, syveliel 601 kugwera pansi ma flanges, orifice kumangirira. Zowawa zopangidwa ndi zinthuzi ndi zolimba, zogonjetsedwa ndi ma asidi, kuchepetsa mankhwala ndi oxidation komanso ndizovuta.

Nilo Anoy 36, w.NR 1.3912, Inciar 36 ® ndi chitsulo chotsika kwambiri chomwe chili ndi 36% Nickel ndipo ali ndi gawo la kufalikira kwa gawo limodzi la chitsulo cha kaboni pafupifupi.

Kuphatikizika kwa mankhwala a Monthpu K500 Nippores kumapereka kukana kwakukulu kwa malo ambiri ophukira, monga kutchera, crevice kukhetsa, komanso kupsinjika ¨C kuturura. Morel K500 Spacer Ma fronges ali ndi kukana kwa Sulfuric acid mpaka 40% ndende, kwa 60 degration pa 170 degrees f.

FOSTELOLOY C2000 amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri kuphatikizapo mafakitale a petrochemical, makonzedwe a mankhwala opanga mafuta, zophika zamafuta ndi zomera.

Ictesel 625 inbow imapangidwa ndi ma chromium-cromium-molybdenum alloy odziwika chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu, kuthana ndi kutentha, komanso kukana kuwonongeka.

Iswees osawoneka bwino kwambiri a sing'anga osawoneka N06600 ndi Astm B167 ndi omwe amapangidwa kuti apirire kwambiri ndikubwera ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu.

Ma coil 625 amadziwika ndi kukana kwake kwabwino kwa oxidation, kutentha kwambiri komanso kutopa. ASTM B443 SANDO N06625 SIVELEILE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anthospace, mankhwala kutengera ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri.

Zokhala ndi chitsulo chosapanga chosapanga chosapanga chokhacho chomwe chinkaponderezedwa kwambiri, graider iyi yovomerezedwa ndi khosi latleck imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi dongosolo kudzera munthawi ya khosi. Dera lowonera limatha kuwunikiridwa mosavuta ndi radiography. Chitoliro chofanana ndi kuchepetsa chipwirikiti kumachepetsa mtima mkati mwa mapaipi. Flanger ndibwino kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zanu komanso ndi yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito ndi mpweya, madzi, mafuta, mpweya wachilengedwe, ndi nthunzi.

Ntchito zina za Alloy C22 zovutirapo kwamphamvu zimaphatikizapo zigawo za mankhwala mu mankhwala ndi Petrochemical orloride njira ndi njira pogwiritsa ntchito halide kapena acid. Alloy C22 ozungulira ozungulira amapewa makutidwe ndi makutidwe ndi madzi. Alloy C22 makina opanga ma gakisi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mankhwala, kutukwana ndi mapangidwe am'mafuta a nyukiliya, zida zamagetsi.

Zizindikiro za Nickel-Copy-Copy 400 monol 2.4360 molunjika rod ndiyabwino kwambiri opsinjika ku chloride ku chloride movutikira mukakumana ndi zowononga m'matumbo. Monl 400 ndi a Haloy ndi Nickel omwe amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito yake yayitali. Alloy ali ndi kukana bwino acid ndi alkali. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zokhala ndi mphamvu, duckity, kukhala waulimi wabwino kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuumitsidwa ndi ntchito yozizira. Kuphatikiza apo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poizona ndi kutentha kuyambira kuchotsera mpaka 538 digiri Celsius.

Izi zimathandizira kuthana ndi sulufuric acid. Ilinso ndi mawu apamwamba kwambiri, kuti apititsenso kukana kwake kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitsinje yolimba ndi mpweya wosungunuka.

304 Nphwemba zopondapondazikulu zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, zinthu wamba komanso zodziwika bwino muzogwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri zamakampani zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuwonongeka ndi oxidation. Nyansiweli iyi ya S30400 imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera ndi njira, zomwe zikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi olondola komanso odalirika.

Zimawonetsa kukana bwino kusalowerera ndale. Izi za alloy zimapanga mwa khumi ndi chimodzi, filimu yoteteza yomwe siyitalikirapo, koma imasunganso kukana kwa makutina kuposa kutentha.

Mapaipi 254 amatha kupirira kupsinjika kwa makina opanga masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso aloy 254 osuma amagwira ntchito yopanikizika kwambiri komanso malo okhala.

Nickel kutengera 800 inclooy chitoliro chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi kukana bwino kuwonongeka. Makamaka kuyankhula, chisumbulu 800 chitoliro chimapereka kukana mokwanira zotsutsana ndi ma carburization onse komanso oxidation kutukula.