Alloy steel is divided into two categories: high-alloy steel and low-alloy steel. Low alloy steel flanges, on the other hand, contain about 0.05 ¨C 0.25% carbon and up to 2.0% manganese. Low alloy steels contain trace amounts of alloying agents such as niobium, nitrogen, vanadium, copper, nickel, chromium, titanium, calcium, molybdenum, rare earth elements or zirconium. In order to strengthen chromium alloy flanges, elements such as copper, titanium, vanadium and niobium are added to the alloy.