IHaiti Creole

Isihluthulelo sokwakheka kwe-P5 kwama-Allomium-Molybdenum Alloys ukufakwa kwe-chromium ne-molybdenum. I-Chromium noma i-Chromium ikhulisa amandla okushisa aphezulu, inyusa ukumelana ooxidation futhi yandisa isivuno, isivuno kanye nobulukhuni emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni. I-Molybdenum ithuthukisa amandla, umkhawulo we-elastic, ukumelana kokugqoka, ikhwalithi yomthelela nokuqina. Kukhulisa ukumelana nokuthambisa, kuvimbela ukukhula okusanhlamvu, futhi kwenza i-chrome yensimbi ibekwe ngaphansi kokufona. I-Molybdenum futhi iyisengezo esisebenzayo kakhulu sokwandisa amandla okushisa aphezulu okushisa okushisa noma ukumelana nokuphikiswa. Iphinde ithuthukise ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi futhi ivimbela ukugqwala okukhonkotha.

Ama-flases ethu we-SS 317 amukelwa kahle ngamakhasimende ekusebenzeni kwawo okuthembekile, ukuqina kanye nokumelana okuhle nokugqwala nokugqoka. I-SS 317 i-auntenitic-equkethe i-auntenitic alloy enamandla akhuphuke kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa nama-general Chromium-Nickel Alloys afana ne-SS 304 ne-SS 316l.

Ama-N083367 futhi abizwa futhi njengoba i-alroy al6xn iyikhabhoni ephansi, ubumsulwa obuphezulu, ubumsulwa be-nitrogen-auntenitic "ama-nickel-molybdenum alloy ane-chloride pittipt kanye ne-crevice corrision.

I-INTRR 36® iyinsimbi ye-nickel-i-iron, i-alloy ephansi ephansi equkethe ama-nickel angama-36%, i-invar 36 ine-coeffied ephansi yokunwebeka kusuka kumazinga okushisa angu-500 ° F (260 ° C).

I-El Grado B7 es un acero de baja aleacion de Cromo Molibdeno Tromo Molibdeno Confarito An Un Remimo de 125 KSI (860 MPA), In limitelastic de 105 KSI (720 MPA) y UNGA Dureza Maxima de 35hrc. I-Boltport Product Pernos Con Cabeza y SIN Cabeza B7 A Barras de Acero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero Alero AlesADAS.

Lokhu okuqukethwe kufanele kuhlelwe ukuhlolwa kwe-Charpy V Impact ku-Lifrete of -46¡e_, ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi kungasebenza kwisevisi yokushisa ephansi, ngokwesibonelo esimweni sezulu esibandayo, ubusika noma amaphrojekthi ajulile asolwandle.

I-316l 1.4401 S31603 I-STIANCLEENT I-PIPE I-PIRELLELEKILE KAKHULU KAKHULU KAKHULU KANYE NOKUQHAWULA KAKHULU KWAMAHHALA OKUSHINTSHA KULULA KWEZINHLOBO ZOKUXHUMANA NOKUthengisa. Le SS EX C31603 Pipe yenziwa ngekhwalithi ephezulu 316l insimbi engagqwali engenacala ngokumelana kahle nokugqwala, i-oxidation kanye nokubala, okwenza kube kuhle ngezindawo ezinokhahlo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu.

Imigoqo yensimbi yeDuplex & Rods
I-Alloy 800 inokumelana ngokulinganiselayo kokuphikiswa kwemidiya eminingi enamanzi futhi iyamelana nokuqhekeka kokuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo kwe-nickel. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, inokumelana ne-oxidation, ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokuvuselela kanye nokuqhekeka kanye namandla okuqina.

I-ASTM 182 isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokucindezela, ezifakiwe ama-flanges, ukufakwa kwezingxenye nezingxenye ezifanayo nobukhulu obucacisiwe noma amazinga abucayi, njengokucaciswa kwe-ASME.

I-Monel K500 iyi-alloy enobunzima be-nickel-Copper ehlanganisa ukumelana nokugqwala kwama-alloy 400 ngokukhathala okuphezulu kokugqwala kwamandla nokuphikiswa komoya.

I-Nickel Alloy 400 no-Monel 400, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-UNS N04400, i-alloy esuselwa ku-nickel-copper eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-nickel yesibili ne-lickel yesithathu neyodwa. I-Nickel Alloy 400 yaziwa ngokumelana kwayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezimo ezilimazayo, kufaka phakathi i-alkalis (noma ama-acid), amanzi anosawoti, i-hydrofluoric acid, ne-sulfuric acid. Njengoba i-monel 400 noma i-alloy 400 iyinsimbi ebandayo esetshenzisiwe, le alloy inobulukhuni obuphezulu, ukuqina namandla. Ngokusebenza okubandayo kwe-ASTM B164 ANS N04400 Bar stock, i-alloy ifakwa emazingeni aphezulu wengcindezi yemishini, yona ebangela izinguquko kwi-miscruccucture ye-alloy.

Ifaka insimbi engama-304 engenasici ukuze imelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, le llainger evunyiwe ye-weldi tek flange ingafakwa ohlelweni nge-clurceferance ye-wald entanyeni. Indawo ye-welded ingahlolwa kalula yi-radiography. Ipayipi elifanisiwe ne-Flange Brore inciphisa isiyaluyalu nokuguguleka ngaphakathi kwepayipi. I-Flange ihle kakhulu ukuze isetshenziswe kuzinhlelo zakho ezibucayi futhi ilungele ukusetshenziswa ngomoya, amanzi, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo kanye nomusi.

I-Incons 718 yi-alloy esekelwe e-nickel-chromium evame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlalweni eziphakeme zokushisa ezinjenge-aerospace negesi turbines. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-ASTM B670 Incontel 718 Ishidi le-Plate Rolling. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziphambili zamapuleti we-Incon 718 atholakala emakethe: Amapuleti ashisayo asongwe namakhaza.

I-Alkel-Cont-based Alloy 400 Monel 2.4360 Indukulela ebandayo ebandayo engu-400 I-Monel 400 iyi-alloy yethusi ne-nickel esekelwe ethandwa namuhla ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu. I-alloy ine-acid enhle kakhulu ne-alkali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inamandla amahle ashubile, i-decticity, ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu okushisayo, futhi kungaqiniswa ngokusebenza kubanda. Ngokwengeziwe, ingasetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamazinga okushisa asukela ku-minus kuya kuma-538 degrees Celsius.

Ama-alloys amelana nawo aphikisayo asetshenziswa kabanzi yizimboni zokucubungula amakhemikhali. Isidingo sokusebenza okuthembekile siholela ekwamukelweni nasekukhuleni kwazo ezindaweni zamandla, ezempilo kanye nezemvelo, uwoyela kanye negesi, amakhemikhali kanye negesi yokuhlanza igesi.

I-ASTM A 312 Isembozo esijwayelekile se-Steamless esingenamthungo kanye nokwenziwa kwensimbi yensimbi eqondile ye-welded yensizakalo ephezulu yokushisa ne-General Corlomive Service, kungokwamndeni wensimbi engenasici.
I-ASTM A403 ASME B16.9 WPPP17L Fittings inciphisa tees

Isixazululo se-Anneling (okubuye kwabizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kwesixazululo) kuyinqubo ejwayelekile yokuvuselela ukushisa kwemindeni eminingi yezensimbi. Ama-steres angenasici, ama-alloys e-aluminium, ama-superlosi asuselwa ku-nickel, ama-alloys e-titanium, kanye namanye ama-alloys asuselwa yi-copper konke kungadinga isixazululo sokuhlelisa.

Ishubhu ngalinye le-A335 lizohlolwa ngokuqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ishubhu ngalinye lizohlolwa kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuhlola ezingezona ezonakalisayo ngokuya ngemikhuba ebekiwe.

S32750 S32760 Super Dumplex Amapayipi Ensimbi Engagqwali anikela ngenhlanganisela yezakhiwo ezinikezwe yisakhiwo se-auntenitic ne-Ferritic

I-Coil 625 Coil ibonakala ngokumelana kwayo okuhle kwi-oxidation, ukugqwala okushisa kakhulu nokukhathala. I-ASTM B443 EX N06625 INCONEM PLATTE isetshenziswa kabanzi e-Aerospace, ukucubungula amakhemikhali kanye namafutha kanye negesi ngenxa yamandla ayo aphakeme, izinkambiso nokuqina okuphezulu.

I-Inxotel Alloy 600 (ANC N06600 W.nr..4816) iyinto ejwayelekile yobunjiniyela yezicelo ezidinga ukumelana nokushisa.

Lokhu kuhlinzeka ngokumelana okuthuthukiswe kakhulu ku-sulfuric acid. Futhi inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chromium, ukukhulisa ukumelana kwayo kumakhemikhali oxidizing kanye nemifudlana yenqubo engcoliswe ngama-forric ion kanye ne-oksijini encibilikisiwe.

I-Chromium ephakeme, okuqukethwe kwe-molybdenum kanye ne-nitrogen kuphumela ekumelaneni kwe-pipling okulinganiselayo (pren)> 40, ukuhlinzeka ngamakhono wokugqwala okuphezulu kanye nama-creplex ama-stainles cishe kuyo yonke imithombo yezindaba eqinile, kanye nokushisa okubucayi okuphezulu ngenhla kwe-50¡ngÃc ngaphezulu kwe-50¡ngÃc.

I-ASTM A320 Ibanga L7 Ukucaciswa okuhlanganisa izinto ezingagqwali zensimbi ezingagqwali zensizakalo yokushisa ephansi. Lesi simbozo esijwayelekile sisongelwe, sakhiwa, noma ama-shigwala imigoqo eqinile, ama-bolts, ama-screws, ama-stud, kanye nama-bolts asetshenziselwa ukusetshenziselwa ukucindezela, ama-valves, amavutha, kanye nokufakelwa.

I-Nickel Alloy Pipe neThubhu
Ukwakhiwa kwamapayipi
Amashubhu we-Hastelloy C2000 asetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezibanzi zezimboni ezifaka ukucubungula kwe-petrochemical, ukukhiqiza imishini yamakhemikhali, ama-oyela wokuhlanza kanye nezitshalo zamandla.
I-ASTM A335 P5, P9, P11, P12, P22, P91, P107

I-ASTM A240 Type 2205 Plate ipuleti yensimbi engenacala esetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezinjengezimboni zamakhemikhali, i-oyela negesi ehloliwe. ISA 240 GR 2205 Sheet yenziwa ngeBanga 2205 Insimbi Engagqwali, okuyinhlanganisela yensimbi ye-ferrititic ne-auntenitic.

Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 elingagqwali liye laba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezimboni. Le alloy yensimbi ne-chrome yamukelwa ngokumelana kwayo okuphezulu ekugqwaneni, kanye nokuqina kwayo. 316 I-tubing yensimbi engagqwali ingakhiqizwa kumashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zamakhasimende athile.

Ubuningi be-titanium bungama-60% e-60% yensimbi engenasici kanye ne-nickel alloys, lokhu kulondolozwa kwesisindo kwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho lokhu kubalulekile njenge-aerospace.

I-Alloy 800 Weld Teld Flanges Sinedumela eliqinile embonini ngokukhiqiza ama-flanges asezingeni eliphakeme lezinhlobo ezahlukene ezizohambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu. Sikhiqiza incoloy 800 Flanges ethembekile futhi ephezulu ngekhwalithi. Sisebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ze-premium kanye nemishini ethuthukile yokukhiqiza i-ASTM B564 ANC N08800 Incoloy 800 Flangetes.

Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-316L, i-317l yensimbi inokumelana kahle kwamanzi olwandle kanye nokumelana kwe-SCC, futhi isetshenziswa emikhunjini yamakhemikhali, imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali kanye neminye imishini yamakhemikhali edinga ukumelana nokuqina kwamakhemikhali.

I-nickel based 800 incoloy hexagonal Pipe yaziwa ukuthi imelana nokugqwala okuhle. Ngokukhuluma ngokuqondile, ipayipi le-Incoloy 800 linikeza ukumelana okwanele ngokumelene nobabili ukuthuthuka kanye nokugqwala koxidation.

I-Alloy A320 L7 L7M Washers evame ukusetshenziswa ama-valve ama-flanges fittings kanye nemikhumbi yengcindezi

I-SA 182-F51 S31803 iza ngaphansi kwe-ASME B16.47, B16.48 nama-B16.5 amazinga anosayizi asukela ku-1 \ 8 NB kuya ku-48NB.

Ama-flases angama-254 ama-flanges atholakala ngisho nesixazululo esisebenza ngempumelelo ka-Nickel kanye neTitanium Okokuqukethwe kweTitanium.

Amandla okukhathala amantongomane ama-S31800 nawo muhle kakhulu ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo ezimbi kakhulu. Duplex stainless steel UNS S31803 nuts also have good fatigue strength and excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking, cracking, pitting, erosion, etc.

Umkhiqizo we-ASTM A182 F12 unamandla amahle okuvutha namandla ashubile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunobulukhuni obuphezulu kanye nokugcwala okungama-20%.

Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlolweni kwamafutha okuphuma olwandle kanye negesi \ Prokhiqiteleni kanye nakushintshile ekushiseni ku-petrochemical \ ukucubungula kwamakhemikhali.

Amashubhu angenamthungo angama-600 angenamthungo we-Ex Enc N06600 ne-ASTM B167 yibo abakhiqizwayo ukuze bagxile ekucindezelweni okukhulu ngokweqile futhi beze newaranti enkulu.

I-ASTM A182 F53 EXS S32750 Flange iza ngaphansi kwe-ASTM A182 Ukucaciswa kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kanye nezinsizakalo eziphakeme zokucindezela.

I-SMO 254 Amapayipi angamelana nengcindezi emishini ephezulu kanye ne-alloy 254 SMO Pipe TRESHERE TRESHERE PRESHERE EMATHELO EZIQHAWULEKILE KANYE NEMIPHUMELA EBONAKALAYO.

I-ASTM A312 I-IPP316 iyincazelo ejwayelekile ye-seamless engenamthungo, i-suuntenicled auntenitic esetshenzisiwe amapayipi wensimbi angenamikhawulo asetshenziswa ezisetshenzisweni ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokushisa kanye nezinsizakalo ezijwayelekile. Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 le-seamless lensimbi lenziwa ngenhlanganisela ye-chromium, i-nickel, kanye ne-molybdenum, enikeza i-SS 316 i-seamless tube ukumelana kahle nokugqwala.

Ama-fasteners angama-904l eza ngezinhlobo ezahlukene njengama-bolts, ama-stud, amantongomane, ama-washer, ama-socker amakhanda amakhethini, izikulufo, ama-clamp kanye nokunye.

ASTM A213 I-IP304, I-IPP304L, I-IPP316L, I-IPP3TI, I-PP310, NO8926, No8926, No8926, No8926, No8926, No8926, No8926, No8926, No8926, No8926, No8926, No8926, No8926, No8946 Astma269PT304, I-IPP304L, I-IPP316L, I-IPP317L, PP345L, S345L, No8967, No8926

I-ASME B36.19M ingukucaciswa okujwayelekile kwamapayipi ensimbi angenasici, acacisa ubukhulu, ukubekezelelana kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza amapayipi afakwe emthungo.

Ama-Bolts e-Monel, njenge-monel 400 ne-K500, zenziwa nge-alloy ye-nickel-Copper futhi abonisa amandla aphezulu, ubulukhuni kanye nokuphikiswa okuhle kokugqwala ebangeni lokushisa elibanzi.

Iyakwazi ukubekezelela uhla olubanzi lwamakhemikhali we-oxidizing kanye nama-non-oxidizing, futhi kukhombisa ukumelana okuvelele ekuhlaselweni okukhonkotha nokukhohlisa phambi kwama-chlorides namanye ama-halide.

Izicucu zensimbi engagqwali ezingama-304 ziyindlela eyodwa enjalo yepayipi, enikeza amandla aphezulu ashubile, ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokuqeda okungenasici. Ukuphikiswa okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala nokunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-carbon kanye namandla aphezulu kwenza i-DIN 1.4301 AIS 304 AIS 304 AIS 304 ama-radius radius ama-elbows afanele izinhlelo ezidinga ukufudumeza. Kuyindlela eguquguqukayo esetshenziswa ekuwohlokeni kukagesi okuwohloka kakhulu.
Duplex Flanges
Insimbi engagqwali
I-duplex steel
Ikhaya »
I-Invar 36 Ex K93600
I-HTTPS: \ \ www.htpipe.com \ steel
1.4571 S31635 31666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666I-Nut Nut Din 934
Amalangabi ensimbi engagqwali
Ukumelana nokungamelana ne-600 amapayipi ama-antioxidant
I-S32750 Super Duplex Coil Exchanger Exchanger 1.4410 1.4501 Coil
Ukukhiqiza i-ASME B36.10 ASME B36.19

I-SAE 304 Insimbi Engagqwali iyinsimbi evame kakhulu engenacala. Insimbi iqukethe zombili i-chromium (phakathi kuka-18% no-20%) kanye ne-nickel (phakathi kuka-8% kanye ne-10,5%) [1] izinsimbi njengezicini ezingezona zensimbi. Kuyinsimbi engelutho engagqwali. Akukancane ngogesi nakwesobunxele kunensimbi yekhabhoni. Kuyinto kazibuthe, kepha kazibuthe kakhulu kunensimbi. Inokumelana nokuqina okuphezulu kakhulu kunensimbi ejwayelekile futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokukhululeka lapho kwakhiwa khona ngezimo ezahlukahlukene. [1]

I-317L (00cr19ni13mo3, ama-S31726) Alloy asuselwa ku-auntenitic asungula Kumelana kakhulu nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali kune-chromium-nickel auntenitic insimbi engagqwali efana ne-304 alloy. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi evamile engenacala, i-317l alloy inokuphumula okuphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala kwengcindezelo, amandla acindezelayo kanye nokuphikiswa okuphezulu. Ibanga eliphansi lekhabhoni noma ibanga, elimelana nokuzwela ngesikhathi se-welding kanye nokwelashwa okushisa.

I-alloy ingafakwa ngokushesha ngejubane eligculisayo ngamathuluzi omshini ajwayele ukusetshenziswa embonini. Ngokuvamile, izinto zokuthola usizo ezibandayo noma ezibandayo noma ezibandayo zinconyelwe imishini engcono kakhulu futhi ziqede kahle.

Ama-Super Dumplex Amashubhu wokushisa ashubile nezindawo ezisebenzayo - lapho ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza kudinga ukuthembeka komkhiqizo okuphelele. Imikhiqizo ye-2507 Super Duplex ngakho-ke yiba nokuphikiswa kwakhe kokuqhekeka kwayo namandla ashubile.

Mina-ke ngomunye wabathengisi abavelele kanye nomthumeli we-hastelloy b3 socket weld weld flanges, okuqinisekiswe ngokuqinisekiswa kanambambili ukuhlangana nobabili i-SS 316 ne-SS 316l.

Amapayipi angama-304 enziwe ngensimbi engama-304 engagqwali, impahla ejwayelekile futhi ethandwayo kuzinhlelo eziningi zezimboni ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala kanye noximation. Lawa mapayipi amapayipi e-S30400 ahlanganiswe asebenzisa imishini ekhethekile nezinqubo, eziqinisekisa ukuthi zinembe kakhulu futhi zithembekile.

INilo Alloy 36, w.nr 1.3912, i-Invar 36® iyi-nickel-iron, i-alloy elawulwa okuphansi equkethe ama-nickel angama-36% futhi anezinga lokunwetshwa kwensimbi ecishe ibe yishumi lensimbi ye-carbon.

I-Al6XN iyinsimbi e-superAustonitic engenacala ngokumelana okuvelele kokuphamba kwe-chloride, ukugqwala kwe-crevice kanye nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezelo. I-Al6xn ingu-Aloy ayi-6 olwenzelwe futhi asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinolaka kakhulu. Ine-nickel ephezulu (24%), i-molybdenum (6.3%), i-nitrogen kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okunikeza ukumelana kahle nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwe-chloride, i-chloride ukumelana, kanye nokuphikiswa okujwayelekile kokugqwala. I-Al6xn isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo okuthuthukile kanye ne-crevice in clorides. Kuyinsimbi enobunzima futhi engakhathali.

I-Incons 600 Round Bar iyi-alloy esekwe ku-nickel nge-benign carburulization kanye nokuphikiswa okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Imigoqo eyindilinga engama-600 eyindilinga iyasebenza ngokumelene nokomisa ama-CL2 namanye amagesi amaningi ahlukene emazingeni okushisa aphakeme aphezulu. I-Alloy 600 Bar iyi-nickel-chromium alloy ene-oxidation enhle nokumelana nokuqhekeka kwengcindezi yokuwohloka kwe-chloride, ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kokugqwayiza kwamanzi kanye ne-acid oxidation emazingeni okushisa aphakeme.

Yize izakhiwo zokufaneleka zincike kwi-alloy esetshenziselwe ukuzabala. Enye inqubo ethuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini ze-ASTM A182 F9 Flanges iyinqubo yokwakha. Lawa ma-f9 we-wald F9 Weld Flanges angaphinde asetshenziswe futhi ahloselwe izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu zokucindezela. Lesi yisizathu mayelana nokucaciswa okufanele basongelwe noma bakhiwe.

Ama-S32750 Super Dux Dux Amantongomane athuthukisiwe ekuqaleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka ukubhekana nesidingo esandayo, kuzo zonke izimboni eziningi, ukuze kuvame ukubekezelela izimo zenkonzo ezifunwayo. Ububanzi obuhlukahlukene nobubanzi be-ANX S32760 Super Dux Amantongomane abonisa izindlela zokuphila ezihlukile kuwo wonke amakhishi, ahambisana nesilonda esifanele.

Ukunwetshwa okulungiselelwe i-iron-nickel-cobalt alloys, ama-kovar alloys, ube nokwanda okunezinwele okuqondile okufana nalokho kwengilazi enzima ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokushisa obuthile

I-Nickel 200 Flinges the nickel 200 Flanges ayahlala isikhathi eside, aqinile, futhi abe nokuqeda okuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ASTM B564 ANS N02200 Flanges Blind

Amapayipi okucushwa komthungo anamandla aphezulu athwala umthwalo namandla ngaphezu kwamanye amamaki.