Khetha ulimi

I-Hastelloy C2000 iyatholakala ngosayizi nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, lolu hlobo lwe-nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy ludume ngamandla alo aphakeme nokuphikiswa kokugqwala.

Ama-N083367 futhi abizwa futhi njengoba i-alroy al6xn iyikhabhoni ephansi, ubumsulwa obuphezulu, ubumsulwa be-nitrogen-auntenitic "ama-nickel-molybdenum alloy ane-chloride pittipt kanye ne-crevice corrision.

Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 elingagqwali liye laba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezimboni. Le alloy yensimbi ne-chrome yamukelwa ngokumelana kwayo okuphezulu ekugqwaneni, kanye nokuqina kwayo. 316 I-tubing yensimbi engagqwali ingakhiqizwa kumashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zamakhasimende athile.

Ama-flanges we-ASTM A694 F60 ayatholakala nezinhlobo ezihlukile ezisebenzayo njengama-Flanges ayimpumputhe, amavutha ama-Flanges anciphise, njll.

Incoloy 800h Flange Sinedumela eliqinile embonini ngokukhiqiza ama-flanges asezingeni eliphakeme lezinhlobo ezahlukene ezizohambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu. Sikhiqiza incoloy 800 Flanges ethembekile futhi ephezulu ngekhwalithi. Sisebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ze-premium kanye nemishini ethuthukile yokukhiqiza i-ASTM B564 ANC N08800 Incoloy 800 Flangetes.

I-Inconce 600 Pipe Spools ngokumelana okuhle eCarburshing ne-Chloride equkethe izindawo

I-tube engagqwali engama-316 we-welded i-welded ingenye yamashubhu asetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Isetshenziselwa izinhlelo eziningi ezahlukahlukene zezicelo ezimbonini ezinjengezimboni zamanzi olwandle, olwandle, ukushintshanisa ukushisa, ukucubungula kokudla nokunye okuningi. I-SS 316 tube ilungele ukusetshenziswa emanzini olwandle njengoba imelana nokuqhekeka okuhlobene nokungqubuzana kwe-chloride. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinto ze-DIN 1.4401 ze-Tube zingasinda ezindaweni ezicebile ngama-chlorides.

Ibha ye-Infol 718 Round Bar iyinqwaba ye-nickel-chromium alloy equkethe inani elikhulu lensimbi, i-niobium kanye ne-molybdenum, kanye namanani amancane we-aluminium ne-titanium encane.

Ukwelashwa okuqinile kokushisa okuqinile

Amapayipi angama-304 enziwe ngensimbi engama-304 engagqwali, impahla ejwayelekile futhi ethandwayo kuzinhlelo eziningi zezimboni ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala kanye noximation. Lawa mapayipi amapayipi e-S30400 ahlanganiswe asebenzisa imishini ekhethekile nezinqubo, eziqinisekisa ukuthi zinembe kakhulu futhi zithembekile.

Empeleni kuyinsimbi evamile yekhabhoni futhi akumelani nokugqwala. Kuzogqwala ngaphandle kokuthi kuvikelwe. Ingagudluzwa kalula noma ibanda kakhulu njengensimbi ejwayelekile yekhabhoni.

Isakhiwo se-Duplex siholela ekulweni nokuphazamiseka kwengcindezi kokuqhekeka kwengcindezi, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-auntenitic steress steres, kanye ne-decticity ethuthukile, uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi engenasici.

I-316l yaziwa kakhulu phakathi kwabakhiqizi bokumelana nokuqhekeka ngemuva kokuthi inqubo yokufaka i-welding iphelele. Lokhu kwenza i-316L ukukhetha kokuqala kwabakhiqizi abafuna ukwakha izakhiwo zensimbi zezicelo zezimboni.

Ama-gauges akhanyayo angu-2507 okuqukethwe okuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukufeza amandla afanayo design ama-alloys amakhulu we-nickel. I-Duplex Plate 2507 ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga amandla amahle nokuphikiswa kokugqwala. Inama-chromium angama-25%, ama-4% molybdenum no-7% nickel.

Umqondo wensimbi engenacala izinsuku zibuyele emuva ngawo-1920s ngo-Avesta wokuqala owenziwa e-Averesta eSweden ngo-1930. Kodwa-ke, kumane nje eminyakeni engama-30 eyedlule lapho i-Dumplex Steel sengiqalile ± ± ngendlela ebalulekile. Lokhu kungenxa yentuthuko kumasu wokuphaphama ikakhulukazi maqondana nokulawula okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen. h htype

Ukunwetshwa okulungiselelwe i-iron-nickel-cobalt alloys, ama-kovar alloys, ube nokwanda okunezinwele okuqondile okufana nalokho kwengilazi enzima ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokushisa obuthile

Le superloy isetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezinjenge-aerospace, ukucubungula amakhemikhali, ubunjiniyela basolwandle, imishini yokulawula ukungcoliswa, kanye nokuphendula kwenukliya.

I-Alkel-Cont-based Alloy 400 Monel 2.4360 Indukulela ebandayo ebandayo engu-400 I-Monel 400 iyi-alloy yethusi ne-nickel esekelwe ethandwa namuhla ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu. I-alloy ine-acid enhle kakhulu ne-alkali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inamandla amahle ashubile, i-decticity, ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu okushisayo, futhi kungaqiniswa ngokusebenza kubanda. Ngokwengeziwe, ingasetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamazinga okushisa asukela ku-minus kuya kuma-538 degrees Celsius.

I-Alloy Steel A182 F12 FLANSES inokumelana kahle nokugqwala okujwayelekile, okukhonkotha, kanye nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali kumakhemikhali aqukethe ama-chlorides nama-sulfuric, phosphoric, ne-nitric acid. I-Alloy Steel Flanges futhi ine-Flanges eyimpumputhe futhi inokumelana okukhulu nokuphamba kwezixazululo ze-chloride, ukumelana okukhulu kokuqhekeka kwe-crevice kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengcindezelo.

Ubulukhuni kanye namandla ashubile angakhushulwa ngokusebenza okubandayo, kepha aguqulwe ngokuqukethwe okuncishisiwe kwekhabhoni enikeza ukumelana kahle nokugqwala ekwakhiweni kwe-welded lapho ukwelashwa okushisa okulandelayo kungasebenzi lapho ukwelashwa okushisa okulandelayo kungasebenzi.

I-316 yensimbi yensimbi engenasici ilungele ukusetshenziswa emanzini, izicelo zamanzi zasolwandle kanye nolwandle ukunciphisa usayizi womugqa wepayipi. I-ASTM A403 I-WPP316 Tee isetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisa noma ukuxhuma amapayipi amabili ngenye ipayipi. Ibanga lama-316 lensimbi libuye lisetshenziselwe ukufakwa kwezicelo zeBanga Lokudla. I-ASME SA 403 WP 316 Ipayipi cap iyindlela eyingqayizivele yokufaneleka yokuthi ivale ipayipi kunokuxhuma izingxenye ezimbili ndawonye.

I-Nickel 200 Flinges the nickel 200 Flanges ayahlala isikhathi eside, aqinile, futhi abe nokuqeda okuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ASTM B564 ANS N02200 Flanges Blind

I-Al6XN iyinsimbi e-superAustonitic engenacala ngokumelana okuvelele kokuphamba kwe-chloride, ukugqwala kwe-crevice kanye nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezelo. I-Al6xn ingu-Aloy ayi-6 olwenzelwe futhi asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinolaka kakhulu. Ine-nickel ephezulu (24%), i-molybdenum (6.3%), i-nitrogen kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okunikeza ukumelana kahle nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwe-chloride, i-chloride ukumelana, kanye nokuphikiswa okujwayelekile kokugqwala. I-Al6xn isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo okuthuthukile kanye ne-crevice in clorides. Kuyinsimbi enobunzima futhi engakhathali.

Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlolweni kwamafutha okuphuma olwandle kanye negesi \ Prokhiqiteleni kanye nakushintshile ekushiseni ku-petrochemical \ ukucubungula kwamakhemikhali.

I-F11 Alloy Steel Pipe Flange yindlela yesibili yokuxhumana evamile ngemuva kokushiswa. Zisebenzise lapho amalunga adinga ukuhlukaniswa. I-ASTM A182 GR F11 FLAngeses inikezela ukuguquguquka kokulungiswa. Ixhuma amapayipi ngemishini ehlukahlukene nama-valve.

INilo Alloy 36, w.nr 1.3912, i-Invar 36® iyi-nickel-iron, i-alloy elawulwa okuphansi equkethe ama-nickel angama-36% futhi anezinga lokunwetshwa kwensimbi ecishe ibe yishumi lensimbi ye-carbon.

I-SCH40 Monel 400 ipayipi iqokwa njenge-Werkstoff Inombolo engu-2.4360 futhi ayinasi-n04400. I-Alloy 400 Ipayipi elibuye laziwa ngokuthi yi-Monel Alloy 400 ipayipi, i-monel 400 ipayipi & nickel alloy 400 Pipe.

I-Hastelloy Alloys Directory
Thayipha ipayipi elingenamthungo
I-ASME B36.19M ingukucaciswa okujwayelekile kwamapayipi ensimbi angenasici, acacisa ubukhulu, ukubekezelelana kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza amapayipi afakwe emthungo.
Imigoqo yensimbi engagqwali & izinduku

Amalangabi ensimbi engagqwali
I-ANSI B16.5 I-Infortimel Flanges, Incoloy Werkstoff NR. 1.4876 Flangetes Indistry, incoloy Ex N08800 Flango Okungenziwa esikhundleni, Incoloy 800 Flanges Makhiqizi, Incoloy 800 Threaded Flinges, Incoloy 800 Spectacle Blind Flanges Suppor.

I-Alloy 800 iyi-nickel-iron-chromium alloy enamandla aphezulu kanye nokumelana okuhle ne-oxidation kanye nokugqwala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. I-ASTM B407 EX N08800 Incoloy 800 W. NR. 1.4876 Ipayipi eline-welded lisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwemishini edinga ukumelana nokuvutha, ukumelana nokushisa, amandla, nokuqina kwenkonzo kuze kube ngu-1500 ° F (816 ° C).

Ingabe ibanga lensimbi elingagqwali elaziwa ngamandla alo aphakeme, ukumelana nokugqwala nokuqina okuqhubekayo. Ine-Dumplex SuctionScture enezigaba zombili ze-Auupen ne-Ferrite, ezinikeza izakhiwo ezihlukile ezenza zilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukumelana okuhlukile ekucindezelekeni nasemazingeni okushisa aphezulu.

I-Monel K500 ipayipi bend kanye ne-elbow yamathuluzi kawoyela kanye namathuluzi afana ne-drill collars

I-Alloy 800 Weld Teld Flanges Sinedumela eliqinile embonini ngokukhiqiza ama-flanges asezingeni eliphakeme lezinhlobo ezahlukene ezizohambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu. Sikhiqiza incoloy 800 Flanges ethembekile futhi ephezulu ngekhwalithi. Sisebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ze-premium kanye nemishini ethuthukile yokukhiqiza i-ASTM B564 ANC N08800 Incoloy 800 Flangetes.

Iyakwazi ukubekezelela uhla olubanzi lwamakhemikhali we-oxidizing kanye nama-non-oxidizing, futhi kukhombisa ukumelana okuvelele ekuhlaselweni okukhonkotha nokukhohlisa phambi kwama-chlorides namanye ama-halide.

I-DIN975 304-304L Black Natural Nature Insimbi engagqwali yensimbi yokugqwala intambo izinduku izindunduma ze-zinc colomed intambo

I-Hastelloy C276 ingenye yezinto ezimbalwa ezikwazi ukubekezelela imiphumela yokuwohloka ye-chlorine emanzi, i-hypochlorite ne-chlorine dioxide.

I-Monel 400 es una aleacion de niquel-cobre con excensente i-rasenencia A UNA variaredad de medios.

Amantongomane ethu we-Hex aqine kakhulu futhi elungele ukusetshenziswa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Le nsimbi engenacala iphakeme kunensimbi ejwayelekile futhi inikeze ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala.

I-Monel K500 ipayipi bend kanye ne-elbow imvamisa isetshenziswa ku-propeller, amaphampu, amaphampu, ama-valve asetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwe-perchlorethylene, kanye namapulasitiki ahlanzekile.

Kwesinye isikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi i-flange ebingenayo; Sebenzisa ukuvela kwamapayipi, ama-valves, namaphampu, noma njengesembozo sokuhlola. Ilungele ukusetshenziswa ngesheduli 40 noma i-80 yensimbi engenasici, kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinomoya, amanzi, igesi yemvelo kanye nomusi.

Umqondo wensimbi engenacala izinsuku zibuyele emuva ngawo-1920s ngo-Avesta wokuqala owenziwa e-Averesta eSweden ngo-1930. Kodwa-ke, kumane nje eminyakeni engama-30 eyedlule lapho i-Dumplex Steel sengiqalile ± ± ngendlela ebalulekile. Lokhu kungenxa yentuthuko kumasu wokuphaphama ikakhulukazi maqondana nokulawula okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen.

Ama-Flanges weMonel Alloy 400 afakwe amapayipi ngentambo. Imicu yowesilisa epayipini igcina ilungile ngentambo yowesifazane emafweni afundwayo. I-ASME SB564 Alloy 400 Socket Weld Flanges imvamisa ifakwe emapayipi.
Kurdish (Kurmanji)
I-HTSSPIPE.com
I-Indonesia
I-Lithuanian
Insimbi engagqwali
Amabha we-nickel alloy nezinduku
Usayizi "OD: 1 \ 2" "~ 48"
Chinese (ngokwesiko)
Amapuleti ensimbi namashidi namakhoyili
Izinto ezibonakalayo: I-Duplex Steel ASTM A789 S31803, S32205, S32750, S32760
Amapuleti we-nickel alloy namashidi namakhoyili

I-ASTM A182 iyincazelo ejwayelekile yokwakhiwa kwamaphayiphu wensimbi engagqwali kanye nokufakwa kwensimbi engagqwali.

I-ASTM A234 Ukufakwa kwamapayipi okujwayelekile kwensimbi kuye kwasetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni zamapayipi, kufaka phakathi impahla yensimbi yensimbi ne-alloy.

I-Incons 600 Round Bar iyi-alloy esekwe ku-nickel nge-benign carburulization kanye nokuphikiswa okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Imigoqo eyindilinga engama-600 eyindilinga iyasebenza ngokumelene nokomisa ama-CL2 namanye amagesi amaningi ahlukene emazingeni okushisa aphakeme aphezulu. I-Alloy 600 Bar iyi-nickel-chromium alloy ene-oxidation enhle nokumelana nokuqhekeka kwengcindezi yokuwohloka kwe-chloride, ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kokugqwayiza kwamanzi kanye ne-acid oxidation emazingeni okushisa aphakeme.

I-ASTM A312 I-IPP316 iyincazelo ejwayelekile ye-seamless engenamthungo, i-suuntenicled auntenitic esetshenzisiwe amapayipi wensimbi angenamikhawulo asetshenziswa ezisetshenzisweni ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokushisa kanye nezinsizakalo ezijwayelekile. Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 le-seamless lensimbi lenziwa ngenhlanganisela ye-chromium, i-nickel, kanye ne-molybdenum, enikeza i-SS 316 i-seamless tube ukumelana kahle nokugqwala.
Kurdish (Kurmanji)
I-HTSSPIPE.com
I-Indonesia
I-Lithuanian
Insimbi engagqwali
Amabha we-nickel alloy nezinduku
Usayizi "OD: 1 \ 2" "~ 48"
Chinese (ngokwesiko)
Amapuleti ensimbi namashidi namakhoyili
Izinto ezibonakalayo: I-Duplex Steel ASTM A789 S31803, S32205, S32750, S32760
Amapuleti ensimbi Dupplex & Amashidi namakhoyili

I-Nickel Alloy 400 no-Monel 400, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-UNS N04400, i-alloy esuselwa ku-nickel-copper eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-nickel yesibili ne-lickel yesithathu neyodwa. I-Nickel Alloy 400 yaziwa ngokumelana kwayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezimo ezilimazayo, kufaka phakathi i-alkalis (noma ama-acid), amanzi anosawoti, i-hydrofluoric acid, ne-sulfuric acid. Njengoba i-monel 400 noma i-alloy 400 iyinsimbi ebandayo esetshenzisiwe, le alloy inobulukhuni obuphezulu, ukuqina namandla. Ngokusebenza okubandayo kwe-ASTM B164 ANS N04400 Bar stock, i-alloy ifakwa emazingeni aphezulu wengcindezi yemishini, yona ebangela izinguquko kwi-miscruccucture ye-alloy.

I-Inxotel 718 Alloy Imaka kuqala phakathi kwama-superlloys deformed kumandla okuthola isivuno ngaphansi kwama-650 ° C, futhi anokuqina okuhle, amandla okugqwayiza, amandla e-oxidation, amandla e-aerolum, kanye nokuphikiswa kwe-oxidation, amandla e-petroleum, kusetshenziswa kabanzi ebangeni lokushisa elingenhla.

I-flange iyindandatho yensimbi (eyakhiwe, enqunywe kusuka epuletini, noma i-rolled) yakhelwe ukuxhuma izingxenye zepayipi, noma ukujoyina ipayipi kumhlangano wengcindezi, i-valve, iphampu noma omunye umhlangano ovusiwe ovusiwe.

I-nickel based 800 incoloy hexagonal Pipe yaziwa ukuthi imelana nokugqwala okuhle. Ngokukhuluma ngokuqondile, ipayipi le-Incoloy 800 linikeza ukumelana okwanele ngokumelene nobabili ukuthuthuka kanye nokugqwala koxidation.

I-A789 EXS S31803 ne-UNS S32205 amamaki amabili wensimbi engenacala esetshenziswa kabanzi kwizicelo ezahlukahlukene zezimboni. Lawa mapayipi we-Duplex S31803 ayaziwa ngokumelana kwawo okuhle kakhulu, amandla aphezulu, nokushiswa okuhle. I-A789 ingukucaciswa okuhlanganisa amashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded enziwe ngensimbi engenacala.

Insimbi ye-Alloy iyinsimbi ebiyelwe ngezinto ezahlukahlukene ngamanani aphelele phakathi kwe-1.0% no-50% ngesisindo ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zayo zemishini. Ama-alloy ensimbi ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: ama-alloy aphansi kanye nama-alloy aphezulu. Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili ukuphikiswa. USmith noHashemi bachaze umehluko ku-4.0%, ngenkathi uDegarmo, et al., Chaza ku-8.0%. [1] [2] Ngokuvamile, ibinzana elithi "i-alloy insimbi" libhekisela ku-alloy ephansi.

I-Incons 718 yi-alloy esekelwe e-nickel-chromium evame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlalweni eziphakeme zokushisa ezinjenge-aerospace negesi turbines. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-ASTM B670 Incontel 718 Ishidi le-Plate Rolling. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziphambili zamapuleti we-Incon 718 atholakala emakethe: Amapuleti ashisayo asongwe namakhaza.
Kurdish (Kurmanji)
I-HTSSPIPE.com
I-Indonesia
I-Lithuanian
Insimbi engagqwali
Amabha we-nickel alloy nezinduku
Usayizi "OD: 1 \ 2" "~ 48"
Chinese (ngokwesiko)
Amapuleti ensimbi namashidi namakhoyili
Izinto ezibonakalayo: I-Duplex Steel ASTM A789 S31803, S32205, S32750, S32760
Amapuleti ensimbi alloy nama-sheets namakhoyili

Amashubhu we-Hastelloy C2000 asetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezibanzi zezimboni ezifaka ukucubungula kwe-petrochemical, ukukhiqiza imishini yamakhemikhali, ama-oyela wokuhlanza kanye nezitshalo zamandla.
Kurdish (Kurmanji)
I-HTSSPIPE.com
I-Indonesia
I-Lithuanian
Insimbi engagqwali
Amabha we-nickel alloy nezinduku
Usayizi "OD: 1 \ 2" "~ 48"
Chinese (ngokwesiko)
Amapuleti ensimbi namashidi namakhoyili
Izinto ezibonakalayo: I-Duplex Steel ASTM A789 S31803, S32205, S32750, S32760
Ukukhiqiza i-ASME B36.10 ASME B36.20

I-Alloy Flange Enwension Fitting Fitleng Remivutor ye-A182 F11 Plate Flange

Ubuningi be-titanium bungama-60% e-60% yensimbi engenasici kanye ne-nickel alloys, lokhu kulondolozwa kwesisindo kwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho lokhu kubalulekile njenge-aerospace.

Umkhiqizi we-A105 Carbon I-Plate Plate Flange, Intengo engcono kakhulu ye-ASTM A105 WNRF FLnger, Stockholder of Carbon Insimbi ye-RTJ, ASTM A105n Carbon Steel eChina.
Ama-flases ethu we-SS 317 amukelwa kahle ngamakhasimende ekusebenzeni kwawo okuthembekile, ukuqina kanye nokumelana okuhle nokugqwala nokugqoka. I-SS 317 i-auntenitic-equkethe i-auntenitic alloy enamandla akhuphuke kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa nama-general Chromium-Nickel Alloys afana ne-SS 304 ne-SS 316l.
Yenziwe ngensimbi engama-304 engagqwali, lezi zinduku ziyamelana nokugqwala futhi zilungele ukusetshenziswa kwangaphandle. Ngokwengeziwe, insimbi engenasici ephelele intambo eyi-coarse intambo rod 304 isetshenziswa kakhulu e-aerospace, ukudla kanye nesiphuzo, imishini, amapayipi, ukusetshenziswa kokwakha, izicelo zamakhemikhali. I-304 Insimbi Engagqwali iyi-alloy yensimbi ejwayelekile kakhulu emhlabeni, enikeza amandla aphezulu kanye nokuphikiswa okuhle kokugqwala ngaphandle kwezindawo zasolwandle nezilonakalisayo.

I-S32750 S32760 Super Dumplex Amapayipi Ensimbi Engagqwali ngokumelana kahle kwe-Pitling Pipling yasendaweni

Amashubhu angenamthungo angama-600 angenamthungo we-Ex Enc N06600 ne-ASTM B167 yibo abakhiqizwayo ukuze bagxile ekucindezelweni okukhulu ngokweqile futhi beze newaranti enkulu.

I-SMO 254 Amapayipi angamelana nengcindezi emishini ephezulu kanye ne-alloy 254 SMO Pipe TRESHERE TRESHERE PRESHERE EMATHELO EZIQHAWULEKILE KANYE NEMIPHUMELA EBONAKALAYO.

Lokhu kuhlinzeka ngokumelana okuthuthukiswe kakhulu ku-sulfuric acid. Futhi inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chromium, ukukhulisa ukumelana kwayo kumakhemikhali oxidizing kanye nemifudlana yenqubo engcoliswe ngama-forric ion kanye ne-oksijini encibilikisiwe.