Imigoqo yensimbi yekhabhoni kanye nezinduku

I-316l 1.4401 S31603 I-STIANCLEENT I-PIPE I-PIRELLELEKILE KAKHULU KAKHULU KAKHULU KANYE NOKUQHAWULA KAKHULU KWAMAHHALA OKUSHINTSHA KULULA KWEZINHLOBO ZOKUXHUMANA NOKUthengisa. Le SS EX C31603 Pipe yenziwa ngekhwalithi ephezulu 316l insimbi engagqwali engenacala ngokumelana kahle nokugqwala, i-oxidation kanye nokubala, okwenza kube kuhle ngezindawo ezinokhahlo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu.

Ukunwetshwa okulungiselelwe i-iron-nickel-cobalt alloys, ama-kovar alloys, ube nokwanda okunezinwele okuqondile okufana nalokho kwengilazi enzima ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokushisa obuthile

I-flange ingaba yipuleti lokumboza noma ukuvala ukuphela kwepayipi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-flange eyimpumputhe. Ngakho-ke, ama-flanges abhekwa njengezakhi zangaphakathi ezisetshenziselwa ukusekela izingxenye zemishini.

I-A789 EXS S31803 ne-UNS S32205 amamaki amabili wensimbi engenacala esetshenziswa kabanzi kwizicelo ezahlukahlukene zezimboni. Lawa mapayipi we-Duplex S31803 ayaziwa ngokumelana kwawo okuhle kakhulu, amandla aphezulu, nokushiswa okuhle. I-A789 ingukucaciswa okuhlanganisa amashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded enziwe ngensimbi engenacala.

I-ASME B36.19M ingukucaciswa okujwayelekile kwamapayipi ensimbi angenasici, acacisa ubukhulu, ukubekezelelana kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza amapayipi afakwe emthungo.

I-Monel 400 imelana nezinhlobonhlobo zezimo ezilimazayo. Isibonelo, izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-acidic ezibandakanya i-hydrofluoric acid, brine, sulfuric acid kanye nezisekelo. I-Alloy 400 ingaqina kuphela ngomsebenzi obandayo. I-Monel 400 isetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi ngokumelana kwayo okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala, ikakhulukazi ukucubungula kwasolwandle kanye namakhemikhali.

Kunamakilasi angu-150 kuye kwangama-2500 afinyelela ku-PN64 kule ndlu yama-flanges. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ezifana ne-SS EXP30 S30908 Flange, ama-Flanges ayimpumputhe, indandatho yokuhlangana, ubuso obuphakanyisiwe kanye namaflethi sobuso obusicaba.

I-grade 304 \ 304l Insimbi engenacala ine-chromium engu-18% ne-8% nickel. Umehluko kuphela phakathi kwabo okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni. Uhlobo 304 lunekhabhoni enkulu ye-0.07% .Type 304L inekhabhoni ephezulu ye-0.000%. Lolu hlu lwekhabhoni kwinsimbi luthinta ukumelana nokugqwala. I-304 \ 304l iyatholakala ephepheni, ishidi lekhoyili, ipuleti, ikhoyili yepuleti, ibha yokujikeleza, ibha yefulethi esetshenzisiwe nemikhiqizo ye-tubular ukuze usebenze.

Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlolweni kwamafutha okuphuma olwandle kanye negesi \ Prokhiqiteleni kanye nakushintshile ekushiseni ku-petrochemical \ ukucubungula kwamakhemikhali.

I-Al6XN iyinsimbi e-superAustonitic engenacala ngokumelana okuvelele kokuphamba kwe-chloride, ukugqwala kwe-crevice kanye nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezelo. I-Al6xn ingu-Aloy ayi-6 olwenzelwe futhi asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinolaka kakhulu. Ine-nickel ephezulu (24%), i-molybdenum (6.3%), i-nitrogen kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okunikeza ukumelana kahle nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwe-chloride, i-chloride ukumelana, kanye nokuphikiswa okujwayelekile kokugqwala. I-Al6xn isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo okuthuthukile kanye ne-crevice in clorides. Kuyinsimbi enobunzima futhi engakhathali.

I-ASTM ASME SB 166 Alloy 600 Infol, Infol I-600 Round Bar ayinabo
I-Hastelloy C2000 iyatholakala ngosayizi nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, lolu hlobo lwe-nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy ludume ngamandla alo aphakeme nokuphikiswa kokugqwala.
Ukukhiqiza i-ASME B36.10 ASME B36.19

Zonke izingwegwe zethu ezingagqwali namantongomane angenazo ama-oda aphansi, unga-oda kancane njenge-bolt eyodwa noma i-nati. Uma ungakutholi okufunayo, sicela uxhumane nathi.

I-nickel based 800 incoloy hexagonal Pipe yaziwa ukuthi imelana nokugqwala okuhle. Ngokukhuluma ngokuqondile, ipayipi le-Incoloy 800 linikeza ukumelana okwanele ngokumelene nobabili ukuthuthuka kanye nokugqwala koxidation.

Ama-Flango ensimbi ahlinzeka ngokufinyelela okulula kokuhlanza, ukuhlola noma ukuguqulwa. Imvamisa ziza ngezimo eziyindilinga kepha nazo zingafika ngezindlela zesikwele nezinxantathu. Ama-flanges ahlanganiswe komunye nomunye ngokubopha futhi ajoyine ohlelweni lwamapayipi ngokushiswa noma ethangothini futhi aklanyelwe izilinganiso ezithile zengcindezelo; I-150LB, 300LB, 400LB, 600LB, 900LB, 1500LB no-2500lb.

316 Amabhodlela ensimbi angenasici enziwa ngensimbi evimbela ukugqwala futhi eqinile ye-autenitic. Okuqukethwe kuhlanganiswa i-chromium, nickel, molybdenum nezinye izinto. Lokhu kunikeza amandla aphezulu okuvuselela ama-205mpa kanye namandla ashubile afinyelela ku-515mpa wama-315A ama-bolts angama-316 angenasici namantongomane.

I-Alloy 800 Weld Teld Flanges Sinedumela eliqinile embonini ngokukhiqiza ama-flanges asezingeni eliphakeme lezinhlobo ezahlukene ezizohambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu. Sikhiqiza incoloy 800 Flanges ethembekile futhi ephezulu ngekhwalithi. Sisebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ze-premium kanye nemishini ethuthukile yokukhiqiza i-ASTM B564 ANC N08800 Incoloy 800 Flangetes.

Inqubo yokwakha ihlanganisa nokuqukethwe ukuze kukhiqize isakhiwo sensimbi esenziwe ngendlela efanele. Umkhiqizo wabe usuthathwa ngemuva kokuma komqondo oqondile nosayizi we-flange eqedile.

I-1mm 304 Insimbi Engagqwali
200 nickel alloy izimpumputhe ama-nickel 200 Flangetes ahlala isikhathi eside, aqinile, futhi abe nokuqeda okuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ASTM B564 ANS N02200 Flanges Blind

I-ASTM A403 GR WPS16 Engajwayelekile ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Pip. Ichaza yonke imithwalo yepayipi enomthungo kanye ne-welded eyenziwe ngensimbi engama-316 ekilasini.

Ibanga 316 yibanga elijwayelekile le-molybdenum-ethwele, olwesibili ngokubaluleka ku-304 phakathi kwama-autenitic steress steres. I-molybdenum inika izici ezingama-316 zokumelana okungcono zibheke ku-grade 304, ukumelana okuphezulu kakhulu ekugxoliseni okukhohlisayo kanye ne-crevice ezindaweni ze-chloride.

I-Nickel 200 Flinges the nickel 200 Flanges ayahlala isikhathi eside, aqinile, futhi abe nokuqeda okuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ASTM B564 ANS N02200 Flanges Blind

Incoloy 800h Flange Sinedumela eliqinile embonini ngokukhiqiza ama-flanges asezingeni eliphakeme lezinhlobo ezahlukene ezizohambisana nezidingo zamakhasimende ethu. Sikhiqiza incoloy 800 Flanges ethembekile futhi ephezulu ngekhwalithi. Sisebenzisa izinsizakusebenza ze-premium kanye nemishini ethuthukile yokukhiqiza i-ASTM B564 ANC N08800 Incoloy 800 Flangetes.

Amapayipi angama-304 enziwe ngensimbi engama-304 engagqwali, impahla ejwayelekile futhi ethandwayo kuzinhlelo eziningi zezimboni ezidinga ukumelana nokugqwala kanye noximation. Lawa mapayipi amapayipi e-S30400 ahlanganiswe asebenzisa imishini ekhethekile nezinqubo, eziqinisekisa ukuthi zinembe kakhulu futhi zithembekile.

Ubuningi be-titanium bungama-60% e-60% yensimbi engenasici kanye ne-nickel alloys, lokhu kulondolozwa kwesisindo kwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho lokhu kubalulekile njenge-aerospace.

I-Duplex Steel Pipe & Tube
Nickel alloy flanges
Iyakwazi ukubekezelela uhla olubanzi lwamakhemikhali we-oxidizing kanye nama-non-oxidizing, futhi kukhombisa ukumelana okuvelele ekuhlaselweni okukhonkotha nokukhohlisa phambi kwama-chlorides namanye ama-halide.
Invar 36 tube od: 0.2-6mm, WT: 0.02-2mm

I-Incons 718 yi-alloy esekelwe e-nickel-chromium evame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlalweni eziphakeme zokushisa ezinjenge-aerospace negesi turbines. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-ASTM B670 Incontel 718 Ishidi le-Plate Rolling. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziphambili zamapuleti we-Incon 718 atholakala emakethe: Amapuleti ashisayo asongwe namakhaza.

Izicelo ezijwayelekile ze-Alloy K-500 Pipe BESE NE-ELBOW yi-Pump Shaft nabangenzi; udokotela amabala nezikebhe; Ama-Collers namathuluzi; izakhi ze-elekthronikhi; iziphethu; kanye ne-valve trim.

I-Alkel-Cont-based Alloy 400 Monel 2.4360 Indukulela ebandayo ebandayo engu-400 I-Monel 400 iyi-alloy yethusi ne-nickel esekelwe ethandwa namuhla ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu. I-alloy ine-acid enhle kakhulu ne-alkali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inamandla amahle ashubile, i-decticity, ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu okushisayo, futhi kungaqiniswa ngokusebenza kubanda. Ngokwengeziwe, ingasetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamazinga okushisa asukela ku-minus kuya kuma-538 degrees Celsius.

I-S31803 \ 2205 yibanga lensimbi elimbaxambili elinomfanekiso we-ferrititic-auntenitic miscruction. I-alloy iqukethe cishe ama-40-50% Ferrite esimweni esinqunyelwe.

I-SCH40 Monel 400 ipayipi iqokwa njenge-Werkstoff Inombolo engu-2.4360 futhi ayinasi-n04400. I-Alloy 400 Ipayipi elibuye laziwa ngokuthi yi-Monel Alloy 400 ipayipi, i-monel 400 ipayipi & nickel alloy 400 Pipe.

I-Duplex 2507 Insimbi Engagqwali Engagqwali equkethe ama-chromium angama-25%, 4% molybdenum kanye ne-7% nickel. Le Alloy yenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga amandla amahle nokuphikiswa kokugqwala.

I-Incons 600 Round Bar iyi-alloy esekwe ku-nickel nge-benign carburulization kanye nokuphikiswa okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Imigoqo eyindilinga engama-600 eyindilinga iyasebenza ngokumelene nokomisa ama-CL2 namanye amagesi amaningi ahlukene emazingeni okushisa aphakeme aphezulu. I-Alloy 600 Bar iyi-nickel-chromium alloy ene-oxidation enhle nokumelana nokuqhekeka kwengcindezi yokuwohloka kwe-chloride, ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kokugqwayiza kwamanzi kanye ne-acid oxidation emazingeni okushisa aphakeme.

Ama-flanges we-RFWn (aphakanyisiwe ebusweni wentamo ebusweni) angenye yezindawo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yepayipi. Kulula ukuqaphela nge-haped yabo ende ye-tapered efaniswa nobukhulu bodonga (onomthwalo wepayipi.
Imigoqo yensimbi ye-alloy & izinduku
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I-Hastelloy C2000 PIPES ASME SB626 Hastelloy C2000 Welded tubing
Ama-Fasteners e-Carbon
Amapuleti ensimbi alloy nama-sheets namakhoyili

Izengezo ze-titanium qinisa i-alloy ngokumelene nokugqwala kokuqina kokuthambekela ngokwelashwa okushisa kahle. Ukumelana kwe-incoloy? I-825 kuya kokonakala okujwayelekile nokwenziwe kwasendaweni ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene kwenza i-alloy iguquguqukayo.

Ama-alloys amelana nawo aphikisayo asetshenziswa kabanzi yizimboni zokucubungula amakhemikhali. Isidingo sokusebenza okuthembekile siholela ekwamukelweni nasekukhuleni kwazo ezindaweni zamandla, ezempilo kanye nezemvelo, uwoyela kanye negesi, amakhemikhali kanye negesi yokuhlanza igesi.

I-Alloy 400 Ipayipi elingenamthungo libonisa ukumelana okuhle kakhulu hhayi kuphela izixazululo ze-caustic kodwa futhi ne-brine namanzi olwandle, okwenza kuphelele izicelo zasolwandle.

Ama-N083367 futhi abizwa futhi njengoba i-alroy al6xn iyikhabhoni ephansi, ubumsulwa obuphezulu, ubumsulwa be-nitrogen-auntenitic "ama-nickel-molybdenum alloy ane-chloride pittipt kanye ne-crevice corrision.

I-Coil 625 Coil ibonakala ngokumelana kwayo okuhle kwi-oxidation, ukugqwala okushisa kakhulu nokukhathala. I-ASTM B443 EX N06625 INCONEM PLATTE isetshenziswa kabanzi e-Aerospace, ukucubungula amakhemikhali kanye namafutha kanye negesi ngenxa yamandla ayo aphakeme, izinkambiso nokuqina okuphezulu.
ANS: K94610 ASTM F15
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Amapuleti ensimbi alloy nama-sheets namakhoyili
Incoloy 925 insimbi engagqwali i-nickel iron iromium alloy flange
I-Hex Bar, Mat Incontel 718 Usayizi we-SW27 mm ubude obungu-50 mm

Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-hasteloy c22 \ C276 fasteners inembele ebunjiwe, ukuqina kokugqwala, ukuqina, ukuqina okuphezulu, ukuguquguquka okuphezulu, ukwakheka okuqinile, amandla aphezulu nezinye izici. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-fasteners ayamelana nokugqoka emiphuzweni yokushisa ephezulu kanye nasezindalweni ezilonakalisayo. Ezinye zezindawo lapho lezi zingqimba zibonisa ukumelana nabezindaba oxidizing, benciphisa abezindaba, izindawo ze-chloride, nezindawo ze-sulfur. Bayamelana nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali afana ne-nitric acid, chlorine, isibabule, i-acetic acid, organic, inorganic, phosphorus, njll.

Lokho kusho ukuthi i-a105n flange uhlobo oluthile lwe- a105 flange.but a105n flange inezakhiwo ezingcono ze-a105 flange, amandla angcono nokusebenza okungcono kwinsizakalo yokushisa ephansi

Amashubhu angenamthungo angama-600 angenamthungo we-Ex Enc N06600 ne-ASTM B167 yibo abakhiqizwayo ukuze bagxile ekucindezelweni okukhulu ngokweqile futhi beze newaranti enkulu.

I-Inxotemel 718 2.4668 eshisayo yepuleti eliboshwe neplate ebandayo
I-Monel 400 iyi-alloy ye-nickel-Copper (cishe ngo-67% NI ¨c 23% Cu) emelana namanzi asolwandle kanye nama-caustic solutions ezindaweni eziningi ze-acidic ne-alkaline ezifanelekile ngokunciphisa izimo. Ukuhlehlisa okuhle nokusebenza okushisayo okulungele izinhlelo zokusebenza zamanzi olwandle.

I-Incoloy 925 Ama-Flanges enziwe ngemvula u-Nickel Alloy. Inikeza ukumelana nokuqhathaniswa okuqhathaniswa kuya ku-IT¡¯s Dadewethu Alloy Incoloy 825, kepha ngamandla akhulayo avela kwinqubo yokuqina kwe-Age.

Amafulethi akhiwe
I-Monel 400 iyi-alloy ye-nickel-Copper (cishe ngo-67% NI ¨c 23% Cu) emelana namanzi asolwandle kanye nama-caustic solutions ezindaweni eziningi ze-acidic ne-alkaline ezifanelekile ngokunciphisa izimo. Ukuhlehlisa okuhle nokusebenza okushisayo okulungele izinhlelo zokusebenza zamanzi olwandle.

I-Stainless Steel 316 ama-flateses akhiwa i-alloy ye-chrome-nickel-molybdenum futhi ngokuvamile asetshenziswa emibanweni ethambekele ku-chloride ion corrosion. Ukungezwa kwe-molybdenum kwenza okuqukethwe ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo ekugqwalisweni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezicebile ze-chloride. I-316l ama-flanges ensimbi engagqwali yibanga elijwayelekile le-molybdenum, lesibili kuphela ku-304 ngamatshe e-autenitic angenasici.

Ngokombono wezempilo womuntu, i-nickel 400 iSpectlecle Flange, esetshenziselwa ukuhlanza, ukuhlola noma ukuguqula ama-Piping Systems kuyasebenza ekuvinjelweni okugcwele noma ukubopha ukubopha ama-hydrofluoric acid, futhi, kungubuthi bokuxhumana.

I-A105 iyinombolo ejwayelekile yaseMelika ye-ASPSM, kanye ne-Stand yensimbi evamile yekhabhoni. Igama elijwayelekile: Ukukhokhiswa kwensimbi yekhabhoni yezingxenye zamapayipi.

I-ASTM A312 I-IPP316 iyincazelo ejwayelekile ye-seamless engenamthungo, i-suuntenicled auntenitic esetshenzisiwe amapayipi wensimbi angenamikhawulo asetshenziswa ezisetshenzisweni ezisezingeni eliphakeme zokushisa kanye nezinsizakalo ezijwayelekile. Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 le-seamless lensimbi lenziwa ngenhlanganisela ye-chromium, i-nickel, kanye ne-molybdenum, enikeza i-SS 316 i-seamless tube ukumelana kahle nokugqwala.

I-Incons 718 isibe wusizo ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo ezisukela ekusebenzeni kokukhiqiza emishini yezempi kanye nemboni ye-aerospace.

I-Nickel Alloy 400 no-Monel 400, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-UNS N04400, i-alloy esuselwa ku-nickel-copper eyakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-nickel yesibili ne-lickel yesithathu neyodwa. I-Nickel Alloy 400 yaziwa ngokumelana kwayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezimo ezilimazayo, kufaka phakathi i-alkalis (noma ama-acid), amanzi anosawoti, i-hydrofluoric acid, ne-sulfuric acid. Njengoba i-monel 400 noma i-alloy 400 iyinsimbi ebandayo esetshenzisiwe, le alloy inobulukhuni obuphezulu, ukuqina namandla. Ngokusebenza okubandayo kwe-ASTM B164 ANS N04400 Bar stock, i-alloy ifakwa emazingeni aphezulu wengcindezi yemishini, yona ebangela izinguquko kwi-miscruccucture ye-alloy.

Njengomenzi oholayo, sikhiqiza ama-fasteners ezinhlotsheni eziningi nasemabangeni. Sicela uzizwe ukhululekile ukuxhumana nathi ukuthola eminye imininingwane ngezinhlobo ezahlukene njengezinduku zensimbi yensimbi ye-carbon nezinye izintengo.

INilo Alloy 36, w.nr 1.3912, i-Invar 36® iyi-nickel-iron, i-alloy elawulwa okuphansi equkethe ama-nickel angama-36% futhi anezinga lokunwetshwa kwensimbi ecishe ibe yishumi lensimbi ye-carbon.

Ipayipi lensimbi engama-316 elingagqwali liye laba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezimboni. Le alloy yensimbi ne-chrome yamukelwa ngokumelana kwayo okuphezulu ekugqwaneni, kanye nokuqina kwayo. 316 I-tubing yensimbi engagqwali ingakhiqizwa kumashubhu angenamthungo nama-welded ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zamakhasimende athile.

Ngenkathi umehluko ngamunye we-inconel unezici ezihlukile ezenza zisebenze ngezimo ezihlukile, iningi lama-alloys lisetshenziswa njalo embonini yamakhemikhali.Izimpawu ze-welding,

I-flange iyindandatho yensimbi (eyakhiwe, enqunywe kusuka epuletini, noma i-rolled) yakhelwe ukuxhuma izingxenye zepayipi, noma ukujoyina ipayipi kumhlangano wengcindezi, i-valve, iphampu noma omunye umhlangano ovusiwe ovusiwe. Ama-Flanges ahlanganiswe komunye nomunye ngama-bolts, futhi ohlelweni lwamapayipi ngokushiswa noma ngomcucu (noma okuxekethile lapho kusetshenziswa izimbumbulu). I-Finanless yensimbi filange eyenziwe lula njenge-SS Flange, isho ama-flanges enza ngensimbi engenacala. Amazinga ajwayelekile wezinto ezibonakalayo namamaki yi-ASTM A182 Ibanga F304 \ l ne-F316 \ l, libe ngu-2500 njll.

I-ASTM A240 Type 2205 Plate ipuleti yensimbi engenacala esetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene ezinjengezimboni zamakhemikhali, i-oyela negesi ehloliwe. ISA 240 GR 2205 Sheet yenziwa ngeBanga 2205 Insimbi Engagqwali, okuyinhlanganisela yensimbi ye-ferrititic ne-auntenitic.

I-Ans N04400 Orifice Flange The Monel 400 Flanges ikhombisa ubufakazi bokushisa okuhle kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izakhiwo ezinjengamandla nobulukhuni be-monel 400 Lap ehlanganisiwe i-Flange kuphela incipha kancane maqondana nezinye izakhiwo ezinjenge-computity noma ukumelana nomthelela.
ANS: K94610 ASTM F15
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Amapuleti ensimbi alloy nama-sheets namakhoyili
Incoloy 925 insimbi engagqwali i-nickel iron iromium alloy flange
Ukucaciswa kwe-Invar 36: Ama-K93600, W.NR 1.3912

Le ncwadi ye-nickel imelana ikakhulukazi nama-hydrochlecloric kanye nama-hydrofluoric acid lapho e-de-aerated. Njengoba kulindeleke ukuthi kulindelwe okuqukethwe kwethusi okuphezulu, i-Alloy 400 ihlaselwa ngokushesha yi-nitric acid kanye ne-ammonia systems.

Amashubhu we-Hastelloy C2000 asetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezibanzi zezimboni ezifaka ukucubungula kwe-petrochemical, ukukhiqiza imishini yamakhemikhali, ama-oyela wokuhlanza kanye nezitshalo zamandla.

I-Hastelloy Alloys Directory
I-Monel 400 iyi-alloy ye-nickel-Copper (cishe ngo-67% NI ¨c 23% Cu) emelana namanzi asolwandle kanye nama-caustic solutions ezindaweni eziningi ze-acidic ne-alkaline ezifanelekile ngokunciphisa izimo. Ukuhlehlisa okuhle nokusebenza okushisayo okulungele izinhlelo zokusebenza zamanzi olwandle.